Showing papers on "Domain knowledge published in 2006"
TL;DR: The implications of knowledge translation for continuing education in the health professions include the need to base continuing education on the best available knowledge, the use of educational and other transfer strategies that are known to be effective, and the value of learning about planned‐action theories to be better able to understand and influence change in practice settings.
Abstract: There is confusion and misunderstanding about the concepts of knowledge translation, knowledge transfer, knowledge exchange, research utilization, implementation, diffusion, and dissemination. We review the terms and definitions used to describe the concept of moving knowledge into action. We also offer a conceptual framework for thinking about the process and integrate the roles of knowledge creation and knowledge application. The implications of knowledge translation for continuing education in the health professions include the need to base continuing education on the best available knowledge, the use of educational and other transfer strategies that are known to be effective, and the value of learning about plannedaction theories to be better able to understand and influence change in practice settings.
3,589 citations
TL;DR: This work argues that both components of induction are necessary to explain the nature, use and acquisition of human knowledge, and introduces a theory-based Bayesian framework for modeling inductive learning and reasoning as statistical inferences over structured knowledge representations.
766 citations
Patent•
29 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a mobile system is provided that includes speech-based and non-speech-based interfaces for telematics applications that identify and uses context, prior information, domain knowledge, and user specific profile data to achieve a natural environment for users that submit requests and/or commands in multiple domains.
Abstract: A mobile system is provided that includes speech-based and non-speech-based interfaces for telematics applications. The mobile system identifies and uses context, prior information, domain knowledge, and user specific profile data to achieve a natural environment for users that submit requests and/or commands in multiple domains. The invention creates, stores and uses extensive personal profile information for each user, thereby improving the reliability of determining the context and presenting the expected results for a particular question or command. The invention may organize domain specific behavior and information into agents, that are distributable or updateable over a wide area network.
716 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the importance of the tacit dimension of knowledge, and how this renders the concept of knowledge transfer much less useful than the concepts of information transfer and technology transfer, and propose that co-production of knowledge through collaborative learning between experts and users is a more suitable approach to building a knowledge system for the sustainable management of ecosystems.
Abstract: Sustainable ecosystem management relies on a diverse and multi-faceted knowledge system in which techniques are continuously updated to reflect current understanding and needs. The challenge is to minimize delay as ideas flow from intent through scientific capability, and finally to implementation to achieve desired outcomes. The best way to do this is by setting the stage for the flow of knowledge between researchers, policy makers, and resource managers. The cultural differences between these groups magnify the challenge. This paper highlights the importance of the tacit dimension of knowledge, and how this renders the concept of knowledge transfer much less useful than the concepts of information transfer and technology transfer. Instead of knowledge transfer, we propose that "co-production" of knowledge through collaborative learning between "experts" and "users" is a more suitable approach to building a knowledge system for the sustainable management of ecosystems. This can be achieved through knowledge interfacing and sharing, but requires a shift from a view of knowledge as a "thing" that can be transferred to viewing knowledge as a "process of relating" that involves negotiation of meaning among partners. Lessons from informal communities of practice provide guidance on how to nurture and promote knowledge interfacing between science and management in R&D programs.
604 citations
TL;DR: The paper reviews tools that are designed for the purpose to foster social capital and discusses what is needed for an IS design theory related to knowledge communities and how such a theory could incorporate social capital theory.
Abstract: Ignoring the informal, non-canonical nature of knowledge sharing, including people's motivation, ability and opportunity to share knowledge, is one of the key causes of resistance to use knowledge-sharing tools. In order to improve knowledge sharing supported by information technology (IT), tools need to be embedded in the social networks of which it is part. This has implications for our knowledge on the design requirements of such socially embedded IT. The paper reviews tools that are designed for the purpose to foster social capital. We will then discuss what is needed for an IS design theory related to knowledge communities and how such a theory could incorporate social capital theory.
414 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed the integrate-or-relate decision in knowledge accumulation as a complement to the well-known make or buy and keep or sell decisions in knowledge acquisition and exploitation.
Abstract: Companies may carry out all major knowledge management tasks, i.e. knowledge acquisition, accumulation and exploitation, internally and externally. Therefore, we propose the integrate-or-relate decision in knowledge accumulation as a complement to the well-known make-or-buy and keep-or-sell decisions in knowledge acquisition and exploitation. A key factor for taking adequate decisions, for building up organisational capabilities and for realising a firm's knowledge potential are unbiased attitudes to the knowledge management tasks. While past research has focused on the ‘not-invented-here’ (NIH) syndrome as a negative attitude to acquiring external knowledge, a more holistic view is adopted in the present article by extending prior research on two dimensions. Firstly, we consider all major knowledge management tasks and do not limit our analysis to knowledge acquisition. Secondly, we take into account that, apart from overly negative attitudes, excessively positive attitudes may exist. Accordingly, we identify the following six syndromes: ‘NIH’ vs. ‘buy-in’ in knowledge acquisition, ‘all-stored-here’ vs. ‘relate-out’ in knowledge accumulation and ‘only-used-here’ vs. ‘sell-out’ in knowledge exploitation. After briefly reviewing research into NIH and developing a knowledge management framework, the syndromes are defined, and possible antecedents, consequences and managerial actions are described.
277 citations
TL;DR: Why cross-project knowledge transfer fails is explored, using data from 13 projects in six organizations to suggest that the knowledge captured is not deemed useful and/or project teams lack awareness that there is knowledge that could be useful to help them improve their processes.
Abstract: A common strategy to transfer knowledge from projects is for project teams to capture 'lessons learned' and store these on a database for others to access. This strategy is widely adopted but such databases are not widely used. This article explores why cross-project knowledge transfer fails, using data from 13 projects in six organizations. Following Cook and Brown, the analysis focuses on why knowledge captured from one project is typically not used as a 'tool of knowing' by others. The results suggest that the knowledge captured is not deemed useful and/or project teams lack awareness that there is knowledge that could be useful to help them improve their processes.
273 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that dynamic capabilities can be seen as composed of concrete and well‐known knowledge management activities, which are assembled into the three dynamic capabilities of knowledge development, knowledge (re)combination, and knowledge use.
Abstract: Purpose – This paper sets out to integrate research on knowledge management with the dynamic capabilities approach. This paper will add to the understanding of dynamic capabilities by demonstrating that dynamic capabilities can be seen as composed of concrete and well‐known knowledge management activities.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a literature review focusing on key knowledge management processes and activities as well as the concept of dynamic capabilities, the paper connects these two approaches. The analysis is centered on knowledge management activities which then are compiled into dynamic capabilities.Findings – In the paper eight knowledge management activities are identified; knowledge creation, acquisition, capture, assembly, sharing, integration, leverage, and exploitation. These activities are assembled into the three dynamic capabilities of knowledge development, knowledge (re)combination, and knowledge use. The dynamic capabilities and the associated knowledge manage...
248 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate how major United States engineering design and construction firms are implementing knowledge management initiatives in order to identify best practice and find that there is a clear distinction between the knowledge management activities undertaken by large engineering design firms and those of construction firms.
Abstract: Construction companies have always relied on their knowledge assets to provide services to clients. In recent years the terminology “knowledge management” has been introduced. Knowledge management (KM) seeks to formalize the manner in which companies exploit their knowledge assets by harnessing organizational knowledge, promoting greater collaboration between groups with similar interests, capturing and using lessons learned on previous projects, etc. This paper investigates how major United States engineering design and construction firms are implementing knowledge management initiatives in order to identify best practice. It adopts a case study methodology to investigate companies’ strategy and implementation, people aspects, and metrics for performance. The study finds that there is a clear distinction between the knowledge management activities undertaken by large engineering design firms and those of construction firms. There is also a much greater emphasis on knowledge sharing, which is just one com...
223 citations
TL;DR: The study examines the effects of both IS and application domain knowledge on different types of schema understanding tasks: syntactic and semantic comprehension tasks and schema-based problem-solving tasks, finding that IS domain knowledge is important in the solution of all types of conceptual schemaUnderstanding tasks in both familiar and unfamiliar applications domains.
Abstract: Although information systems (IS) problem solving involves knowledge of both the IS and application domains, little attention has been paid to the role of application domain knowledge. In this study, which is set in the context of conceptual modeling, we examine the effects of both IS and application domain knowledge on different types of schema understanding tasks: syntactic and semantic comprehension tasks and schema-based problem-solving tasks. Our thesis was that while IS domain knowledge is important in solving all such tasks, the role of application domain knowledge is contingent upon the type of understanding task under investigation. We use the theory of cognitive fit to establish theoretical differences in the role of application domain knowledge among the different types of schema understanding tasks. We hypothesize that application domain knowledge does not influence the solution of syntactic and semantic comprehension tasks for which cognitive fit exists, but does influence the solution of schema-based problem-solving tasks for which cognitive fit does not exist.
To assess performance on different types of conceptual schema understanding tasks, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which participants with high- and low-IS domain knowledge responded to two equivalent conceptual schemas that represented high and low levels of application knowledge (familiar and unfamiliar application domains). As expected, we found that IS domain knowledge is important in the solution of all types of conceptual schema understanding tasks in both familiar and unfamiliar applications domains, and that the effect of application domain knowledge is contingent on task type. Our findings for the EER model were similar to those for the ER model. Given the differential effects of application domain knowledge on different types of tasks, this study highlights the importance of considering more than one application domain in designing future studies on conceptual modeling.
220 citations
11 Sep 2006
TL;DR: A new requirements elicitation method ORE (ontology based requirements elicit), where a domain ontology can be used as domain knowledge, where adomain ontology plays a role on semantic domain which gives meanings to requirements statements by using a semantic function.
Abstract: Domain knowledge is one of crucial factors to get a great success in requirements elicitation of high quality, and only domain experts, not requirements analysts, have it. We propose a new requirements elicitation method ORE (Ontology based Requirements Elicitation), where a domain ontology can be used as domain knowledge. In our method, a domain ontology plays a role on semantic domain which gives meanings to requirements statements by using a semantic function. By using inference rules on the ontology and a quality metrics on the semantic function, an analyst can be navigated which requirements should be added for improving completeness of the current version of the requirements and/or which requirements should be deleted from the current version for keeping consistency. We define this process as a method and evaluate it by an experimental case study of software music players.
TL;DR: This article investigates knowledge acquisition bottlenecks and proposes the use of collaborative, conversational knowledge management to remove them and demonstrates the opportunity for more effective knowledge acquisition through the application of the principles of Bazaar style, open-source development.
Abstract: Much of today's organizational knowledge still exists outside of formal information repositories and often only in people's heads. While organizations are eager to capture this knowledge, existing acquisition methods are not up to the task. Neither traditional artificial intelligence-based approaches nor more recent, less-structured knowledge management techniques have overcome the knowledge acquisition challenges. This article investigates knowledge acquisition bottlenecks and proposes the use of collaborative, conversational knowledge management to remove them. The article demonstrates the opportunity for more effective knowledge acquisition through the application of the principles of Bazaar style, open-source development. The article introduces wikis as software that enables this type of knowledge acquisition. It empirically analyzes the Wikipedia to produce evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
01 Jun 2006
TL;DR: In this framework, a critical locus of proficiency lies in the representation of domain-novice knowledge, that is, how their knowledge is organized or structured, and how their representations might differ from those of novices.
Abstract: Introduction Expertise, by definition, refers to the manifestation of skills and understanding resulting from the accumulation of a large body of knowledge. This implies that in order to understand how experts perform and why they are more capable than non-experts, we must understand the representation of their knowledge, that is, how their knowledge is organized or structured, and how their representations might differ from those of novices. For example, if a child who is fascinated with dinosaurs and has learned a lot about them correctly infers attributes about some dinosaurs that was new to them by reasoning analogically to some known dinosaurs (e.g., the shape of teeth for carnivores versus vegetarians), we would not conclude that the “expert” child has a more powerful analogical reasoning strategy. Instead, we would conclude that such a global or domain-general reasoning strategy is available to all children, but that novice children might reason analogically to some other familiar domain, such as animals (rather than dinosaurs), as our data have shown (Chi, Hutchinson, & Robin, 1989). Thus, the analogies of domain-novice are less powerful not necessarily because they lack adequate analogical reasoning strategies, although they may, but because they lack the appropriate domain knowledge from which analogies can be drawn. Thus, in this framework, a critical locus of proficiency lies in the representation of their domain knowledge.
TL;DR: This paper provides a case study to illustrate the application of social network analysis to develop knowledge maps for a leading organisation.
Abstract: Formal structures underpinning organisational charts may not really reflect the actual knowledge flows. It is the informal networks that have played a critical role in getting important work done in organisations. In order to better understand the knowledge flow through these informal networks, knowledge maps can be developed to illustrate the actual knowledge flows. Social network analysis is a technique that can be applied in building knowledge maps and can help analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the networks effectively. This paper provides a case study to illustrate the application of social network analysis to develop knowledge maps for a leading organisation. Borrowing and adapting techniques from other disciplines, such as social network analysis, needs to be done to push the new frontiers of knowledge management.
TL;DR: KM is simply a way of working, which recognises the importance of using existing and current knowledge, and once adopted should gradually become invisibly embedded into a company’s strategy and culture.
Abstract: Knowledge management encompasses all aspects of managing a company’s intellectual capital, from filing, to intranets, to team briefings. It “promotes a collaborative and integrative approach to the creation, capture, organisation, access and use of information assets” (European Centre for Customer Strategies). In the past firms have approached KM as a well-defined function, or task to be completed. In fact it is simply a way of working, which recognises the importance of using existing and current knowledge. Once adopted, this method of operating should gradually become invisibly embedded into a company’s strategy and culture.
TL;DR: The implicit and explicit knowledge representation mechanisms for evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are discussed and offline and online metaheuristics as examples of explicit methods to leverage this knowledge are described.
Abstract: We discuss implicit and explicit knowledge representation mechanisms for evolutionary algorithms (EAs). We also describe offline and online metaheuristics as examples of explicit methods to leverage this knowledge. We illustrate the benefits of this approach with four real-world applications. The first application is automated insurance underwriting-a discrete classification problem, which requires a careful tradeoff between the percentage of insurance applications handled by the classifier and its classification accuracy. The second application is flexible design and manufacturing-a combinatorial assignment problem, where we optimize design and manufacturing assignments with respect to time and cost of design and manufacturing for a given product. Both problems use metaheuristics as a way to encode domain knowledge. In the first application, the EA is used at the metalevel, while in the second application, the EA is the object-level problem solver. In both cases, the EAs use a single-valued fitness function that represents the required tradeoffs. The third application is a lamp spectrum optimization that is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem. Using domain customized mutation operators, we obtain a well-sampled Pareto front showing all the nondominated solutions. The fourth application describes a scheduling problem for the maintenance tasks of a constellation of 25 low earth orbit satellites. The domain knowledge in this application is embedded in the design of a structured chromosome, a collection of time-value transformations to reflect static constraints, and a time-dependent penalty function to prevent schedule collisions.
TL;DR: The paper seeks to pin‐point the strengths and weaknesses of IT in the domain of knowledge management (KM) and to explain why the technology promise remains unfulfilled, as seen by many KM practitioners.
Abstract: Purpose – Aims to impart new insights into the role of information technology (IT) in knowledge extraction, capture, distribution and personalization. The paper seeks to pin‐point the strengths and weaknesses of IT in the domain of knowledge management (KM) and to explain why the technology promise remains unfulfilled, as seen by many KM practitioners.Design/methodology/approach – The discussion in this paper is fundamentally based on Stankosky's four KM pillars conceptual framework. Within this framework the authors attempted to shed some light on the IT role and the hidden reasons that make knowledge prominently unreachable via IT.Findings – IT assimilation and representation of knowledge intangibility, dynamism, experience and other humanistic cognitive dimensions remain debatable. The current technology is immature to resolve such problems. For IT to be effective for KM it must shred its bivalent logic and instead learn to operate within an authentic continuum.Originality/value – Knowledge managers ne...
TL;DR: The role and contribution of business process modeling (BPM) in the knowledge management initiative and in the management of company‐specific knowledge is discussed and a knowledge category model and knowledge process model is proposed.
Abstract: Purpose – As economies move into the information age and post‐industrial era, information and knowledge become important resources to organizations. The article sets out to discuss the role and contribution of business process modeling (BPM) in the knowledge management initiative and in the management of company‐specific knowledge.Design/methodology/approach – The authors consider BPM as a tool for knowledge management that allows the transformation of informal knowledge into formal knowledge and facilitates its externalization and sharing. The article starts with the brief introduction of the theoretical background of business process modeling and its basic concepts, and also presents definitions and concepts of major knowledge categories, knowledge processes and knowledge resources, as have been given by different authors in the knowledge management (KM) domain. These definitions are used as a basis for the knowledge category model and knowledge process model proposed by the authors.Findings – The artic...
TL;DR: The architecture of the Artemis project is described, which exploits ontologies based on the domain knowledge exposed by the healthcare information standards through standard bodies like HL7, CEN TC251, ISO TC215 and GEHR.
TL;DR: Recognizing and understanding knowledge flow between scientists is valuable for science and discovering, managing, and utilizing such knowledge are advanced services of the e-science knowledge grid environment.
Abstract: Recognizing and understanding knowledge flow between scientists is valuable for science. Discovering, managing, and utilizing such knowledge are advanced services of the e-science knowledge grid environment.
TL;DR: Initial evaluation of KNAVE-II and its supporting knowledge based temporal-mediation architecture, by applying it to a large data base of patients monitored several years after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), has produced highly encouraging results.
TL;DR: The knowledge map creation and maintenance mechanisms developed in this research enable the dynamic knowledge management of communities of practice on the Internet.
Abstract: This paper proposes a knowledge map management system to facilitate knowledge management in virtual communities of practice. To realize the proposed knowledge map management, we develop knowledge map creation and maintenance functions by utilizing information retrieval and data mining techniques. The knowledge maps created respectively from the documents of the teachers' professional community, SCTNet, and the thesis repository at Taiwan's National Central Library, are evaluated by experts of these two domains. Knowledge maps generated by the system are accepted by domain experts from the evaluation since the degree of their modification of the automatically created knowledge maps is proportionally small. The knowledge structure representing the categories of community documents maintains its high purity, diversity, specificity, and structure adaptation by using the knowledge map maintenance function with limited computational cost. Thus, the knowledge map creation and maintenance mechanisms developed in this research enable the dynamic knowledge management of communities of practice on the Internet.
TL;DR: A new set of terminology is defined and a five‐tier knowledge management hierarchy (5TKMH) is developed that can provide guidance to managers involved in KM efforts and provides an evolutionary path for KM efforts within the firm.
Abstract: Purpose – Many terms commonly used in the field of knowledge management (KM) have multiple uses and sometimes conflicting definitions because they are adapted from other research streams. Discussions of the various hierarchies of data, information, knowledge, and other related terms, although of value, are limited in providing support for KM. The purpose of this this paper is to define a new set of terminology and develop a five‐tier knowledge management hierarchy (5TKMH) that can provide guidance to managers involved in KM efforts.Design/methodology/approach – The 5TKMH is developed by extending the knowledge hierarchy to include an individual and an innovation tier.Findings – The 5TKMH includes all of the types of KM identified in the literature, provides a tool for evaluating the KM effort in a firm, identifies the relationships between knowledge sources, and provides an evolutionary path for KM efforts within the firm.Research limitations/implications – The 5TKMH has not been formally tested.Practical...
TL;DR: This paper builds upon integrative modeling work that composes a parsimonious, multidimensional, analytical framework for representing and visualizing dynamic knowledge, and focuses on understanding the dynamics of knowledge phenomenologically and on developing and applying techniques for modeling and visualize dynamic knowledge flows and stocks.
Abstract: Knowledge represents a critical resource in the modern enterprise. But it is dynamic and distributed unevenly. Capitalizing on this dynamic resource for enterprise performance depends upon its rapid and reliable flows across people, organizations, locations, and times of application. From a technological perspective, this points immediately to the design of information systems to enhance knowledge flows. The problem is, the design of information systems to enhance knowledge flows requires new understanding. The research described in this paper concentrates on understanding the dynamics of knowledge phenomenologically and on developing and applying techniques for modeling and visualizing dynamic knowledge flows and stocks. We draw key, theoretical concepts from multiple literatures, and we build upon integrative modeling work that composes a parsimonious, multidimensional, analytical framework for representing and visualizing dynamic knowledge. We then conduct field research to learn how this theoretical framework may be used to model knowledge flows in practice. By focusing this empirical work on an extreme organization and processes that involve and rely upon tacit knowledge, we illustrate how dynamic knowledge patterns can inform design in new ways. New chunks of kernel theory deriving from this fieldwork are articulated in terms of a propositional model, which provides a basis for the development of testable design theory hypotheses.
TL;DR: Making a computer understand human language has proven to be a complex achievement, but there are techniques capable of detecting, distinguishing and extracting a limited number of different classes of facts.
TL;DR: It is found that there exists a general lack of focus on security in the knowledge management framework – both in a research setting and in practical applications.
Abstract: Purpose – Increased focus on knowledge within firms has not addressed the security implication. This paper aims to examine the implications of knowledge management for security.Design/methodology/approach – This approach highlights the competitive advantage of knowledge with an emphasis on security. This paper reviews security for data and information and explores the dimensions of secure knowledge systems. The emphasis is on knowledge security and the development of future knowledge management systems.Findings – This paper finds that there exists a general lack of focus on security in the knowledge management framework – both in a research setting and in practical applications. Knowledge is different from information and data and needs special consideration in firms.Research implications/limitations – Designers of knowledge management systems can implement levels of security for different types of knowledge that reside within the organization. The concept of “secure knowledge management” has provided nas...
TL;DR: Knowledge and power are simply two sides of the same question: who decides what knowledge is, and who knows what needs to be decided as mentioned in this paper, and the problem of knowledge has been a topic for a long time.
Abstract: Knowledge and power are simply two sides of the same question: who decides what knowledge is, and who knows what needs to be decided. (Lyotard 1979: 8–9) The ‘problem of knowledge’ has been a topic...
23 Oct 2006
TL;DR: This paper proposes a property pattern based specification language, named PROPOLS, and uses it to verify BPEL service composition schemas and proposes a Finite State Automata based framework for verifying BPEL schemas against PROPolS properties.
Abstract: Service composition is becoming the dominant paradigm for developing Web service applications. It is important to ensure that a service composition complies with the requirements for the application. A rigorous compliance checking approach usually needs the requirements being specified in property specification formalisms such as temporal logics, which are difficult for ordinary software practitioners to comprehend. In this paper, we propose a property pattern based specification language, named PROPOLS, and use it to verify BPEL service composition schemas. PROPOLS is easy to understand and use, yet is formally based. It builds on Dwyer et al.'s property pattern system and extends it with the logical composition of patterns to accommodate the specification of complex requirements. PROPOLS is encoded in an ontology language, OWL, to facilitate the sharing and reuse of domain knowledge. A Finite State Automata based framework for verifying BPEL schemas against PROPOLS properties is also discussed.
25 Mar 2006
TL;DR: This paper presents a model, a methodology and a software framework for the semantic web (Intelligent 3D Visualization Platform - I3DVP) for the development of interoperable intelligent visualization applications that support the coupling of graphics and virtual reality scenes with domain knowledge of different domains.
Abstract: A great challenge in information visualization today is to provide models and software that effectively integrate the graphics content of scenes with domain-specific knowledge so that the users can effectively query, interpret, personalize and manipulate the visualized information [1]. Moreover, it is important that the intelligent visualization applications are interoperable in the semantic web environment and thus, require that the models and software supporting them integrate state-of-the-art international standards for knowledge representation, graphics and multimedia. In this paper, we present a model, a methodology and a software framework for the semantic web (Intelligent 3D Visualization Platform - I3DVP) for the development of interoperable intelligent visualization applications that support the coupling of graphics and virtual reality scenes with domain knowledge of different domains. The graphics content and the semantics of the scenes are married into a consistent and cohesive ontological model while at the same time knowledge- based techniques for the querying, manipulation, and semantic personalization of the scenes are introduced. We also provide methods for knowledge driven information visualization and visualization- aided decision making based on inference by reasoning.
TL;DR: The results of this study demonstrate that an MBKM-like system can be applied effectively in knowledge management systems in the construction industry by using map-based knowledge management and web technology.