Topic
Drift velocity
About: Drift velocity is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6897 publications have been published within this topic receiving 129602 citations. The topic is also known as: drift speed.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, a general theory of mass transport is developed, which takes account of the viscosity, and leads to results in agreement with observation, and is shown that the nature of the motion in the interior depends upon the ratio of the wave amplitude a to the thickness δ of the boundary layer.
Abstract: It was shown by Stokes that in a water wave the particles of fluid possess, apart from their orbital motion, a steady second-order drift velocity (usually called the mass-transport velocity). Recent experiments, however, have indicated that the mass-transport velocity can be very different from that predicted by Stokes on the assumption of a perfect, non-viscous fluid. In this paper a general theory of mass transport is developed, which takes account of the viscosity, and leads to results in agreement with observation. Part I deals especially with the interior of the fluid. It is shown that the nature of the motion in the interior depends upon the ratio of the wave amplitude a to the thickness $\delta $ of the boundary layer: when a$^{2}$/$\delta ^{2}$ is small the diffusion of vorticity takes place by viscous 'conduction'; when a$^{2}$/$\delta ^{2}$ is large, by convection with the mass-transport velocity. Appropriate field equations for the stream function of the mass transport are derived. The boundary layers, however, require separate consideration. In part II special attention is given to the boundary layers, and a general theory is developed for two types of oscillating boundary: when the velocities are prescribed at the boundary, and when the stresses are prescribed. Whenever the motion is simple-harmonic the equations of motion can be integrated exactly. A general method is described for determining the mass transport throughout the fluid in the presence of an oscillating body, or with an oscillating stress at the boundary. In part III, the general method of solution described in parts I and II is applied to the cases of a progressive and a standing wave in water of uniform depth. The solutions are markedly different from the perfect-fluid solutions with irrotational motion. The chief characteristic of the progressive-wave solution is a strong forward velocity near the bottom. The predicted maximum velocity near the bottom agrees well with that observed by Bagnold.
1,186 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the aluminum electromigration drift velocity was measured at the temperature range 250-400°C and an activation energy of 0.65 eV was found for the drift velocity, which was explained by opposing chemical gradients created by the atom pile-up and depletion at the stripe ends.
Abstract: The aluminum electromigration drift velocity was measured at the temperature range 250–400 °C. A threshold current density was found inversely proportional to the stripe length. An activation energy of 0.65 eV was found for the drift velocity. The occurrence of the threshold is explained by opposing chemical gradients created by the atom pile‐up and depletion at the stripe ends. The threshold may explain several observations reported previously. The threshold is increased by decreasing the temperature or by enclosing the aluminum in silicon nitride. Virtually no electromigration is seen for very short aluminum stripes even at current densities above 106 A/cm2.
1,185 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered a Brownian particle in a periodic potential under heavy damping and showed that if the particle is subject to an external force having time correlations, detailed balance is lost and the particle can exhibit a nonzero net drift speed.
Abstract: We consider a Brownian particle in a periodic potential under heavy damping. The second law forbids it from displaying any net drift speed, even if the symmetry of the potential is broken. But if the particle is subject to an external force having time correlations, detailed balance is lost and the particle can exhibit a nonzero net drift speed. Thus, broken symmetry and time correlations are sufficient ingredients for transport.
926 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the kinematic constitutive equation for the drift velocity has been studied for various two-phase flow regimes, and a comparison of the model with various experimental data over various flow regimes and a wide range of flow parameters shows a satisfactory agreement.
799 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the electrical conduction mechanism in the film plane of ultrathin, evaporated metal films and showed that the conductivity depends exponentially on reciprocal temperature, and it should be independent of field at low fields.
Abstract: The electrical conduction mechanism in the film plane of ultrathin, evaporated metal films was investigated. These films consist of a planar array of many small discrete islands. The conduction process consists of, first, charge carrier creation which is thermally activated and involves charge transfer between initially neutral particles, and, second, the drift velocity of these charges in an applied field. Charge transfer between particles occurs by tunneling. The following features were predicted and can be verified experimentally: the conductivity depends exponentially on reciprocal temperature, and it should be independent of field at low fields. Deviations from the exponential temperature dependence can be understood in terms of a spectrum of activation energies, while deviations from Ohm's law at high fields can be explained readily in terms of a field dependent activation energy.
699 citations