Doctrine

About: Doctrine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 21901 publications have been published within this topic receiving 204282 citations.

Penal ‘Austerity’: The Doctrine of Less Eligibility Reborn?

Abstract: This chapter raises certain arguments and historical analogies which may assist in taking a few preliminary sightings of some distinctive features of the current British penal landscape. I hope to show that some of the present developments, which initially appear rather particular and ‘of the moment’, interestingly bear comparison with much earlier ideas and events. That comparison may suggest, at least in outline, a way of conceptualizing and responding to the contemporary scene.

The Role of the Popes in the Invention of Complementarity and the Vatican's Anathematization of Gender

Abstract: This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of complementarity, arguing that the doctrine of complementarity, under which the sexes are essentially different though not unequal, is an invention of the twentieth century untraceable in earlier centuries, but developed by, among others, the Popes from Pius XII through Benedict XVI, in part as a response to feminist claims, including those recently anathematized by the Vatican under the term ‘gender.’ After exploring some difficulties with the application of the doctrine of complementarity as Catholic orthodoxy, the article concludes by compiling preliminary evidence as to the extent Pope Francis will continue his predecessors’ approach to complementarity.

Military intervention and humanitarian action : Trends and issues

Abstract: An important trend in military doctrine for so-called 'peace support operations' has been to place them on a spectrum that includes coercion and enforcement. This paper focuses on British writers of doctrine as those responsible for driving the debate forward and forging a consensus among leading military powers. Their discourse is combat oriented, a fact reinforced by a trend towards strategic subcontracting to coalitions of the militarily willing and able. At the same time, there has been a move to institutionalise the involvement of military forces in relief, peace building and development activities. The overall emphasis is on stability and security to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian relief and to establish the conditions for peace-building processes. In the case of Bosnia, this involves conditionality and economic leverage. Although there is a long-established record of peace-keeping forces engaging in goodwill activities (with mixed results), the current trends contain contradictions that seem likely to contribute to the widely perceived erosion of classical humanitarian principles. Language: en

The Past, Present, and Future of Russia’s Cyber Strategy and Forces

Abstract: Russian cyberattacks against military and civilian infrastructure in the West have become a persistent challenge. Despite the importance of this topic and the excellent scholarship already published on these issues, there is a need for more detailed data and analysis on the role of cyberattacks in Russia’s security strategy and its reflection in the evolution of Russia’s cyber forces. A better understanding of Russia’s strategy and cyber actors, particularly the growing role of the military in these issues, can facilitate an improvement in Western governments’ policies to defend against future Russian activity. To address this issue, this article will outline the role of information and cyber operations in Russia’s information warfare doctrine and will analyze the recruitment efforts and modus operandi of Russia’s cyber departments, particularly psychological and cyber operations units within military intelligence. The paper will conclude by examining the likely future of Russia’s behavior in cyberspace and how various state-sponsored actors might influence it. The paper asserts that although Russia’s doctrine suggests a defensive and cooperative posture in response to threats in the information space, officials’ promulgations and military literature reveal a predilection for the development of offensive cyber capabilities and operations, which are shaped by Russia’s threat perceptions and doctrine, and the institutional cultures of the departments within the military conducting them.

On the Absence of Phenomenology

Abstract: We are all, I take it, unshakably sure that we are each in a special position to report, or to know, or to witness or experience a set of something-or-others we may call, as neutrally as possible, elements of our own conscious experience. In short, we all believe in the doctrine of privileged access, however much we disagree or are uncertain about what we mean by privilege and access. Yet trying to make sense of this well-entrenched and highly intuitive doctrine is a frustrating and tantalizing job, nor does denying the doctrine root and branch sit any more comfortably. There is a curious evanescence and incompleteness to philosophical accounts of privileged access, and I suspect the difficulty lies in the larger strategy philosophers have often quite reasonably adopted: they have set out to compose accounts of privileged access that are intuitive throughout, when in fact the only hope of giving any coherent account of any form of privileged access requires radical surgery on our intuitions, requires defending an initially counter-intuitive thesis.