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Showing papers on "Dynamic braking published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed solution simultaneously achieves dual goals of the electric brake and the energy regeneration without using additional converter, ultracapacitor, or complex winding-changeover technique.
Abstract: This paper proposes a simple but effective method of electric brake with energy regeneration for a brushless DC motor of an electric vehicle (EV). During the braking period, the proposed method only changes the switching sequence of the inverter to control the inverse torque so that the braking energy will return to the battery. Compared with the presented methods, the proposed solution simultaneously achieves dual goals of the electric brake and the energy regeneration without using additional converter, ultracapacitor, or complex winding-changeover technique. Since the braking kinetic energy is converted into the electrical energy and then returns to the battery, the energy regeneration could increase the driving range of an EV. In addition to the braking period, the duration of release throttle is also included in the energy-regenerative mechanism such that the EV is similar to engine vehicles having the engine brake. Therefore, the electric brake can improve rider's comfort and enhance the EV's safety. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by experimental results. It shows that the driving range of the EV could be increased to about 16.2%.

188 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the modeling and simulation of EMB systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and evaluated the control performance of the EMB system via the simulation of the regenerative braking of the HEV during various driving conditions.
Abstract: The regenerative braking system of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a key technology that can improve fuel efficiency by 20∼50%, depending on motor size. In the regenerative braking system, the electronically controlled brake subsystem that directs the braking forces into four wheels independently is indispensable. This technology is currently found in the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and in Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC). As braking technologies progress toward brake-by-wire systems, the development of Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) systems will be very important in the improvement of both fuel consumption and vehicle safety. This paper investigates the modeling and simulation of EMB systems for HEVs. The HEV powertrain was modeled to include the internal combustion engine, electric motor, battery and transmission. The performance simulation for the regenerative braking system of the HEV was performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The control performance of the EMB system was evaluated via the simulation of the regenerative braking of the HEV during various driving conditions.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper applies the regenerative braking system with the step-up chopper circuit serially connecting two motors and realizes the velocity feedback control with the variable duty ratio so that it tracks the optimal velocity based on the minimum Jerk model.
Abstract: This paper describes a novel regenerative braking control scheme of electric power-assisted wheelchairs for safety driving on downhill roads. The ldquoelectric power-assisted wheelchairrdquo which assists the driving force by electric motors is expected to be widely used as a mobility support system for elderly people and disabled people; however, it has no braking system to suppress the wheelchair's velocity and brings the dangerous and fearful driving particularly on downhill roads. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel safety and efficient driving control scheme based on the regenerative braking system. This paper applies the regenerative braking system with the step-up chopper circuit serially connecting two motors and realizes the velocity feedback control with the variable duty ratio so that it tracks the optimal velocity based on the minimum Jerk model. In addition, the dynamic braking system is also applied at the low-speed range instead of the regenerative braking in order to suppress the acceleration. Some driving experiments on the practical downhill roads show the effectiveness of the proposed control system.

110 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Jun 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the main properties that have influence on brake energy regeneration are analyzed and a simple regenerative braking strategy is proposed to make the best use of the motor braking torque.
Abstract: Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles to extend their driving range. The control strategy of regenerative braking plays an important role in maintaining the vehicle's stability and recovering energy. In this paper, the main properties that have influence on brake energy regeneration are analyzed. Mathematical model of brake energy regenerating electric vehicles is established. By analyzing the charge and discharge characteristics of the battery and motor, a simple regenerative braking strategy is proposed. The strategy takes the braking torque required, the motor available braking torque, and the braking torque limit into account, and it can make the best use of the motor braking torque. Simulation results show higher energy regeneration compared to a parallel strategy when the proposed strategy is adopted.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulation results show how very effective distribution of braking torque are obtained as a result of this feedback policy and how the performances are estimated comparing the results with standard manoeuvers.

57 citations


Patent
16 Oct 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a common antilock modulator is provided for controlling and reducing the hydraulic braking pressure from the first and second actuators in a braking system for a motorcycle.
Abstract: In a braking system for a motorcycle, a brake includes a plurality of applicators which are respectively operated by hydraulic braking pressures fed from first and second actuators, and a common antilock modulator is provided for controlling and reducing the hydraulic braking pressures from the first and second actuators. This makes the braking system having antilock control function simplified in structure.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two yaw motion control systems that improve vehicle lateral stability are proposed: a braking yAW motion controller (BYMC) and a steering yaw motions controller (SYMC).

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative active braking control system for two-wheeled vehicles which can handle panic braking on curves is presented, which relies on an online measure of the vehicle roll angle.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the design of an innovative active braking control system for two-wheeled vehicles which can handle panic braking on curves. In the field of two-wheeled vehicles the spread of electronic control systems its still in its infancy, as today only a few commercial motorbikes are equipped with Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS). Moreover, the few ABS systems available are certified to work only when panic braking occurs on straight road. As will be shown, to guarantee safety when braking on curves, the designed controller needs to rely on an online measure of the vehicle roll angle. Thus, to prove the industrial applicability of the proposed control algorithm, we also describe how such quantity can be effectively estimated via a suitable algorithm based on a low-cost sensors configuration, whose effectiveness is assessed in simulation and also on an instrumented test vehicle. The results concerning the active braking control system will be tested on a very detailed multibody simulation model of a two-wheeled vehicle, MSC BikeSim®.

30 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Aug 2009
TL;DR: A Fuzzy-PID switching controller is first proposed on the ATO system, thus improving the response of the system and accuracy and the braking method is shown to be true and comfortable for the passengers through the smooth switch numerical example.
Abstract: Speed adjustment braking of Automatic Train Operation (ATO) system is studied in this paper. The characteristics of the train traction and the single phase of speed adjustment during the train braking are firstly described. Then, a mathematical model is introduced with the form of the experimental data. A Fuzzy-PID switching controller is first proposed on the ATO system, thus improving the response of the system and accuracy. Finally, the braking method is shown to be true and comfortable for the passengers through the smooth switch numerical example.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study seeks to compare the full scale test data to predicted response from detailed heavy truck computer vehicle dynamics simulation models available in commercial software packages in order to validate the model’s brake timing parameters.
Abstract: The timing and associated levels of braking between initial brake pedal application and actual maximum braking at the wheels for a tractor-semitrailer are important parameters in understanding vehicle performance and response. This paper presents detailed brake timing information obtained from full scale instrumented testing of a tractor-semitrailer under various conditions of load and speed. Brake timing at steer, drive and semitrailer brake positions is analyzed for each of the tested conditions. The study further seeks to compare the full scale test data to predicted response from detailed heavy truck computer vehicle dynamics simulation models available in commercial software packages in order to validate the model’s brake timing parameters. The brake timing data was collected during several days of full scale instrumented testing of a tractor-semitrailer performed at the Transportation Research Center, in East Liberty, Ohio. Instrumented braking tests were performed at two speeds of 13.4 m/s (30 mph) and 27 m/s (60 mph) for 4 configurations including a bobtail condition, an unloaded semitrailer configuration, a half loaded semitrailer condition and a full gross vehicle weight condition. These straight-line braking tests were performed on dry concrete surfaces. In addition, brakein-turn tests and stopping tests were performed on a wet jennite surface to evaluate the vehicle response and handling for ABS and non-ABS configurations The effects of test conditions on brake timing are analyzed and are presented in this paper. The various braking configurations were simulated using detailed test parameters including brake system parameters at each wheel. Simulated vehicle kinematics were then validated against the full-scale test results and the simulation process and choices are discussed. Brake lag (delay) times and first-order model time constants are offered and discussed. The findings of this study are also compared to other testing and simulation results published in literature on this topic. INTRODUCTION Brake timing for tractor-semitrailer vehicles has been evaluated in a limited fashion in past literature aimed at either accident reconstruction or modeling using computer vehicle dynamics simulation models. In the reconstruction field, brake timing is usually identified as brake lag, or the time required for the air brakes to become fully applied. Although recognizing that wheel location has an impact on the buildup of pressure at a given axle, reconstruction analysis is usually simplified by assigning a single number meant to account for the necessary delay in obtaining full braking at all wheels. Computer simulation models on the other hand provide the ability to model braking parameters more extensively but present the opposite problem of requiring many parameters. The authors of this research wanted to offer additional and contemporary data of a real world vehicle in addition to the data already available in the public domain. The data are analyzed to provide the basis of both a simplified calculation and a more complex computer simulated analysis of tractor-semitrailer stopping performance.

22 citations


Patent
Venkatesh Raman1
23 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, an off-highway vehicle is used to power an auxiliary system in the vehicle, such as a urea storage container heating unit or a particulate filter regeneration heating unit.
Abstract: Electrical power from a dynamic braking process in an off-highway vehicle is used to power an auxiliary system in the vehicle. The auxiliary system may be a urea storage container heating unit or a particulate filter regeneration heating unit. When dynamic braking electricity is unavailable, and to the extent the dynamic braking electricity is insufficient for powering the auxiliary system, electrical power from an energy device on board the vehicle is used to power the auxiliary system. The energy device may be an auxiliary energy storage device, devoted for use in powering the auxiliary system.

Patent
25 Sep 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a wind turbine hybrid braking system is presented, which includes a generator coupled to a main shaft of the wind turbine for generating and transmitting power, and an electrical braking circuit coupled to the generator for acting in conjunction with the mechanical brake and dissipating active power.
Abstract: A wind turbine hybrid braking system is presented. The system includes a generator coupled to a main shaft of the wind turbine for generating and transmitting power. A mechanical brake is coupled to the main shaft for applying reaction torque upon braking of the wind turbine. The system further includes an electrical braking circuit coupled to the generator for acting in conjunction with the mechanical brake and dissipating active power via controlled switching.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a thermal and stress analysis of disc brakes under specific loads (driving downhill and braking to a standstill) was calculated using the finite element method (FEM).
Abstract: Thermal and stress analysis of disc brakes under specific loads (driving downhill and braking to a standstill) was calculated. The FEM (Finite Element Method) was used to carry out the analysis. The analysis dealt with centrifugal load for two cases of braking, braking to a standstill on a flat surface and braking downhill, maintaining constant speed and afterwards braking to a standstill. The main boundary condition in both cases was the entered heat flux on the braking surface of the disc and the force of the brake clamps. Two different discs were used, one brand new (unused) and one with permitted wearing.

Patent
Thomas Vogel1
14 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for controlling the speed of a vehicle having a regenerative or active braking capacity when the vehicle is traveling downhill using a cruise control system on the vehicle.
Abstract: A method for controlling the speed of a vehicle having a regenerative or active braking capacity when the vehicle is traveling downhill using a cruise control system on the vehicle. When brake pedal is applied and the cruise control is set, the vehicle is put into a controlled braking mode. The cruise control system controls are then used inversely to the normal operation where decreases in vehicle speed are provided by applying motoring torque. For the inversed cruise control, increasing the vehicle speed is prohibited by applying more regenerative braking torque.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Mar 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a braking force distribution strategy is proposed from the viewpoint of maximum energy recovery, in which the motor maximum power, the maximum angular speed and the requirements of vehicle stability are all taken into account.
Abstract: Braking force distribution of an electric vehicle has an important impact on braking performance and energy recovery. With the analysis of braking dynamics and the establishment of motor model, a braking force distribution strategy is proposed from the viewpoint of maximum energy recovery. From another point of view, how to distribute the braking force can be thought as a constrained optimization problem, in which the motor maximum power, the motor maximum angular speed and the requirements of vehicle stability are all taken into account. The task is to find the optimal distribution ratio of the regenerative braking torque and the friction braking torque so that the regenerated energy can be maximized. Genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. The simulation results show that the braking force distribution by optimization is in accordance with the proposed braking force distribution strategy. The strategy takes advantage of the motor maximum torque and can obtain maximum energy recovery.

Patent
30 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a running control apparatus calculates a target driving or braking torque in a calculating block to control the vehicle driven or braked by this torque at a target speed against a running resistance changed with running circumstances of the vehicle.
Abstract: A running control apparatus calculates a target driving or braking torque in a calculating block to control the vehicle driven or braked by this torque at a target speed against a running resistance changed with running circumstances of the vehicle. In a control block, when a driver-required braking torque based on the braking operation of the driver is smaller than the target braking torque, the running control for the vehicle is performed to brake the vehicle by the target braking torque. When the driver-required braking torque becomes higher than the target braking torque, the running control is stopped, and the driver manually brakes the vehicle by the driver-required braking torque. When the driver-required braking torque is decreased to be lower than the target braking torque or a predetermined braking torque corresponding to the release of the braking operation, the running control is restarted.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 Oct 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the control strategy of regenerative braking for one plug-in hybrid electric city public bus with ABS system is studied under the urban working cycle of Qingdao.
Abstract: Regenerative braking is an efficient method to achieve better fuel economy and lower emission. The control strategy of regenerative braking for one plug-in hybrid electric city public bus with ABS system is studied. Under Qingdao urban working cycle, the scheme of the regenerative braking system has been developed, the control strategy is given out and simulated. The ideal braking force distribution on front wheel and rear wheel are analyzed. In the control strategy, power is supplied by regenerative braking when lower braking intensity is required and by proportionally combination of regenerative braking and frictional braking deduced by fuzzy-logic control strategy when higher braking intensity is required. And front wheel with rear wheel frictional braking and unchanged motor torque are combined by ideal braking force distribution when braking intensity up to motor’s max torque. And the logistic upper & lower limit value of ABS controller is correspondingly adjusted. The results indicate that, the new control strategy for regenerative braking of plug-in hybrid electric city public bus with ABS system can recover more braking energy with good brake drive ability, and can cooperate with ABS system to guarantee braking safety. And it improves the braking directional stability of the PHEV bus. It also conforms to ECE laws and regulations. Especially under the situation of urban working cycle of Qingdao, the energy consumption can be reduced by 15??20?.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2009
TL;DR: This work focuses on cornering maneuvers on low friction surfaces, where excessive braking at the rear axle might induce vehicle instability, and considers the problem of rear axle regenerative braking maximization in hybrid vehicles.
Abstract: We consider the problem of rear axle regenerative braking maximization in hybrid vehicles. We focus on cornering maneuvers on low friction surfaces, where excessive braking at the rear axle might induce vehicle instability.

Patent
30 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for adjusting braking in a vehicle having wheels and a regenerative braking system is provided, which comprises the steps of providing regenerative torque for the vehicle via the regenerative brake system at a first level if a wheel slip of the vehicle is not present, and providing the vehicle's braking torque at one of a plurality of modulated levels if the wheel slip is present.
Abstract: A method for adjusting braking in a vehicle having wheels and a regenerative braking system is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing regenerative braking torque for the vehicle via the regenerative braking system at a first level if a wheel slip of the vehicle is not present, and providing regenerative braking torque for the vehicle via the regenerative braking system at one of a plurality of modulated levels if the wheel slip is present. Each of the plurality of modulated levels is dependent on a magnitude, a location, or both, of the wheel slip. Each of the modulated levels is less than the first level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new disk brake design using circumferential friction on the disk of a front-wheel-drive passenger car is proposed. But the design results obtained by the kriging method are compared with those obtained from ANSYS analysis.
Abstract: This research suggests a new disk brake design using circumferential friction on the disk of a front-wheel-drive passenger car. The paper compares mechanical performance between the conventional and suggested disk brakes under dynamic braking conditions. Thermoelastic instability is considered in simulation of the test condition. An optimization technique using a metamodel is introduced to minimize the weight of the suggested disk brake. To achieve this goal, the response defined in the optimization formulation is expressed in a mathematically explicit form with respect to the design variables by using a kriging surrogate model, resulting in a simple optimization problem. Then, the simulated annealing algorithm is utilized to find the global optimum. The design results obtained by the kriging method are compared with those obtained from ANSYS analysis.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Apr 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a new regenerative braking strategy tailored specially for parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicles (PHHV) was proposed to improve the fuel economy, based on the analysis of the characteristics of braking in the city drive cycle and high power density of HV.
Abstract: Parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicles (PHHV) have the potential of improving fuel economy by operating the engine in the optimum efficiency range and making use of regenerative braking during deceleration. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of braking in the city drive cycle and high power density of hydraulic hybrid vehicles, a new regenerative braking strategy tailored specially for PHHV was proposed to improve the fuel economy. The simulation results shown that hydraulic regenerative braking strategy reasonably distributed the hydraulic regenerative braking torque and traditional friction braking torque, effectively regenerated braking energy of the vehicle under the premise of safety brake and improved the braking performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model-based study of the limit braking of a high-performance motorcycle and rider is described, where both front and rear brakes are operable independently, and parameters of the braking control schemes are derived with the help of an optimization process, minimising the final speed in braking from high speed over a fixed time interval.
Abstract: A mathematical-model-based study of the limit braking of a high-performance motorcycle and rider is described. Front and rear brakes are operable independently. A dry road and high friction are presumed, such that full braking of the front wheel would lead to an overturn or ‘stoppie’ in colloquial parlance. Effective braking needs to maintain some loading on the rear wheel. A planar but otherwise detailed system model is set up and braking strategies for front and rear are devised. Parameters of the braking control schemes are derived with the help of an optimisation process, minimising the final speed in braking from high speed over a fixed time interval. Simulation results are examined critically and the strategy is developed until efficient use of the friction available is made. The nature of optimal braking events is demonstrated. The influences of slipper-clutch torque setting and the rear-tyre target load chosen are shown.

Patent
05 Oct 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a method and system for displaying braking information such as energy dissipation braking information and regenerative braking information, which can include, for example, an energy efficiency rate, and/or an application percentage of the energy-disipation braking system and the regeneration braking system.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for displaying braking information such as energy dissipation braking information and regenerative braking information. The present invention can be an automobile including an energy dissipation braking system, a regenerative braking system, an energy dissipation braking sensor, a regenerative braking sensor, an energy conversions system, an energy storage unit, an energy storage sensor, a processor, an engine, and/or a display. The processor, energy dissipation braking sensor, and/or the regenerative braking system can acquire and analyze energy dissipating braking data and regenerative braking data in an automobile to determine appropriate braking information for display to a user on the display. Such braking information can include, for example, an energy efficiency rate, and/or an application percentage of the energy dissipation braking system and/or the regenerative braking system. The braking information can also be displayed in various modes to indicate desirable braking applications.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 May 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a methodological approach for the braking force distribution using genetic algorithm is described, in view of vehicle stability, motor characteristic and battery safety, a constrained optimization problem is formulated.
Abstract: Braking force distribution plays an important role in energy recovery of electric vehicles. A methodological approach for the braking force distribution using genetic algorithm is described. In view of vehicle stability, motor characteristic and battery safety, a constrained optimization problem is formulated. The objection is to maximize regenerated brake energy, and various limitations are considered as constraints. Genetic algorithm is used in optimizing distributing braking force between regenerative braking and friction brakes. The simulation results show that the approach is effective. On the basis of comprehensive consideration over braking torque required and the limitations, the approach makes the best of motor braking torque, and can enhance the battery regenerated brake energy remarkably for typical driving cycles.


Patent
02 Apr 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the braking forces applied by parking brake actuator (24') of a parking brake by an antilock braking system servo loop are determined by an independent claim.
Abstract: The method involves determining the braking forces applied by parking brake actuator (24') of a parking brake by an antilock braking system servo loop. The parking brake actuator is operated according to the defined braking forces to be applied. The parking brake aids a braking of the commercial vehicle in the case of a defect of a main brake. An independent claim is included for a brake system with a parking brake cylinder.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Aug 2009
TL;DR: A simulation model is built in ADVISOR, and the result proves that more effective braking energy is reclaimed and vehicle fuel economy is improved.
Abstract: Regenerative braking system is the characteristic system of electric and hybrid electric vehicle. The system can restore the kinetic energy and potential energy, used during start and accelerating, into battery through electrical machine. A control strategy witch is based on ideal braking force distribution is proposed. Front wheel and rear wheel can make full use of ground adhesion condition with the strategy when the vehicle brakes. More regenerative braking energy is reclaimed on the premise of ensuring braking efficiency. A simulation model is built in ADVISOR, and then put in vehicle model to simulate. The result proves that more effective braking energy is reclaimed and vehicle fuel economy is improved.

Patent
Ferah Cetinkaya1
26 Aug 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a method for setting a brake system of a vehicle, which is built up automatically in the event of a collision, is presented, where the position of the collision on the vehicle is determined and the build-up of braking force is implemented as a function of the position.
Abstract: In a method for setting a brake system of a vehicle, braking force is built up automatically in the event of a collision. In the process, the position of the collision on the vehicle is determined and the build-up of braking force is implemented as a function of the position of the collision.

Patent
Gilles Enjolras1
20 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the regenerative braking action is applied progressively, the rate of application of the braking action being dependent on the speed of the motor vehicle, and the vehicle speed is proportional to the acceleration of the vehicle.
Abstract: Regenerative braking method for a motor vehicle, characterized in that the regenerative braking action is applied progressively, the rate of application of the braking action being dependent on the speed of the motor vehicle.

Patent
Fabrizio Favaretto1
22 Oct 2009
TL;DR: An embodiment of a braking system for a vehicle to control a regenerative braking system is provided in this article, where a plurality of hydraulically operated mechanical brakes, a hydraulic braking circuit connected to the mechanical braking, a brake pump to raise pressure in the hydraulic braking circuits, and a brake pedal mobile between a resting position and a maximal braking position.
Abstract: An embodiment of a braking system for a vehicle to control a regenerative braking; the braking system is provided with: a plurality of hydraulically operated mechanical brakes; a hydraulic braking circuit connected to the mechanical brakes; a brake pump to raise pressure in the hydraulic braking circuit; a brake pedal mobile between a resting position and a maximal braking position; a connecting cap, which mechanically connects the brake pedal to the brake pump, and is divided into two reciprocally independent parts; an elastic system which tends to push the brake pedal towards the resting position; a position sensor to read the position of a part of the connecting cap integral to the brake pedal; and a pilot system to pilot an energy recovery system for effecting a regenerative braking and uses the position of the part of the connecting cap integral to the brake pedal provided by the position sensor.