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Dosage compensation

About: Dosage compensation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1920 publications have been published within this topic receiving 124589 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2021-Genomics
TL;DR: The evolution of sex chromosomes, and patterns of sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation, are poorly known among early winged insects such as odonates as discussed by the authors, and the evolution of the X-chromosome and the patterns of dosage compensation and expression and expression patterns among these organisms were poorly known.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observed dependence of sex-determination on the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes is shown merely to be a dependence on the concentration of the products of one X chromosome, and the inviability of the heterogametic sex among the offspring of an interspecies cross (Haldane's rule), follows from the species-specific fine-tuning of the concentrations of X chromosome-encoded products relative to the Concentration of autosomally-encoding products.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared RNA-seq expression of Z-genes, their autosomal orthologues, and control autosomal genes in Apalone spinifera (ZZ/ZW) and Chrysemys picta turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD).
Abstract: Sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) overcomes gene-dose imbalances that disturb transcriptional networks, as when ZW females or XY males are hemizygous for Z/X genes. Mounting data from non-model organisms reveal diverse SCDC mechanisms, yet their evolution remains obscure, because most informative lineages with variable sex chromosomes are unstudied. Here, we discovered SCDC in turtles and an unprecedented thermosensitive SCDC in eukaryotes. We contrasted RNA-seq expression of Z-genes, their autosomal orthologues, and control autosomal genes in Apalone spinifera (ZZ/ZW) and Chrysemys picta turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (proxy for ancestral expression). This approach disentangled chromosomal context effects on Z-linked and autosomal expression, from lineage effects owing to selection or drift. Embryonic Apalone SCDC is tissue- and age-dependent, regulated gene-by-gene, complete in females via Z-upregulation in both sexes (Type IV) but partial and environmentally plastic via Z-downregulation in males (accentuated at colder temperature), present in female hatchlings and a weakly suggestive in adult liver (Type I). Results indicate that embryonic SCDC evolved with/after sex chromosomes in Apalone's family Tryonichidae, while co-opting Z-gene upregulation present in the TSD ancestor. Notably, Apalone's SCDC resembles pygmy snake's, and differs from the full-SCDC of Anolis lizards who share homologous sex chromosomes (XY), advancing our understanding of how XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems compensate gene-dose imbalance. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.

13 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Dosage compensation for X-linked genes occurs by the process of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammalian somatic cells (Lyon 1972) and the activity for an embryonically expressed X-coded enzyme should be twice as high in female embryos with two X chromosomes, as in male embryos with one X chromosome.
Abstract: Dosage compensation for X-linked genes occurs by the process of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammalian somatic cells (Lyon 1972). The inactivation of one X chromosome in females takes place early in development, although the exact time is unknown. One method of ascertaining the time of XCI is to determine the activity of the X chromosome at different stages of development as measured by the activity of an X-coded enzyme. Prior to XCI, and in the absence of other dosage compensating mechanisms, the activity for an embryonically expressed X-coded enzyme should be twice as high in female embryos with two X chromosomes, as in male embryos with one X chromosome. The distribution of enzyme activities for single embryos from a litter would have two equal-sized peaks that are separated by a factor of two. The convergence of the two peaks into one would indicate that XCI had occurred.

13 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most recent discoveries concerning the role of long noncoding RNAs, pluripotency factors, and chromosome structure in random XCI are reviewed.

13 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202330
202272
202183
202051
201980
201870