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Dosage compensation
About: Dosage compensation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1920 publications have been published within this topic receiving 124589 citations.
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TL;DR: This work has generated and characterized loss of function roX1 alleles that display a continuum of activity and points to a peripheral or transient role for roX in the RNA and protein complex that binds to and regulates the X chromosome.
48 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that rearing salinity has genome-wide effects on DNA methylation levels, which has the potential to lead to the accumulation of epigenetic variation between natural populations in different environments.
Abstract: Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are a key component of dosage compensation on sex chromosomes and have been proposed as an important source of phenotypic variation influencing plasticity and adaptive evolutionary processes, yet little is known about the role of DNA methylation in an ecological or evolutionary context in vertebrates. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an ecological and evolutionary model system that has been used to study mechanisms involved in the evolution of adaptive phenotypes in novel environments as well as the evolution heteromorphic sex chromosomes and dosage compensation in vertebrates. Using whole genome bisulfite sequencing, we compared genome-wide DNA methylation patterns between threespine stickleback males and females and between stickleback reared at different environmental salinities. Apparent hypermethylation of the younger evolutionary stratum of the stickleback X chromosome in females relative to males suggests a potential role of DNA methylation in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We also demonstrate that rearing salinity has genome-wide effects on DNA methylation levels, which has the potential to lead to the accumulation of epigenetic variation between natural populations in different environments.
48 citations
TL;DR: Dosage compensation represents a system which can be used to study the control of gene activity in eukaryotes and is reported on, that of the X-linked α-chain gene of Drosophila larval serum protein-1.
Abstract: IN many species of higher organisms there is compensation for the different number of ‘doses’ of X-linked genes in the two sexes. This can be demonstrated by studies on enzymes which show that the level of activity of an X-linked enzyme is the same in the sex with one chromosome as in the sex with two. Dosage compensation therefore represents a system which can be used to study the control of gene activity in eukaryotes. Dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively reviewed1, and although it has been studied mainly in adult flies it does occur in larval stages2–5 and in cultured cells6. The one published example of an X-linked gene which does not show complete dosage compensation is the white-eosin mutant7 where there is more pigment in the eye of the female homozygote than in the eye of the male hemizygote. Here we report a second example, that of the X-linked α-chain gene of Drosophila larval serum protein-1.
48 citations
TL;DR: This work proposes a new mechanism for Y/W erosion that works over faster timescales, in large populations, and for small non-recombining regions (down to a single sex-linked gene) based on the instability and divergence of cis-regulatory sequences in non- recombining genome regions, which become selectively haploidized to mask deleterious mutations on coding sequences.
48 citations
TL;DR: Cellular autoradiography was used to measure relative rates of chromosomal RNA synthesis and to examine the regulatory phenomenon of X-linked dosage compensation in Drosophila miranda, a species containing two distinct, nonhomologous X chromosomes, finding the X1 chromosome to be dosage-compensated.
Abstract: Cellular autoradiography was used to measure relative rates of chromosomal RNA synthesis and to examine the regulatory phenomenon of X-linked dosage compensation in Drosophila miranda, a species containing two distinct, nonhomologous X chromosomes (X1 and X2). The X1 chromosome was found to be dosage-compensated, since the rate of RNA synthesis along the single X1 chromosome in males equaled that of both X1 chromosomes in females. Unlike other sex chromosomes that have been studied, the more recently evolved X2 heterochromosome exhibited regional differences in transcriptional activity when males and females were compared. The distal 10% of the X2 was not dosage-compensated, whereas the majority of an interior segment, representing 30% of the X2 chromosome's length, was found to be dosage-compensated. Our data are consistent with the idea that the evolution of X2 dosage compensation has paralleled the differentiation of the X2 sex chromosome. In addition, gene rearrangement seems to have accompanied the acquisition of a dosage-compensory mechanism in the X2.
48 citations