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Doctrine

About: Doctrine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 21901 publications have been published within this topic receiving 204282 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
Jon Wolseth1
TL;DR: Pentecostal youth in a Honduran colonia claim to be exempt from everyday violence because of their belief in being saved as mentioned in this paper, and they exclude themselves from violent retribution by appealing to their rights to the sanctuary of the church.
Abstract: Ethnographic research on Pentecostal youth in a Honduran colonia reveals the ways in which they maneuver through the violence in their community. They maintain an uneasy relationship with gang members in which they claim exemption from everyday violence because of their belief in being saved. Drawing on Pentecostalism's doctrine of separation from community life, they exclude themselves from violent retribution by appealing to their rights to the sanctuary of the church. A call to the sanctuary of Pentecostalism also allows many gang members to escape the violence of street life. Pentecostal conversion is thus one way for young men to present a reformed persona that the larger community affirms.

36 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gap between the evergrowing promises of protection by the law made by doctrine, jurisprudence and sometimes even by States, and the systematic non-respect of that law, which (in the author's view wrongly) transpires from the media and NGO reports, undermines the credibility of the law and the willingness to respect it as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The implementation of humanitarian law (IHL) is confronted to many challenges. Some of them are inherent, because IHL applies to armed conflicts. A situation must be classified before IHL can be applied. Existing implementation mechanisms either do not function. Those which function, such as the ICRC and criminal prosecution, have their limits. In certain conflicts, such as asymmetric conflicts, and with regard to certain players, such as armed groups, it is particularly difficult to obtain respect of IHL. Beyond that, there is a perhaps even more dangerous challenge in perception. The gap between the ever-growing promises of protection by the law made by doctrine, jurisprudence and sometimes even by States, and the systematic non-respect of that law, which (in the author's view wrongly) transpires from the media and NGO reports, undermines the credibility of the law and the willingness to respect it. The author advocates ways to reduce this gap.

36 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of the Truman Doctrine speech in configuring cold war motives, relatively little attention has been given to its terministic incentives for construing international circumstances as threatening in the extreme as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Cold war exaggerations of American vulnerability derive rhetorically from the Truman Doctrine speech perhaps more than any other single presidential source. As the initial declaration of hostile relations with the Soviet Union after World War II, the president's speech was deliberately designed, in a well-known phrase attributed to Senator Arthur Vandenberg, "to scare hell out of the country." It articulated an "interpretive framework" calculated to command "maximum public support," which was precisely its effect, not only on the president's popularity but also on the public's willingness to combat communism globally (Freeland 1972, 89, 9; LaFeber 1989, 454-55. See also Kernell 1986, 158; Kolko and Kolko 1972, 338-46; Theoharis 1971, 47-53). Truman's framework of interpretation soon "chained out" as John Cragan (1981, 54-55) has observed, into a full-blown "rhetorical vision" of containing communism by extending a protective shield to noncommunist countries around the world. This same vision helped to legitimize anti-communism beyond the immediate requirements of the containment doctrine, fostering an "urge to fight" that outstripped "the need to fight" (Brockriede and Scott 1970, 36, 39-41; see also Ryan 1973, 294, 298). Despite the role of the Truman Doctrine speech in configuring cold war motives, relatively little attention has been given to its terministic incentives for construing international circumstances as threatening in the extreme. Indeed, the symbolic inducements of such a compelling framework of interpretation have proven peculiarly difficult to discern. As Wayne Brockriede and Robert Scott (1970) have noted, Truman's speech was "articulated with a power that easily eludes the critic" (p. 27). They saw little for traditional rhetorical critics to applaud in its argument, organization, style, or delivery, even though the speech has been recognized universally as a significant rhetorical event (Underhill 1961, 272-74). More recently, Martin Medhurst (1988) has looked to the context of Truman's speech for an explanation of its powerful effect, while Hinds and Windt (1991) have surveyed its imagery and argument for characteristics of early cold war rhetoric. Even critics using more text-oriented methods have portrayed the speech's rhetorical dynamics in relatively broad-brush strokes. Brockriede and Scott (1970, 39) observed, for instance, that Truman employed a contrapuntal structure to advance ten themes repeatedly, each interlaced with the others in various combinations. Three of those themes, they concluded, fashioned from latent American attitudes an anticommunist ideology potent enough to sustain Truman's containment policy. Drawing on the nation's sense of mission, its hostility toward world communism as a threat to freedom, and its desire to combat the forces of evil, the president created "an evangelism for a cold war against communism." These observations about the ideological appeal of themes in the Truman Doctrine speech were confirmed by Cragan's (1981, 54-56) fantasy-theme analysis of the cold war rhetorical vision as it evolved between 1946 and 1972. The rhetorical amplification of American insecurity, however, is a process that can be discerned only partially and indirectly through an analytical lens that focuses on broad themes and their relationship to one another. A more precise understanding requires a sustained focus on the exact language with which Truman constituted a framework of interpretation that warranted the containment of communism. Perspectives, as Kenneth Burke (1984) has argued, are a function of metaphors, and metaphors are shorthand terms for motives that realize their rhetorical potential through elaboration and literalization in extended discourse (see Ivie 1982, 240-41; Ivie 1986, 166-68; Ivie 1989, 122-26). Thus, a compelling relationship between the desperate economic conditions of postwar Europe and the president's proposal for containing the spread of communism was envisioned for Americans through a particular terminology of motives--a terminology that converged on the image of an international emergency. …

36 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Feb 2009-Survival
TL;DR: The limitations of military doctrines and practice are often exposed, not by arguments, but by events Thus it was mainly events in Iraq and Afghanistan that exposed the inadequacies of the so-call
Abstract: The limitations of military doctrines and practice are often exposed, not by arguments, but by events Thus it was mainly events in Iraq and Afghanistan that exposed the inadequacies of the so-call

36 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20231,274
20222,944
2021388
2020578
2019615
2018677