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Showing papers on "Dynamic braking published in 2016"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an efficient energy recovery control strategy is proposed based on the modified nonlinear model predictive control method, which can ensure vehicle safety during emergency braking situation and improve the recovery energy almost 17% compared with the conventional rule-based strategy.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To maintain the stability and to improve the performance of the regenerative braking in unknown tire-road conditions, a knowledge-based methodology in a hierarchical control structure is proposed, where the maximum adhesion force and the motor reference torque (MRT) are determined online.
Abstract: Recycling braking energy is significant to improve the total energy efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, braking safety must be maintained under complex conditions. As the actuator, the electric traction motor has much better features than the internal combustion engine, e.g., faster torque response and capability for energy feedback. From the perspective of energy efficiency and safety, highlighting regenerative braking is a meaningful but challenging problem. In this paper, a braking system using only electric motors/generators as the actuators is investigated, in which the energy may be potentially fed back to the onboard energy storage system (ESS) as much as possible. The energy that may be recovered to the ESS is analyzed. To maintain the stability and to improve the performance of the regenerative braking in unknown tire–road conditions, a knowledge-based methodology in a hierarchical control structure is proposed, where the maximum adhesion force and the motor reference torque (MRT) are determined online. The proposed methodology avoids the complex determination of the optimum slip ratio, while acquiring nearly the optimum antiskid braking performance. Simulation and experiment were carried out to validate the effectiveness.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Liang Li1, Li Xujian1, Xiangyu Wang1, Jian Song1, Kai He1, Chenfeng Li1 
TL;DR: In this paper, a hierarchical control strategy is brought forward for an electric vehicle with a two-speed automated mechanical transmission, and an off-line calculation and on-line look-up table method is adopted to obtain the optimal downshift point, and a series regenerative braking distribution strategy is designed.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Liang Li1, Li Xujian1, Xiangyu Wang1, Yahui Liu1, Jian Song1, Xu Ran1 
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-brake-by-wire system, without the use of a pedal simulator and fail-safe device, is proposed to compensate for the hysteretic characteristics of the designed brake system while ensuring braking reliability and fuel economy when the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is triggered.
Abstract: Regenerative braking is an important technology in improving fuel economy of an electric vehicle (EV). However, additional motor braking will change the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, leading to braking instability, especially when the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is triggered. In this paper, a novel semi-brake-by-wire system, without the use of a pedal simulator and fail-safe device, is proposed. In order to compensate for the hysteretic characteristics of the designed brake system while ensure braking reliability and fuel economy when the ABS is triggered, a novel switching compensation control strategy using sliding mode control is brought forward. The proposed strategy converts the complex coupling braking process into independent control of hydraulic braking and regenerative braking, through which a balance between braking performance, braking reliability, braking safety and fuel economy is achieved. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy is effective and adaptable in d...

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, a new cooperative control of regenerative braking and friction braking called "combined braking" is proposed for a rear-wheel-driven series hybrid electric vehicle which has a mechanically operated friction brake system.
Abstract: In this paper, a rear-wheel-driven series hybrid electric vehicle which has a mechanically operated friction brake system is studied. A new cooperative control of regenerative braking and friction braking called ‘combined braking’ is proposed for this vehicle configuration. A mechanism to adjust the proportions of regenerative braking and friction braking was proposed in this paper. Further, the braking force distribution between the front wheels and the rear wheels was analysed to ensure stable braking. The brake system characteristics were considered to ensure that the driver’s feel remains the same in the new proposed combined braking strategy. The simulation results under urban driving and across the Modified Indian Driving Cycle and vehicle road testing results show that the proposed combined braking can regenerate more than twice the braking energy of conventional parallel braking. Also, with combined braking, the braking force distribution between the front wheels and the rear wheels is closer to t...

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides a new approach for emulating electric vehicle (EV) braking performance on a motor/dynamometer test bench by designing a brake controller, which represents a very close model of an actual EV braking system and takes into account both regenerative and friction braking limitations.
Abstract: This paper provides a new approach for emulating electric vehicle (EV) braking performance on a motor/dynamometer test bench. The brake force distribution between regenerative braking and friction braking of both the front and rear axles are discussed in detail. A brake controller is designed, which represents a very close model of an actual EV braking system and takes into account both regenerative and friction braking limitations. The proposed brake controller is then integrated into the controller of an EV hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test bench, and its performance is validated in real-time. The effect of adding the brake model is further investigated by comparing the experimental HIL energy consumption results with those obtained from ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR).

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Sep 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the regenerative braking quantification, design control, and simulation of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for an electric vehicle (EV) in extreme conditions.
Abstract: This paper will present the regenerative braking quantification, design control, and simulation of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for an electric vehicle (EV) in extreme conditions. The EV is driven by two 30-kW permanent magnet synchronous motors. The HESS contains a Li-Ion battery and ultracapacitor (UC) storage element sources as well as a dissipative resistor. The UC will be mainly involved in braking and traction modes. The role of the resistor is to protect the dc bus and the battery according to the voltage and current constraints. The sizing of the elements takes into consideration the extreme braking conditions of the vehicle while respecting the Economic Commission for Europe Regulation No. 13 Harmonized. Controllers are being used in order to regulate the various electrical variables of the overall system. A sequential logic controller is also being introduced. The role of the sequential logic controller is to activate the different existing regulation controllers and to ensure the switching between the storage elements depending on the system states. Simulation tests will be performed covering a wide operation range for variable braking load, according to vehicle speed and road type, and extreme braking conditions.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid electric vehicle equipped with an automated manual transmission (AMT) was chosen as the study platform and the process and advantages of AMT downshifting were analyzed and the characteristics of regenerative braking were obtained with different gear positions and different, of which two kinds of downshifts strategy were proposed on basis.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new control scheme for longitudinal collision avoidance (CA) systems to improve the safety of four-in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles (FIWMD-EVs) and the feasibility, effectiveness, and practicality of the proposed safety distance model and braking force distribution strategy are verified by computer simulation experiments.
Abstract: This paper presents a new control scheme for longitudinal collision avoidance (CA) systems to improve the safety of four-in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles (FIWMD-EVs). There are two major contributions in the design of longitudinal CA systems. The first contribution is a new safety distance model to make vehicle adapt to different driving roads with an adhesive coefficient between tire and road and to conform to drivers' characteristics with a driving intention parameter. The second contribution is a new braking force distribution strategy based on constrained regenerative braking strength continuity (CRBSC). By optimizing the braking force distribution curve of hydraulic proportional-adjustable valve, the safety-brake range could be linearized to simplify the calculation of braking force distribution on the premise of ensuring braking safety. Furthermore, it is the constraint conditions that could solve the coexistence problem of positive and negative braking forces based on regenerative braking strength continuity (RBSC) to conform to actual requirements. The feasibility, effectiveness, and practicality of the proposed safety distance model and braking force distribution strategy are, respectively, verified by computer simulation experiments. Rapid control prototyping (RCP) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation experiments using dSPACE are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness in the control scheme, simplicity in structure, and flexibility in implementation for the proposed longitudinal CA system.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a general predictive model is designed to analyze the economic and dynamic performance of blended braking systems, satisfying the relevant regulations/laws and critical limitations, and strategies for different purposes are proposed to achieve a balance between braking performance, driving comfort and energy recovery rate.

56 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two new strategies based on uncertainty estimation are proposed for antilock braking systems (ABSs) where the uncertainties and the disturbances are estimated using inertial delay control (IDC), and the estimates are used in a backstepping-control-based braking system.
Abstract: Two new strategies based on uncertainty estimation are proposed for antilock braking systems (ABSs). In one of the strategies, the uncertainties and the disturbances are estimated using inertial delay control (IDC), and the estimates are used in a backstepping-control-based braking system. In the other strategy, in addition to uncertainties, the states are also estimated using an inertial delay observer (IDO) for a sliding-mode-control (SMC)-based braking system. No knowledge of uncertainties, disturbances, and the road adhesion friction coefficient or their bounds is assumed. The stability of the overall system is proven, and the schemes are validated by simulation and experimentation in the laboratory.

Journal ArticleDOI
Mooryong Choi, Seibum B. Choi1
01 Mar 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a control architecture that simultaneously utilizes active front steering (AFS) and differential braking for vehicle lateral stability while minimizing longitudinal perturbations is presented. But instead of casting the MPC problem into a quadratic program with constraints that require numerical solvers, the proposed method is designed to follow the reference states with desired inputs since the solutions of MPC problems with affine models to track desired states can be easily obtained by matrix inversion.
Abstract: This paper presents a control architecture that simultaneously utilizes active front steering (AFS) and differential braking for vehicle lateral stability while minimizing longitudinal perturbations. This control scheme is based on the model predictive control (MPC) using the extended bicycle model that captures the lagged characteristics of tire forces and actuators. The nonlinearities of tire force are also reflected on the extended bicycle model by linearizing the tire forces at the operating points. Instead of casting the MPC problem into a quadratic program with constraints that require numerical solvers, the proposed method is designed to follow the reference states with desired inputs since the solutions of MPC problems with affine models to track desired states can be easily obtained by matrix inversion. Simulation results, obtained by the vehicle dynamics software Carsim, demonstrate that the suggested method is able to control the vehicle to track the desired path while keeping the vehicle later...

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss developments in the area of anti-lock braking control for full electric vehicles, and the main contributions of the paper are the development and experimenta...
Abstract: The study presented in this paper discusses developments in the area of anti-lock braking control for full electric vehicles. The main contributions of the paper are the development and experimenta...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For the purpose of both energy regeneration and directional stability enhancement, regenerative and hydraulic blended braking control of an over-actuated electric vehicle equipped with four individual on-board motors during normal straight-line deceleration is studied in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
Lei Zhang1, Liangyao Yu1, Zhizhong Wang1, Lei Zuo2, Jian Song1 
TL;DR: The proposed method provides theoretical guidelines on independent braking force control in the BBW system, which enhances vehicle stability and braking performance and makes good use of adhesion during a braking-in-turn maneuver.
Abstract: A novel method of all-wheel braking force allocation during a braking-in-turn maneuver is proposed for vehicles with the brake-by-wire (BBW) system. The concept of stability priority is applied in distributing the braking force to each wheel, which means that the stability performance has priority over the braking demand during a braking-in-turn maneuver. Based on this principle, I-curves for braking-in-turn maneuvers with respect to three parameters are developed using the graphics of a single-track vehicle model, defining the force allocation between the front and rear axles. Then, the distributed braking force of the front and rear axles is allocated between the inner and outer wheels based on the load transfer. The simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental results show that the proposed allocation strategy makes good use of adhesion and ensures vehicle stability during a braking-in-turn maneuver. The proposed method provides theoretical guidelines on independent braking force control in the BBW system, which enhances vehicle stability and braking performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
Lei Zhang1, Liangyao Yu1, Ning Pan1, Yonghui Zhang1, Jian Song1 
01 Sep 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an index that indicates the possibility of activation of an anti-lock braking system, which is derived by a fuzzy logic algorithm which is based on the estimated regenerative braking torque, the estimated friction braking torque and other vehicle state variables.
Abstract: Regenerative braking significantly improves the energy efficiency in electric vehicles. Cooperative control between regenerative braking and friction braking during anti-lock braking control is a critical issue in brake system coupling. For safety concerns, regenerative braking is often terminated at the beginning of anti-lock braking control. Oscillations between activation of an anti-lock braking system and exit from anti-lock braking system control may occur under poorly matched control parameters. To solve these problems, we propose an index that indicates the possibility of activation of an anti-lock braking system. It is derived by a fuzzy logic algorithm which is based on the estimated regenerative braking torque, the estimated friction braking torque and other vehicle state variables. Regenerative braking can be adjusted on the basis of the index to ensure that such braking is of a low level when an anti-lock braking system is activated. Simulations and experiments are carried out to evaluate the ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated braking control strategy was proposed to coordinate the regenerative braking and the hydraulic braking for an electric vehicle with independently driven axles, which includes three modes, namely the hybrid composite mode, the parallel composite mode and the pure hydraulic mode.
Abstract: For an electric vehicle with independently driven axles, an integrated braking control strategy was proposed to coordinate the regenerative braking and the hydraulic braking. The integrated strategy includes three modes, namely the hybrid composite mode, the parallel composite mode and the pure hydraulic mode. For the hybrid composite mode and the parallel composite mode, the coefficients of distributing the braking force between the hydraulic braking and the two motors' regenerative braking were optimised offline, and the response surfaces related to the driving state parameters were established. Meanwhile, the six-sigma method was applied to deal with the uncertainty problems for reliability. Additionally, the pure hydraulic mode is activated to ensure the braking safety and stability when the predictive failure of the response surfaces occurs. Experimental results under given braking conditions showed that the braking requirements could be well met with high braking stability and energy regener...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the dynamic response of a high-speed train subject to braking is investigated using the moving element method, where the train is modelled as a 15-DOF system comprising of a car body, two bogies and four wheels interconnected by spring-damping units and the interaction between the moving train and track-foundation is accounted for through the normal and tangential wheel-rail contact forces.
Abstract: The dynamic response of high-speed train subject to braking is investigated using the moving element method. Possible sliding of wheels over the rails is accounted for. The train is modelled as a 15-DOF system comprising of a car body, two bogies and four wheels interconnected by spring-damping units. The rail is modelled as a Euler–Bernoulli beam resting on a two-parameter elastic damped foundation. The interaction between the moving train and track-foundation is accounted for through the normal and tangential wheel–rail contact forces. The effects of braking torque, wheel–rail contact condition, initial train speed and severity of railhead roughness on the dynamic response of the high-speed train are investigated. For a given initial train speed and track irregularity, the study revealed that there is an optimal braking torque that would result in the smallest braking distance with no occurrence of wheel sliding, representing a good compromise between train instability and safety.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a fault-tolerant brake torque controller for four-wheel-distributed braking systems with in-wheel motors and Electro-Mechanical Brakes (EMB) is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a fault-tolerant brake torque controller for four-wheel-distributed braking systems with in-wheel motors and Electro-Mechanical Brakes (EMB). Mechanical and electrical faults can degrade the performance of the EMB actuators and, thus, their effects need to be compensated in vehicle dynamics level. In this study, the faults are identified as performance degradation and expressed by the gains of each actuator. Assuming the brake force distribution and the regenerative braking ratios, the over-actuated braking system is simplified into a two-input system. A sliding mode controller is designed to track the driver’s braking and steering commands, even if there exist faults in EMBs. In addition, adaptive schemes are constructed to achieve the fault-tolerant control in braking. The proposed controller and strategies are verified in the EMB HILS (Hardware-in-loop-simulation) unit for various conditions.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Jul 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a regenerative braking control strategy to meet the above two aspects, namely, to maintain the vehicle safety during braking process and to maximize the energy recovery and minimize the energy consumption as far as possible.
Abstract: Regenerative braking control technology of electric vehicle plays a vital role in automotive energy-saving and environmental protection. Actually, there are two important aspects included in regenerative braking control. First and foremost is to maintain the vehicle safety during the braking process, and secondly is to maximize the energy recovery and minimize the energy consumption as far as possible. This paper proposes a regenerative braking control strategy to meet the above two aspects. In this research, the electric vehicle is assumed to keep straight line driving with a driver. First, according to the desired braking torques of the driver during braking process, the brake torque on front and rear axle respectively are allocated based on the tire load ratio, which makes sure that maximizing the use of tire adhesion during deceleration. Second, in order to deal with multi-objections and constraints for maximizing the energy recovery and minimizing the energy consumption, an model predictive controller is designed to distribute the brake torque between the hydraulic brake mode and the electric motor brake mode. In the end, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through the simulations of the electric vehicle model with four individually driven in-wheel motors based on Matlab/Simulink and AMESim software.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a collision avoidance algorithm was developed using a sliding mode controller (SMC) and compared to one developed using linear full state feedback in terms of performance and controller effort.
Abstract: An important aspect from the perspective of operational safety of heavy road vehicles is the detection and avoidance of collisions, particularly at high speeds. The development of a collision avoidance system is the overall focus of the research presented in this paper. The collision avoidance algorithm was developed using a sliding mode controller (SMC) and compared to one developed using linear full state feedback in terms of performance and controller effort. Important dynamic characteristics such as load transfer during braking, tyre-road interaction, dynamic brake force distribution and pneumatic brake system response were considered. The effect of aerodynamic drag on the controller performance was also studied. The developed control algorithms have been implemented on a Hardware-in-Loop experimental set-up equipped with the vehicle dynamic simulation software, IPG/TruckMaker®. The evaluation has been performed for realistic traffic scenarios with different loading and road conditions. The Ha...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the torque-output characteri cation of hydraulic retarders, which are auxiliary braking devices that reduce vehicle speed by converting its kinetic energy into thermal energy of a working fluid.
Abstract: Hydraulic retarders are auxiliary braking devices that reduce vehicle speed by converting its kinetic energy into thermal energy of a working fluid. This study analyzes the torque-output characteri...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the concurrence control and compensation control were proposed to solve the two problems in the hybrid electric vehicle braking system, which caused the vehicle to be unstable, and also, the concurrency control and compensated control were combined for the stability of the braking system.
Abstract: The braking system of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is composed of friction and regenerative braking system, meaning that braking torque is generated by the collaboration of the friction and regenerative braking system. With the attributes, there are two problems in the HEV braking system. First, rapid deceleration occurs due to dynamic characteristic difference when shifting the friction and regenerative braking systems. Second, the friction braking torque alters with temperature because the friction coefficient changes with the temperature. These problems cause the vehicle to be unstable. In this paper, the concurrence control and compensation control were proposed to solve these problems. And also, the concurrence control and compensation control were combined for the stability of the braking system. In order to confirm the effect of these control algorithms, the experiment and simulation were conducted. Consequently, it was confirmed that the control algorithm of this study improved the vehicle safety and stability.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
19 Jun 2016
TL;DR: This algorithm relies on a model predictive control framework and is able to optimally split the wheel braking torque among the redundant actuators, while providing anti-lock braking features (i.e. friction brakes and wheel-individual electric motors).
Abstract: This article presents a braking control algorithm for electric vehicles endowed with redundant actuators, i.e. friction brakes and wheel-individual electric motors. This algorithm relies on a model predictive control framework and is able to optimally split the wheel braking torque among the redundant actuators, while providing anti-lock braking features (i.e. wheel slip regulation). It will be shown that, the integration of these two control functions together with energy metrics, actuator constraints and dynamics improves the control performance compared to state-of-art control structures. Additionally, experimental measurements recorded with our prototype vehicle demonstrate a precise wheel slip regulation and high energy efficiency of the proposed braking control methodology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the effect of the driver's brake pedal force on braking distance during an emergency situation, allowed for a wide range of heavy vehicle's GVW and speed.
Abstract: Recent experiences have shown that one of the main causes of heavy vehicle crashes is the braking performance. In particular, when having to decelerate in an emergency situation, such as when an unexpected object is in the road. Thus, the capability of a vehicle to come to a safe stop is one of the most important factors in preventing more accidents. Safe braking distance is influenced by many factors, such as brake pedal force, the vehicle's loading conditions, the travel speed and the road surface conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the driver's brake pedal force on braking distance during an emergency situation, allowed for a wide range of heavy vehicle's GVW and speed. This study is carried out by using a multi-body dynamics simulation of a Single Unit Truck based on the validated vehicle model. Braking performance was estimated in terms of braking distance on a straight road with a wet surface. The findings from the braking distance simulation suggest a non-linear relationship between brake pedal force and braking distance. Finally, it reveals that, depending on the wheel lock-up situation, braking distance increases with increasing brake pedal force, and that the braking distance on a wet road is significantly affected by both the heavy vehicle's GVW and speed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a new braking torque distribution strategy for electric vehicles equipped with a hybrid hydraulic braking and regenerative braking system, which was designed based on the road conditions and driver's braking intentions.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new braking torque distribution strategy for electric vehicles equipped with a hybrid hydraulic braking and regenerative braking system. The braking torque distribution strategy is proposed based on the required braking torque and the regenerative braking system's status. To get the required braking torque, a new strategy is designed based on the road conditions and driver's braking intentions. Through the estimated road surface, a robust wheel slip controller is designed to calculate the overall maximum braking torque required for the anti-lock braking system (ABS) under this road condition. Driver's braking intentions are classified as the emergency braking and the normal braking. In the case of emergency braking, the required braking torque is to be equal to the overall maximum braking torque. In the case of normal braking, the command braking torque is proportional to the pedal stroke. Then the required braking torque is chosen as the smaller one between the overall maximum braking torque and the command braking torque. To acquire both high regenerative efficiency and good braking performance when the required braking torque is smaller than the maximum braking torque of the regenerative braking system, the whole braking torque can be provided by the regenerative braking system; when the required braking torque is bigger than the maximum braking torque of the regenerative braking system, the whole braking torque can be provided by both the hydraulic braking system and the regenerative braking system, while the maximum braking torque of the regenerative braking system is obtained based on the battery state of charge (SOC) and vehicle speed in real-time. Both fuzzy rule-based scheduling and robust control approaches will be applied to achieve the above proposed distribution strategy. The effectiveness of the proposed control system is validated by numerical simulations under various road conditions, vehicle speeds, driver's braking intentions, and the battery SOCs. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication Details W. Li, H. Du & W. Li, \"A New Torque Distribution Strategy for Blended Anti-Lock Braking Systems of Electric Vehicles Based on Road Conditions and Driver's Intentions,\" SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars: Mechanical Systems, vol. 9, (1) pp. 107-115, 2016. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers1/257

Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Mar 2016
TL;DR: An anti-lock regenerative braking strategy is proposed to attain anti-slip control for negative accelerations and results show that optimal braking characteristics are achievable for a variety of conditions using the proposed method.
Abstract: Regenerative braking is one of the most effective deceleration control methods in case of electric and hybrid vehicles. The properly controlled regenerative braking force of the electric motor(s) brings better braking safety, shorter braking distance, and less depreciation of the brakes if accompanied by the hydraulic braking modules. When the brake pedal is pressed, the electric motor is treated as a generator to produce negative torque. In this scenario the produced energy can be either dissipated or used to charge the batteries. In this paper, based on the registered brake strength, the braking force is calculated. Accordingly, employing a braking torque distribution strategy between the regenerative braking torque and the hydraulic braking torque, the proper braking torques are determined and the optimal slip ratio is reached by adjusting the braking torques. An anti-lock regenerative braking strategy is proposed to attain anti-slip control for negative accelerations. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using simulations. The attained simulation results show that optimal braking characteristics are achievable for a variety of conditions using the proposed method.

Patent
16 Sep 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a sensor-equipped braking system for vehicles, comprising a support element a block of friction material, at least one sensor interposed between the block and the support element, comprising at least a central control unit capable of receiving in real time from the sensor means at least the basic data related to one or more of the activated braking system, the temperature of activated braking systems, the braking torque, the residual braking torque when the braking system is deactivated, and the wear on the braking systems during and after activation thereof.
Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems, for analyzing and managing data generated by a sensor-equipped braking system for vehicles, comprising a support element a block of friction material, at least one sensor interposed between the block of friction material and the support element, comprising at least one central control unit capable of receiving in real time from the sensor means at least the basic data related to one or more of the pressure of the activated braking system, the temperature of the activated braking system, the braking torque, the residual braking torque when the braking system is deactivated, and the wear on the braking system during and after activation thereof. The system can also include one or more auxiliary sensors.