Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1980"

Government, Business, and Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Korean Case

Abstract: Jones, Leroy P.; Il, Sakong.1980.Government, business, and entrepreneurship in economic development,Reports,[London]Harvard University Press,Harvard East Asian Monographs/91,472

Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War

Abstract: Part 1 The Western hemisphere: the sources of war in Europe Hitler's wars - 1939-41 Europe under the Nazis the middle game the defeat of Germany. Part 2 the greater East Asia and Pacific conflict: Asian conflict ocean clash the high tide of war the defeat of Japan.

Energy dilemmas in Asia: the needs for research and development.

Abstract: Outside of China, the countries of southern and eastern Asia contain 30% of the world's population but only 2% of the known fossil-fuel resources. Economic growth has resulted in increasing imports of petroleum and petroleum products. Because of the tenfold rise in oil prices since 1972, several of these countries are faced with two dilemmas - one short range and one long range. Unless they can discover more fossil-fuel resources within their own borders, they must either incur dangerously growing foreign-exchange deficits or drastically slow their economic growth. Research and development in energy production, conversion, and conservation should eventually allow local energy sources, of which the most promising is biomass energy, to be substituted for imported fuels. But diverting scarce land and water to plantations of fast-growing trees or other kinds of biomass may seriously limit food production in these crowded countries. 44 references, 5 tables.

Prehistoric Skeletal Record of Man in South Asia

Abstract: For over a century anthropologists have looked to South Asia for a palaeon­ tological record which would link already recovered hominid fossils from Eurasia and Africa to those found in East Asia. But until recently this expectation remained unfulfilled. Archaeological evidence rather than skel­ etal remains has documented the existence of Pleistocene man in the im­ mense landmass represented by the present political states of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, BangIa Desh, Tibet, Nepal and the Himalayan prin­ cipalities, and island Sri Lanka. This picture is changing today as a result of new hominid discoveries in South Asia, reinterpretation of skeletal remains collected in the past, more frequent and efficient field surveys, refinements of field methods, easy access to reliable dating and geochronological facilities, and employment of more appropriate observations and statistical measures of skeletal data during analytical phases of laboratory research. We are recognizing the presence of an increasingly growing skeletal record for hominids in South Asia which has a considerable, if discontinuous, antiquity of some 15 million years. Skeletal remains of Pleistocene man have been recovered from this part of the world, and certain skeletal series from later prehistoric times number several hundred specimens. Geographical, temporal, and cultural contexts are well established for most of these specimens. Consequently South Asia has taken a frontier position with respect to current research in human palaeontology, skeletal biology, palaeodemography and palaeoecology, and problems of determining degrees of biological distance and ethnic affinities. The corpus of published material about South Asian archaeology is massive and varied. Within the past 12 years significant sources on this topic have come from the pens of South Asian, British, and American scholars

South Korea and the Communist Countries

Abstract: SOUTH KoREA is a country that was born at the beginning of the Cold War. The Republic of Korea (ROK) was launched on August 15, 1948; since then, it has had no formal relations with any of the communist countries, which instead have established diplomatic relations with North Korea. With the exception of North Korea, however, there are few areas of direct conflict between the ROK and the communist countries. The main reason for the lack of relations with the communist countries is the confrontation between North and South Korea that has persisted ever since the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. Just as the communist countries themselves, and particularly the People's Republic of China (PRC), have been busy fostering better relations with Western countries in recent years, South Korea also has had a few unofficial contacts with some communist states. But even those communist countries that allow functional dealings with South Korea have generally eschewed any contact that may take on a political overtone. This being the case, any possibility of official relations between Seoul and the communist capitals is predicated upon substantial improvements in north-south Korean relations. It is important, therefore, to note that North Korea's refusal to accept the status quo in the Korean peninsula has been the major obstacle to improving relations between South Korea and other communist countries. But while both the PRC and the Soviet Union endorse North Korea's foreign policy, they at least tacitly accept the status quo of "two states in one nation" on the Korean peninsula. As far as South Korea is concerned, not only has the government committed itself to carrying out government-level dialogues with North Korea but Seoul has also made it an official policy to open some form of official

Education and development in Korea Studies in the modernization of the Republic of Korea 1945-1975

Abstract: McGinn, Noel F.; Snodgrass, Donald R.; Kim, Yung Bong; Kim, Shin-Bok; Kim, Quee-Young.1980.Education and development in Korea,Report,[London]Harvard University Press; Korea Development Institute,Harvard East Asian Monographs/90,307

The urban-rural contradiction in the Maoist era: the pattern of deurbanization in China.

Abstract: The author describes the changing patterns of urban growth in China since 1949 and the related policy changes. He attempts to explain why the more recent patterns of growth have been so different both from trends during the years immediately following the Revolution and from the experience of other developing countries. The emphasis is on the de-urbanization efforts that occurred between 1958 and 1976. (ANNOTATION)

Tourism and the third world

Abstract: Socrates had the inconvenient habit of insisting on defining the meaning of words before starting a dialogue. Of course his dissertations were about philosophic concepts like the good and the beautiful which defy precise definitions. The phrase Third World is not a philosophic concept but over the last decade it seems to have assumed many connotations. For purposes of this article I would like to equate it with the broad concept of developing countries because it conforms to the pattern of international tourist movements. For instance, during the last five years, 1974-8, Europe received 72-5 per cent of world tourist traffic; the US, Canada and Mexico nearly 13 5 per cent; the developing countries of Asia, Africa and the Middle East together only about 8&5 per cent; and Australasia, South Pacific and Latin America minus Mexico accounted for the rest. The following Tables 1 and 2 showing tourist arrivals regionwise amply illustrate the pattern of tourist movements. It needs to be explained that in these tables, Americas means North, Central and South America including the West Indies; South Asia comprises Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka; and East Asia and the Pacific includes Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands besides the ASEAN group and Japan, Hongkong, Korea, Taiwan, Macao, but not China. In order to analyse the character of world tourism one should break down the arrival figures in four segments: a) long-haul or intercontinental movements, between Europe and Asia, North America and the Pacific, or traffic over the North Atlantic; b) short-haul traffic which may be defined as inter-regional or intra-regional, between South Asia and the ASEAN or East Asia or within each regional group like Africa, Latin America, Western Europe and Eastern Europe; c) movements across the borders, as between Belgium and France, Germany and Austria; d) domestic tourism within national borders. It is necessary to make this distinction because in the case of the first three categories the UN World Tourism Organisation (WTO) definition of the tourist is the same. He is a temporary visitor who visits a country other than the one in which he normally resides for a stay of 24 hours or overnight for any purpose other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited. Thus a man who travels a thousand miles in Europe and crosses

Asian Security in the 1980s: Problems and Policies for a Time of Transition,

Abstract: : Updated papers and discussion summary of a Rand conference held in Janurary 1979 to assess the major political, economic, and military trends likely to shape Asian regional security in the 1980s are presented. Twelve chapters explore the impact of the Sino-Soviet rivalry on the region and the implication of indigenous developments associated with dramatic economic growth and social transformation of East Asia. Specific issues include extension of the Sino-Soviet conflict to Indo-China; the Soviet military buildup in Asia; America's military presence and role in maintaining a force balance; Japan's new defense mood and future policy directions; the coming 'crossover' in power relationships between North and South Korea; continuing rapid economic growth and its political consequences; the regional impact of China's economic modernization program; problems of arm transfers and nuclear proliferation; and the security implications of Asia's growing technological and industrial sophistication. An overview analysis suggests ten choices for a U.S. allied security strategy for the region which will determine the pattern of Asian security relationships in the coming decade. (Author)

Energy for the people of asia and the pacific

Abstract: The nations of the Asia-Pacific region embrace a broad spectrum of demo­ graphic and economic characteristics. Approximately one-half of the world's population live in the region, notably in areas of rapid population growth such as China, the Indian subcontinent, and the nations of South­ east Asia. The region houses the largest exporters of food in the world: the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, which also number among the world's most affiuent nations. It also includes Japan, an indus­ trial colossus of rapidly growing affiuence, which nevertheless must import much of its food and most of its raw mater ials. Parts of the region, notably the ASEAN countries,l Taiwan, and South Korea, are experiencing rapid economic growth. Few of the nations of the region are stagnant, and trade among them is both brisk and rapidly expanding. The more affiuent nations of the region suffer from a variety of problems characteristic of modem industrial societies. Of all these problems, access to adequate quantities of energy of the right kind looms as one of the more serious ones. The major needs of the developing countries of the region include securing adequate quantities of food, control over the growth and movement of population, outlets for exports at predictable prices, adequate quantities of energy, and acce lerated economic and social development, including a substantial lessening of extreme poverty. Most of the nations of the Asia-Pacific region are energy importers and, more specifically, petroleum importers. Increasing prices of crude oil cou­ pled with growing balance of payments difficulties are creating economic 'The Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN). is composed oflndonesia. Malaysia.

Military Threats and Japan's Defense Capability

Abstract: BASED AS IT IS on the Peace Constitution, Japan's defense policy is unique. Article Nine, which has remained unamended since 1946, places clear restrictions on the national military capacity, denounces any act of war, and prohibits Japan from acquiring the ability to wage war. Despite such limits on its military activities, through four defense plans over the last two decades Japan has built up a lightly armed, non-nuclear military force. Backed by the mutual security treaty with the United States, this has kept Japan out of international conflicts so far; and an important by-product is a very low military budget, which has been a key factor in Japan's spectacular economic growth. One of the biggest changes in the postwar era for Japan has been its increasing dependence on international stability as the nation emerged as a global economic power. Other regional developments have also affected Japan. The Korean peninsula, which Japanese perceive as a crucial area in their security, is still divided and the potential for conflict between the two regimes remains high. The future of Taiwan is unpredictable and will have a bearing on Japan as well. Following the withdrawal from Vietnam, U.S. policy under the Carter administration appears to espouse a reduction in American troop strength in Asia. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, has been consistently building its military strength in East Asia in both quantity and qualityenough to merit the Japanese defense minister's observation that it is *of "increasing seriousness" to Japan. Patterns now being established, especially in Asia, but in the rest of the world as well, will seriously affect the security of Japan. This article is a study of the ways in which a politically acceptable military position can be sustained in Japan. It will discuss the external and internal factors that have a bearing on that position and how Ja-

Ideas without Capital: James H. Wilson and East Asia, 1885-1910

Abstract: HISTORIANS SEEKING TO MAKE a case for an American "expansionist" urge in the Pacific in the late nineteenth century have devoted considerable attention to General James H. Wilson. Marilyn B. Young, for example, in a book focusing on "the formation of United States policy toward China in the key years of transition from 1895 to 1901," devotes many pages to Wilson's railroad ambitions and other schemes in East Asia. A

Japan's Position before the Outbreak of the European War in September 1939

Abstract: In the years leading up to the outbreak of war in Europe in early September 1939 Japan had been busy tackling the commitments she had made in North China at first and then in the whole of China. Although war was not declared, Japan had been at war with China since July 1937. It was a war of attrition; both Japan and China claimed to be winning, yet neither could, on any occasion, see any prospect of a final and definite victory. So long as Japan's military operations were confined to the area of North China, the war was named the ‘North China Incident.’ It was called the ‘China Incident’ after her successive and more or less successful operations had spread to Central and South China. And when a war broke out in the Pacific in December 1941 the Sino-Japanese war became an inseparable part of the ‘Greater East Asia War’ (Dai-tōa sensō), a name rarely heard by now, since it soon gave way to the ‘Pacific War’ (Taiheiyō sensō) in the sense of Japan waging the war of the Ocean, or to the ‘Second World War’ in the global sense.