scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Doctrine published in 1987"


Journal ArticleDOI
Rainer Martens1
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic assumptions of orthodox science are examined, with the doctrine of objectivity singled out as fallacious and especially harmful in that it attempts to remove the person from the process of knowing.
Abstract: Two sport psychologies have emerged—academic sport psychology and practicing sport psychology—which presently are on diverging courses because of an unjustified belief in orthodox science as the primary source of knowledge. To support this contention, the basic assumptions of orthodox science are examined, with the doctrine of objectivity singled out as fallacious and especially harmful in that it attempts to remove the person from the process of knowing. Polanyi’s (1958) heuristic philosophy of knowledge, which places humans in the center of the process of knowing, is recommended as an alternative approach for the study of human behavior. This alternative approach reveals the inadequacy of the laboratory experiment which has been invented primarily to pursue the doctrine of objectivity. Next, the Degrees of Knowledge theory is proposed as an alternative way to view the reliability of knowledge. This view, within the heuristic paradigm, places great significance on experiential knowledge. Recommendations ...

258 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, instruction on respect for human life in its origin and on The Dignity of Procreation The Linacre Quarterly: Vol 54, No 2, pp 24-49
Abstract: (1987) Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its origin and on The Dignity of Procreation The Linacre Quarterly: Vol 54, No 2, pp 24-49

149 citations


DissertationDOI
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Kuhse as discussed by the authors argues against the traditional view that allowing someone to die is morally different from killing, and shows that quality-of-life judgements are ubiquitous, and argues that there is a profound difference between merely being alive and life being in a patient's interest.
Abstract: Unprecedented advances in medicine's ability to sustain life raise troubling questions of whether all human lives, irrespective of quality or kind, should always be prolonged, or whether there are times when a patient should be allowed - or helped - to die. In this book, which examines the ideas and assumptions behind this view, Helga Kuhse argues against the traditional view that allowing someone to die is morally different from killing, and shows that quality-of-life judgements are ubiquitous. The author urges us to reject the sanctity-of-life view and provides a sketch of a quality-of-life ethics based on the belief that there is a profound difference between merely being alive and life being in a patient's interest. The book is a comprehensive critique of the "sanctity-of-life" doctrine in medicine. It shows that the doctrine is flawed and leads to indefensible practical consequences - such as the making of life and death decisions on morally irrelevant grounds. Philosophers with a particular interest in ethics, doctors, and theologians should all find the book of interest.

144 citations


Book
01 Aug 1987

106 citations


Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the military roots of Soviet policy and how planning for the contingency of a world war shapes and distorts Soviet policy while producing a military posture and structure of forces that appear to the West as being far in excess of any legitimate defense needs.
Abstract: This study concentrates on the military roots of Soviet policy. It concentrates on how planning for the contingency of a world war shapes and distorts Soviet policy while producing a military posture and structure of forces that appear to the West as being far in excess of any legitimate defense needs. The focus is on the military-technical aspects of doctrine, which is the responsibility of the military to implement. The study does not dwell on the decisions that the Soviet political leaders would face in the course of a war except to note how the hierarchy of objectives would influence those decisions.

92 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: A few years ago, an advertising campaign of the Greek national tourist authority strewed the pages of glossy magazines with pictures of nubile tourists cavorting amid Doric ruins over the slogan, "You were born in Greece".
Abstract: A few years ago, an advertising campaign of the Greek national tourist authority strewed the pages of glossy magazines with pictures of nubile tourists cavorting amid Doric ruins over the slogan, ‘You were born in Greece’. Taken literally, the words would have been obscure. Yet no reader can have had any difficulty in interpreting them as an allusion to the doctrine that ‘western society’ derives, by unbroken tradition, from Graeco-Roman origins. The doctrine may not be true; the terms in which it is commonly expressed may be misleading. Yet its influence is such that it forms part of the self-perception of almost every educated person in Europe and the Americas and much of the rest of the world today. Studies of periods of crisis in the transmission of the supposed legacy – in late antiquity or the early middle ages, when rival cultural traditions were received, or in the ‘age of expansion’ when western society is thought to have broken out of its heartlands – have concentrated, like Theseus in the labyrinth, on following as if it were a lifeline this single, tenuous thread.

74 citations


Book
18 Aug 1987
TL;DR: Joffe has drawn on a lifetime of experience as an analyst of Chinese military affairs in this authoritative assessment of a highly elusive subject: military modernization and the politics of civilian-military relations in the post-Mao period.
Abstract: Ellis Joffe has drawn on a lifetime of experience as an analyst of Chinese military affairs in this authoritative assessment of a highly elusive subject: military modernization and the politics of civilian-military relations in the post-Mao period. He has sifted vast amounts of evidence, primary and secondary, to show that during the past few years the Chinese army has been transformed into a relatively modern and professional force that will be the basis for future growth of China s military power. The author begins by describing the development of the People s Liberation Army in the Maoist era and explains the reasons for its decline. He analyzes the political changes and the shifts in strategic outlook of Mao s successors that have made possible a new policy of military modernization: a policy of raising the combat capability of the PLA through slow improvements of technology including buying some material abroad and a thorough upgrading of the nontechnological components of military power. Joffe examines all aspects of the PLA s modernization, focusing on the wide-ranging changes in doctrine, weapons, organization, structure, and modes of operation, and concludes with an analysis of the PLA s political role and the state of civil military relations. There is a particularly perspicacious chapter dissecting Deng s maneuvers to remove the military influence in politics that had burgeoned during and after the Cultural Revolution."

72 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A survey of the employment policies and practices of 41 small (fewer than 500 employees) and 59 larger firms was conducted by Stieber et al. as mentioned in this paper, who found that only 6 percent of small businesses employing fewer than 25 are unionized; the corresponding figures for larger firms are: 14.5 percent of firms employing 25-99, and 21.9 percent for those employing 100-499.
Abstract: EMPLOYMENT AT WILL: AN EMERGING ISSUE FOR SMALL BUSINESSES A U.S. work force more educated about employment rights has resulted in small business becoming increasingly vulnerable to legal suits which could have adverse effects on the profitability and life of the business. The traditional employment-at-will doctrine states that because the employer and the employee freely enter into the employment relationship, both retain the right to sever the relationship at any time. In other words, the employee can leave the organization at will and the employer can terminate the employee at will. Under the employment-at-will doctrine, common law bars employees from suing employers to recover damages for what the employee considers to be a wrongful discharge action. While courts have not abandoned the employment-at-will doctrine, judges have allowed modifications and exceptions in order to rectify perceived inequities and to correct imbalances.1 1 Laurence Z. Lorber, "Basic Advice on Avoiding Employment-at-Will Troubles,' Personnel Administrator (January 1984), p. 59. Small businesses would appear to be particularly vulnerable to potential wrongful discharge law suits filed by employees. Only 6 percent of firms employing fewer than 25 are unionized; the corresponding figures for larger firms are: 14.5 percent of firms employing 25-99, and 21.9 percent for those employing 100-499. Since small firms are unlikely to be unionized, terminated employees are less likely to submit their cases for independent review such as arbitration. And since small businesses employ nearly half of the nation's work force,2 one-half of the estimated two million employees discharged each year without the right to appeal to an external review board could form a large pool of potential litigants alleging wrongful discharge. Undoubtably, most of these employees are terminated for good reasons; nevertheless, thousands of suits are brought in state and federal court each year. In California alone, 51 wrongful discharge cases went to court between October 1979 and January 1984. Of this number, 70 percent were won by the plaintiffs, with an average jury award of $178,184 (the nineteen highest averaged $553,318).3 2 The State of Small Business (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), p. xv. 3 Jack Stieber, "Recent Developments in Employment-at-Will,' Labor Law Jounral (August 1985), pp. 557-559. Many wrongful discharge suits are filed by prefessional, managerial, and technical employees, perhaps because the perceived amount or duration of economic or personal loss resulting from termination is high. These employees may also possess the financial resources needed to pursue a legal challenge. This article reports on exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine and reports the results of a survey of the employment policies and practices of 41 small (fewer than 500 employees) and 59 larger firms (more than 500 employees). Recommendations are made concerning how small business owner/managers can prevent being sued for wrongful discharge. EXCEPTIONS TO THE EMPLOYMENT-AT-WILL DOCTRINE Exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine can be classified into three categories: (a) public policy, (b) implied contract, and (c) good faith and fair dealing. However, the fifty U.S. states differ in the number and type of employment-at-will exceptions which have been recognized. (See exhibit 1.) Public Policy Exception The most common limitation to the employment-at-will doctrine is the public policy exception. This exception means that an employer may not terminate an employee for any reason that contravenes any fundamental principle of public policy. Examples include fring an employee for such reasons as: refusing to commit perjury in a court trial or before a legislative committee; serving on a jury; reporting illegal conduct by an employer; filing a worker's compensation claim; refusing to take a polygraph test; refusing to lobby for a law favorable to the employer; or refusing to violate a professional code of ethics. …

64 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Dec 1987-Noûs
TL;DR: The Aufbau as mentioned in this paper is a classic of twenty-first century positivism and is widely regarded as one of the most important works in the history of modern science. But what exactly is the importance of this great work?
Abstract: Rudolf Carnap's Der logische Aufbau der Welt', written largely in the years 1922-25 and published in 1928, is generally-and rightlyregarded as one of the most important classics of twentieth century positivist thought. But what exactly is the importance of this great work? Precisely where does its significance lie? The most widely accepted view of this question, I think, runs as follows. Central to twentieth century positivism is the doctrine of verificationism: the doctrine that the cognitive meaning of all scientific statements must ultimately consist in their consequences for actual and possible sense experiences. And it is this radically empiricist doctrine, above all, that forms the basis for the notorious anti-metaphysical attitude of twentieth century positivism: in virtue of their unverifiability, metaphysical statements are deprived of all cognitive meaning as well. Yet this radically empiricist program also requires a positive construction, for one must show how the nonmetaphysical statements of science and everyday life are actually translatable into terms referring only to sense experiences. In other words, twentieth century positivism requires a phenomenalistic reduction. The Aufbau, on this reading, is primarily important for its attempt at just such a phenomenalistic reduction: Radical reductionism, conceived now with statements as units, set itself the task of specifying a sense-datum language and showing how to translate the rest of significant discourse, statement by statement, into it. Carnap embarked on this project in the Aufbau.2 On this reading, then, the Aufbau is best seen as an exceptionally detailed and rigorous attempt to execute concretely the program of Russell's Our Knowlec4'e of the External World (1914):

64 citations



Book
01 Nov 1987
TL;DR: The life and times of Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941) and the doctrine of the political class are described in detail in this article, with a focus on the Italian school of elitists between myth and reality.
Abstract: Part I: Gaetano Mosca and the Doctrine of the Political Class 1. The life and times of Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941) 2. Birth of the doctrine of the political class 3. The concepts of the open system 4. The Bourgeois myth of the middle class as the political class 5. The development of the scientific system as a comprehensive ideology (1896) 6. From the nineteenth to the twentieth century 7. Codification of the doctrine 8. Legitimacy and power during the European crisis of the 1930s Part II: Elitism, Neo-Elitism and Democracy 9. The 'Italian school of elitists' between myth and reality 10. The development of elitism in the English-speaking intellectual political tradition 11. Gaetano Mosca and the intellectual political tradition in Italy after the Second World War (1945-1985) 12. Towards a critical conclusion Notes Selected Bibliography.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that company law can be properly understood only in the context of an analysis of the various forms taken by capital and, more specifically, that it is the emergence of the joint stock company share as a new form of fictitious capital that underlies the doctrine of separate personality and the basic conceptual structure of contemporary company law.
Abstract: tion in society. It is, therefore, surprising that it has given so little attention to company law, given that incorporated companies now the dominant legal organisational form of capital are a major site of those relations. To date the only alternatives to traditional, expository approaches to company law have been broadly contextualist in nature.' These have undoubtedly widened our knowledge and understanding of the subject, providing useful analyses of its relevance and technical rules. But being essentially atheoretical, contextualism has accepted the company as a given legal object. It has consequently offered little, if anything, by way of analysis or explanation of the key concepts which constitute the basic structures of modern company law. We hope that this paper will lay the foundations for a more critical approach to company law. Limitations of space force us to concentrate largely on the central concept of separate personality, but we believe that our analysis opens up further areas for study, both within company law itself and beyond. The crux of our argument is that company law, and in particular the joint stock company as an economic organisational form,2 can be properly understood only in the context of an analysis of the various forms taken by capital. And, more specifically, that it is the emergence of the joint stock company share as a new form of fictitious capital that underlies the doctrine of separate personality and, therefore, the basic conceptual structure of contemporary company law.3


Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Dyczkowski as discussed by the authors explains the central feature of Kashmir Saivism: the creative pulse of the all pervasive consciousness called Siva, which is also the central theme of the Hindu Tantras, and provides new insight into the most literate and extensive interpretations of the Tantras.
Abstract: Cutting across distinctions of schools and types, the author explains the central feature of Kashmir Saivism: the creative pulse of the all pervasive consciousness called Siva. This is also the central theme of the Hindu Tantras, and Dyczkowski provides new insight into the most literate and extensive interpretations of the Tantras. This book is significant from four points of view. First, it breaks new ground in Indian philosophy. According to the Spanda Doctrine, the self is not simply witnessing consciousness as maintained by Sankhya and Vedanta, but is an active force. Second, the ultimate reality is not simply a logical system of abstract categories but is living, pulsating energy, the source of all manifestation. Third, the work elaborates the dynamic aspect of consciousness. It supplies an excellent introduction to the texts and scriptures of Kashmir Saivism. Fourth, it suggests a Yoga for the realization of self.

Book
12 Nov 1987
TL;DR: An updated, introductory resource for anyone wanting a guide to African Christianity can be found in this article with three sections, looking first at different methods of theology, then at specific issues of doctrine and thirdly at wider, practical issues, such as healing and worship.
Abstract: An updated, introductory resource for anyone wanting a guide to African Christianity. There are three sections, looking first at different methods of theology, then at specific issues of doctrine and thirdly at wider, practical issues, such as healing and worship.


Book
01 Nov 1987
TL;DR: The Office of the Redeemer and the Office of Christ in all of the Scriptures was considered in the early stages of the Calvin's Doctrine of the Offices of Christ.
Abstract: Preface I. Preliminary Reflections (a) On the Relationship Between the Person and Work of Christ (b) A Traditional Formula Returns (c) Whence and Whither II. The Offices of Christ in Calvin's Systematic Theology (a) The Development of Calvin's Doctrine of the Offices (b) The Place of the Formula in Calvin's Thought III. The Exegetical Basis of Calvin's Doctrine of the Offices of Christ (a) Christ in all of the Scriptures (b) The Office of the Redeemer (c) The Messiah (d) Christ our King (e) Christ our Priest (f) Christ the Revelation of God (g) Conclusion IV. Postscript (a) Summary (b) The Implications Tested

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The topic of degrees of being in Aristotle is almost universally ignored by scholars as discussed by the authors, and the reason for this is not that the topic is dull, but that it is scandalous.
Abstract: The topic of degrees of being in Aristotle is almost universally ignored. A very few scholars do discuss the topic or make use of it in passing. This situation mightbe explained by a scholarly consensus that (a) Aristotle did have a doctrine ofdegrees of being, but (b) this doctrine is too uninteresting to be worth much discussion. Conversation with a number of scholars from several countries has convinced me, however, that a rather different consensus lies behind the current silence. It turnsout that many experts in the subject deny that Aristotle believed in degrees of being.No one, to my knowledge, has defended this denial in print. But the reason forsilence is not that the topic is dull, but that it is scandalous. Both defenders andopponents of the view that Aristotle had a doctrine of degrees of being tend, in conversation, to find the topic embarrassing. Our contemporary metaphysical prejudices areso opposed to degrees of being that people find themselves unable to make anysense of such a doctrine. As a result, one group of scholars is embarrassed on Aristotle's behalf at the suggestion that he might have held such a senseless doctrine.Another group, less sure of where the philosophical truth lies, finds itself in theinterpretative embarrassment of being unable to explain and motivate the doctrine. So bothgroups avoid the subject.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) finds it in the throes of a dramatic reform process that has discarded the principles and practices advocated by its founder as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) finds it in the throes of a dramatic reform process that has discarded the principles and practices advocated by its founder. Necessitated by the sorry state of the PLA at the end of the Maoist period and facilitated by the sweeping political changes that have occurred since then, this process seeks to convert the Chinese army into a modern and professional force. Although large-scale weapons updating has been ruled out for economic and technological reasons, nevertheless considerable progress has been made, while in other areas the changes have been fundamental and far-reaching.

Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Dyczkowski as discussed by the authors explains the central feature of Kashmir Saivism: the creative pulse of the all pervasive consciousness called Siva, which is also the central theme of the Hindu Tantras, and provides new insight into the most literate and extensive interpretations of the Tantras.
Abstract: Cutting across distinctions of schools and types, the author explains the central feature of Kashmir Saivism: the creative pulse of the all pervasive consciousness called Siva. This is also the central theme of the Hindu Tantras, and Dyczkowski provides new insight into the most literate and extensive interpretations of the Tantras. This book is significant from four points of view. First, it breaks new ground in Indian philosophy. According to the Spanda Doctrine, the self is not simply witnessing consciousness as maintained by Sankhya and Vedanta, but is an active force. Second, the ultimate reality is not simply a logical system of abstract categories but is living, pulsating energy, the source of all manifestation. Third, the work elaborates the dynamic aspect of consciousness. It supplies an excellent introduction to the texts and scriptures of Kashmir Saivism. Fourth, it suggests a Yoga for the realization of self.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors pointed out that issues of military doctrine, strategy and operations have remained at the forefront of China's quest for a defence capacity capable of being ranked among the world's great powers.
Abstract: Introduction Since the late 1970s, when the current programmes seeking to modernize China's defence establishment began, issues of military doctrine, strategy and operations have remained at the forefront of China's quest for a defence capacity capable of being ranked among the world's great powers. As the Chinese leadership contemplated defence modernization, they could not but recognize the Janus-like quality of their armed forces. One face looked back on the people's war traditions that served them so well and for so long, while the other faced the complexities of conventional and strategic nuclear warfare and deterrence in the latter part of the 20th century.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The United States has been more interventionist since it adopted nonintervention as stated policy than it ever was before as mentioned in this paper, and with the exception of Korea and Vietnam, the distinctive tactic of Big Stick diplomacy the landing of marines has fallen into relative disuse.
Abstract: Like many standards of international conduct, the principle of nonintervention in the domestic affairs of other nations has often been honored more in the the breach than in the observance, not least by the United States. For half a century since Theodore Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine gave way to the Good Neighbor policy of his cousin Franklin, the United States has officially espoused nonintervention as a diplomatic norm; yet from the Truman Doctrine to the Reagan Doctrine, American presidents have consistently claimed the right to protect the interests of the "free world" against communism, even when such protection implies intervention abroad. A strong argument can be made, and often has been, that the United States has been more interventionist since it adopted nonintervention as stated policy than it ever was before. Still, styles change, and with the exceptions of Korea and Vietnam, which constitute a class by themselves, the distinctive tactic of Big Stick diplomacy the landing of marines has fallen into relative disuse. Postwar American intervention has typically been covert (through the CIA) or indirect (through military and economic aid). Overt and direct applications of military force have been rare. Again excepting Korea and

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors sketch out elements of a conception of critical legal scholarship as an enterprise and apply some of its methods and precepts to a preliminary and tentative "critical" exploration of the legal conception of the trust in English law.
Abstract: Much uncertainty still surrounds the enterprise of critical legal studies. What does it mean to undertake 'critical' study of any particular area of legal doctrine or institutions? This paper will sketch out elements of a conception of critical legal scholarship as an enterprise and then apply some of its methods and precepts to a preliminary and tentative 'critical' exploration of the legal conception of the trust in English law. My aim is to suggest parts of an appropriate agenda for critical study of English property law and, within it, especially trust law. It should be said immediately that the conception of critical legal scholarship adhered to in this paper is substantially different from and in many respects opposed to that which has been developed in the important recent American Critical Legal Studies Movement.' The view taken in this paper is that critical legal scholarship in the U.S.A. has crucial inadequacies which make it an inappropriate model for a form of legal scholarship now widely sought; one with the intellectual strength to endure and build progressively a more adequate understanding of law while, at the same time, radically challenging existing forms of legal study. There are three major reasons for this. First, critical legal scholarship in the U.S.A. is too narrow in its vision of appropriate scholarship in the field of law. It puts great emphasis on the need for radical analysis of legal doctrine and of the processes of its professional interpretation. But in general it does not give enough serious attention to the equal need for systematic analysis of the social, economic and political context within which legal doctrine is developed, interpreted, invoked and applied. It ignores or dismisses the claim that legal doctrine receives its practical meaning and significance only from that wider context and that, therefore, it is self-defeating to engage in critical study of doctrine without seeing this doctrine (and the use made of it) as an integral element in a larger social, political and economic environment which itself requires systematic empirical and theoretical analysis. Secondly, critical legal scholarship in the U.S.A. is theoretically inadequate because of its failure to





Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Chadwick as mentioned in this paper traces the development of the notion that change in Christian doctrine was both possible and legitimate, and explains the difficulties and tensions behind Newman's attempt to persuade an inherently conservative institution to face reality.
Abstract: The coming of modern historical research had religious consequences, especially in the more traditional churches to which history was very important and which themselves helped to create the historical sense. In this classic work, long unobtainable but now revised with a new introduction, Owen Chadwick traces the development of the notion that change in Christian doctrine was both possible and legitimate. Bossuet in the seventeenth century represented the opinion that Christian doctrine never or hardly changed: Newman in the second half of the nineteenth century saw that its expression necessarily changed in a changing society. This book shows how one opinion changed into the other, and explains the difficulties and tensions behind Newman's attempt to persuade an inherently conservative institution to face reality. In so doing it thus illuminates one vital aspect of the arrival into European thought of a distinct historical sensibility.

Dissertation
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the doctrine of sin is particularly prone to being defined with a strictness or narrowness which causes it to lose much of its meaning; such limiting treatment tends to be accompanied by distorted relationships with, or over-determination by, other key doctrines, particularly that of salvation; and that it is helpful to see this tendency as a failure to see sin as a symbol with a complex of meanings.
Abstract: The argument of my thesis concerns the understanding of the doctrine of sin in systematic theology, and, as a corollary of this, the scope of the doctrine in terms of its content. My argument is that the doctrine of sin is particularly prone to being defined with a strictness or narrowness which causes it to lose much of its meaning; that such limiting treatment tends to be accompanied by distorted relationships with, or over-determination by, other key doctrines, particularly that of salvation; and that it is helpful to see this tendency as a failure to see sin as a symbol with a complex of meanings, this complex being essential to the doctrine. A brief introductory survey of the usual perspectives on sin and of recent monographs firstly indicates the major issues raised by sin. Then more detailed analysis of the work of Barth, Brunner, Rahner, Pannenberg and Ricoeur provides examples of different methods of dealing with sin and leads to the conclusion that the tension between freedom and inevitability is essential to the doctrine of sin: it is part of sin's meaning and attempts to suppress, explain or relocate it lead to unacceptable tensions elsewhere. The use of Ricoeur's analysis of the symbolism of evil as a critical tool demonstrates the significance of the Adamic narrative for Christian doctrine, and the way in which its neglect can lead to the acquisition of ideas characteristic of non-Christian mythologies. The positive suggestion of the thesis is that sin should be seen as a tensive symbol incorporating a wide complex of meanings and involving a specific mythology of "the beginning" and that its paradoxical nature should be maintained as indicating a conflict within humanity, and seen in relationship to the suffering of God in Christ.