Topic
Dosage compensation
About: Dosage compensation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1920 publications have been published within this topic receiving 124589 citations.
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TL;DR: The whole genome sequence of Anopheles gambiae revealed 156 genes that code for proteins with the R&R Consensus and named CPRs, supporting the presence of a gene dosage compensation system in A. gambiae.
107 citations
TL;DR: This issue of PNAS, Carrel et al. (3) report such a systematic analysis of the inactivation status of many X-linked genes in the Human Genome Project, and the data are so extensive that they are summarized in the paper but are fully accessible only as a file on the World Wide Web.
Abstract: In many organisms, differentiation of the sex chromosome complement resulted in the coordinated regulation of genes on whole chromosomes to equalize gene expression between the sexes. In mammals, X inactivation evolved to restore equal expression of X-linked genes in males and females (1). Although X inactivation consists in the general repression of most genes on the X, some genes escape inactivation (reviewed in ref. 2). Recent advances in the Human Genome Project now allow the inactivation status of many X-linked genes to be systematically studied. In this issue of PNAS, Carrel et al. (3) report such a systematic analysis. Their data are so extensive that they are summarized in the paper but are fully accessible only as a file on the World Wide Web (www.pnas.org/supplementary.shtml).
107 citations
TL;DR: Avian sex chromosome evolution, representing the best characterized ZW system to date, follows patterns seen in other organisms but has the notable exception of incomplete dosage compensation.
Abstract: Rapidly accumulating genome sequence information in birds, which show several unique genomic features, provides novel insights into evolutionary genomics. The avian karyotype with numerous microchromosomes has remained stable during evolution, although frequent intrachromosomal inversions have occurred. Avian sex chromosome evolution, representing the best characterized ZW system to date, follows patterns seen in other organisms but has the notable exception of incomplete dosage compensation. Recombination is unevenly distributed in the avian genome; it occurs at very high rates in microchromosomes, a consequence of an obligate crossing over in even small chromosomes, and has highly elevated rates near chromosome ends. Moreover, a heterogeneous landscape of recombination feeds significant heterogeneity in base composition via GC-biased gene conversion. A uniform molecular clock is not applicable to birds, and ample evidence for substitution rate heterogeneity both among lineages and within genomes exists....
107 citations
TL;DR: Recent studies provide compelling evidence that DNA elimination is a novel form of gene silencing, dosage compensation, and sex determination and further identification of the eliminated sequences, genome changes, and in depth characterization of this phenomenon in diverse metazoans are needed.
106 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that the sex- and chromosome-specific binding of three of the msl proteins (MSLs) occurs in other drosophilid species, spanning four genera, and it is shown that MSL binding correlates with the evolution of the sex chromosomes.
Abstract: IN species where males and females differ in number of sex chromosomes, the expression of sex-linked genes is equalized by a process known as dosage compensation. In Drosophila melanogaster, dosage compensation is mediated by the binding of the products of the male-specific lethal (msl) genes to the single male X chromosome. Here we report that the sex- and chromosome-specific binding of three of the msl proteins (MSLs) occurs in other drosophilid species, spanning four genera. Moreover, we show that MSL binding correlates with the evolution of the sex chromosomes: in species that have acquired a second X chromosome arm because of an X-autosome translocation, we observe binding of the MSLs to the 'new' (previously autosomal) arm of the X chromosome, only when its homologue has degenerated. Moreover, in Drosophila miranda, a Y-autosome translocation has produced a new X chromosome (called neo-X), only some regions of which are dosage compensated. In this neo-X chromosome, the pattern of MSL binding correlates with the known pattern of dosage compensation.
106 citations