Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1974"

An Analysis of the Department of State - Department of Defense Role in the Implementation of United States Foreign Policy in Japan, South Korea and the Republic of China

Abstract: : The security policy involving East Asian countries was found to be highly centralized, especially around Secretary of State Kissinger The State Department and the Dept of Defense have emerged with crucial roles in the formulation and implementation of this policy, as it involves military security decisions and commitments which have political impact Consultation between the two Departments at the lower levels is effectively coordinated However, there seems to be a need for more consideration to be given to this level of inter- agency coordination

The Japan-China-USSR Triangle

Abstract: A T THE FULCRUM of northeast Asian international politics rests Japan. Originally the target of, and justification for, the ig5o Sino-Soviet Mutual Defense Treaty, Japan currently finds herself the object of political and economic courtship by both estranged communist powers. Tokyo's ability to maneuver between and to take advantage of their conflict has been enhanced by the loosening of its military ties to the United States as well as the latter's own d&tente policy inherent in the Nixon Doctrine, which presaged American support for a new balance of power policy for Asia in which China would play a legitimate role. The purpose of this article* is to describe the economic and security parameters of the new Japan, China, Soviet relationship and to project their implications for East Asian stability. It is important to stress at the outset that both Russian and Chinese interest in Japan is a combination of Tokyo's positive attractiveness to each as an economic partner and unattractiveness as a potential political ally to the other side. Hence, both Moscow and Peking are employing economic incentives to forestall the establishment of a Japanese political relationship with the other. China's current relations with Japan are best understood as an adaptation to changes in both Peking's global and regional environments, beginning with the Amur-Ussuri border clashes against the USSR early in i969. Through the course of that year, Peking renewed its interest in foreign policy for fear of a Soviet pre-emptive strike and concern that Japan was about to play a larger military role in both Korea and Taiwan as implied in the mid-year Sato-Nixon communique. Peking was apparently unaware of the explanation that Sato agreed to include Korea and Taiwan in the i969 communique (not repeated in I972) in hopes of expediting the return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and improving his own political stature within the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). For the Nixon Administration, Japan's commitment to South Korea and Taiwan represented one way of sharing U.S. defense burdens in Asia, while for Sato, the statement was probably a political tactic for domestic purposes rather than a commitment to change Japan's strategic policy.' In any event, Peking seized upon the U.S.-Japan communique to begin to mend the fences damaged by the xeno-

Dictionary of Oriental literatures

Abstract: The "Dictionary of Oriental Literatures" fills a long-felt gap in Western literature by presenting a concise summary, in three volumes and about 2000 articles, of practically all the literatures of Asia and North Africa. The first volume describes the Chinese, Tibetan, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian literatures; the second covers the area of South and South-East Asia, comprising, besides all literatures of India and Pakistan, those of Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; and the third is devoted to the numerous literatures of West Asia and North Africa including on the one hand the literatures of the ancient Near East and Egypt, and on the other hand those of Central Asia and the Caucasus, of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and of the various Arab countries including Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. The majority of entries give information about the life and work of the individual writers and poets of the classical, medieval and modern periods of the literatures included and also attempt to evaluate their writings from the historical and aesthetic point of view. The remaining articles describe literary terms, genres, forms, schools, movements etc. The "Dictionary" has been prepared by the Oriental Institute in Prague under the supervision of an Advisory Editorial Board of European and American scholars of international reputation and is unique in that it is the fruit of the collaboration of over 150 orientalists from many parts of the world. Contents include: Volume I - East Asia: The Far East, including Chinese, Tibetan, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian literatures; Volume II - South and South-East Asia: Ancient Indian, Assamese, Baluchi, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Indian literature in English, Indo-Persian, Kannada, Kashmiri, Maithili, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Pashto, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu, Sinhalese, Nepali, Burmese, Thai, Cambodian, Malay and Indonesian, Javanese, Vietnamese and Philippines literatures; and Volume III - West Asia and North Africa: The Near East and Egypt, Central Asia and the Caucasus, Turkish, Persian, Afghan, Kurd and Arabic literatures, covering all the Arab states from Iraq in the East to Algeria in the West.

ORIGIN OF KOREAN 1 THAT CORRESPONDS TO JAPANESE t

Abstract: 0 .1 . The present paper treats virtually nothing but the Korean^ which Martin relates to Japanese _t (Martin 1966.210, key 12).1 He (loc. clt .) reconstructs Proto-Korean-Japanese M on the basis of nine pairs of Korean and Japanese words which show this correspondence, and Miller (1971.126-7 and 146-153) regards this PKJ Mas a reflex of Proto-Altalc *r2« However, internal reconstruction indicates that most of those Korean l_'s have derived from *t. There is also evidence In Old Korean texts which suggests that there was a Bound change *t >_l In Korean. We must, therefore, reject their theory that thejt In Old Japanese katl 'walking', wata 'the sea' , etc. is a result of prehistoric Japanese sound change, M >_t.

East Asia Review, 1973. 9. Thailand.

Abstract: Developments in the field of population and family planning during 1973 in Thailand are reviewed. Thailand's National Family Planning Program experienced a 10% decline in acceptors. There were 18% fewer pill acceptors in 1973 than in 1972. IUD insertions increased slightly and the number of female sterilizations rose considerably. It has been difficult to maintain the program's momentum. However, in the last quarter of the year there was an increase in the number of new acceptors. In 1973, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) supported the first nationwide public information and communications program. It also assisted in expanding the sterilization project and in accelerating the development of the 4-province maternal and child health and family planning service project. Preliminary plans were made for increasing the number of contraceptive methods provided by the national program. The Thai program assumed an active role in the International Committee for Applied Research in Population and the Inter-Governmental Coordinating Committee. The Planned Parenthood Association of Thailand expanded its activities, primarily in the area of public information and communications. A pilot project to train nurse-midwives to conduct gynecological examinations and insert IUDs was begun. A new 7-story building for the Family Health Division was completed in early 1973 with the support of the Royal Danish Government and was occupied in April. Motorcycles provided by the UNFPA for use by government midwives began to arrive during the year. Over 1500 of a total of 3600 expected by mid-1974 are already in the field. This equipment is expected to increase dramatically the mobility of midwives throughout the country.

Family planning programmes in other countries.

Abstract: The relatively rapid growth of the populations of some countries and of the world as a whole has emphasized the problem of the interrelationship between demographic growth and change and economic and social development and the need for family planning programs. Since World War 2 family planning programs with either major or minimal government involvement have been initiated. The target populations of these programs are usually women or couples in the fertile age groups. Offering contraception, sterilization, and in some instances abortion, the aim is to assist and/or influence this population to adopt the small family norm. Although the family planning programs differ depending upon the level of socioeconomic development and size of the specific country, some or all of the following actions are in operation: 1) acquisition and maintenance of buildings and equipment; 2) staffing of clinics and administrative offices and recruitment and training of personnel; 3) setting of targets as to the number of persons to be reached by the program and their recruitment; 4) provision of medical, social, and other services related to the use of contraceptives or other methods of birth control; 5) provision for supply and distribution of contraceptives to be used; 6) development of effective communications to spread information and develop motivation; 7) distribution of financial and other resources at local, regional, and national levels; 8) record-keeping; 9) processing, publishing, and feeding back of information to personnel; 10) evaluation of staff performance and of the program. In type the programs are either the conventional family planning model, typically used around the world, that integrates family planning with other health services or operates as an independent unit, or the extended model that has as its core the maternal child health unit combining family planning with other maternal and child health services. Success of these programs depends on the activities involved and on the specific conditions in the country where the program operates. There has been impressive, though not yet sufficient, progress in family planning programs despite political, bureaucratic, or ganizational, economic, cultural, religious, and personal difficulties.

Ecological structure of South Korea : an ecological factor analysis of cities and rural communities in South Korea in 1969

Abstract: Ecological structure of South Korea : an ecological factor analysis of cities and rural communities in South Korea in 1969

East Asia Review, 1973. To sum up.

Abstract: : Observations are made related to the review of family planning activities in East Asia in 1973. The number of new acceptors for the region increased from 2.7 million in 1972 to 3.4 million in 1973. The leaders were Indonesia, which almost doubled its achievement of calendar year 1972, the Philippines, and Korea. In Thailand, the number of new acceptors dropped by about 10%. South Vietnam is the only country in the region without an official policy. Most couples still think that the ideal number of children is 4, with at least 2 sons. Some religious opposition does exist, particularly with reference to sterlization and abortion. More attention is being paid to women in their 20s. Sterilization and condoms are becoming more popular. Korea reports a sharp increase in vasectomies. Better methods and continuation rates should be stressed. In Taiwan a couple who start with 1 method and continue to practice some method lower their reproduction rate by 80%. More responsibility is being delegated to nurses and midwives, but too slowly. In Indonesia, the number of field workers rose from 3774 in 1972 to 6275 in 1973. The Philippines and Thailand are experimenting to see what kind of workers get best results and under what kind of salary and incentive arrangements. In-service training tends to be neglected, but preservice training is improving. Costs, in general, have risen, though in Korea the cost per acceptor has dropped from US$8.00 to US$7.80. Korea and Taiwan have reduced their annual population growth rates by more than 1/3 in 10 years, from 30 to 19-20 per 1000 each. Singapore's rate is 17 and Hong Kong's 14 (exclusive of inmigration). The number of couples currently practicing contraception in Singapore is 71%. Target systems assigning quotas to clinics are generally used except in Thailand and Malaysia, where programs emphasize maternal and child health, rather than population planning. Most programs require about 10 years to get the annual growth rate down to 2% by voluntary family planning. To get it down to 1.5% will probably take another 10 years.