scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In fact, despite different perspectives scholars of different kinds, anthropologists and historians, agree on this basic axiom as discussed by the authors, not because all would wish to agree with it, as such, but because there would be general agreement with the assumptions behind it, or at least tacit agnosticism.
Abstract: PRE-COLONIAL INDIA, LIKE MANY OTHER \"THIRD WORLD\" REGIONS, has traditionally been treated as though a fundamental gulf separated its allegedly static societies from the dynamic and evolving world of Europe. There are many ways of characterizing this problem, but briefly it can be stated that despite different perspectives scholars of different kinds, anthropologists and historians, agree on this basic axiom. The essential statement is that of the cultural anthropologist, not because all would wish to agree with it, as such, but because there would be general agreement with the assumptions that lie behind it, or at least tacit agnosticism. Which, to cut a complex story short, may be summed up in the idea that whatever content these histories and these societies had, it was not simply one of a different detail to that of Europe but rather of a fundamentally different order: in figurative terms, its space and its time are not those of the world which created the Industrial Revolution and the transition to industrial capi-

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on a general survey of the distribution of Scrophulariaceae in the Holarctic, eastern Asia is shown to be the richest in members of the family among five regions, and eastern Asia has the most tribes, the most genera, the best species, and the most endemic species.
Abstract: Based on a general survey of the distribution of Scrophulariaceae in the Holarctic, eastern Asia is shown to be the richest in members of the family among five regions. Western North America has 53% of the genera (16/30) common to eastern Asia, whereas eastern North America has 48% of the genera (I17/3 5) common to eastern Asia. Among 14 genera (excluding the cosmopolitan and pantropical genera) shared by North America and Eurasia, four distributional patterns are recognized: temperate western North America/Mediterranean disjunction (one genus); temperate Eurasia/North America disjunction (three genera); temperate eastern Asia/eastern North America disjunction (four genera), and continuous distribution through the Bering Strait or Aleutian Islands (six genera). Three phases of plant communication between North America and Eurasia are hypothesized. The origin and migration routes of some taxa are traced. Six genera are suggested to have migrated from eastern Asia to North America and four genera are considered to have migrated in the opposite direction, i.e., from western North America to eastern Asia through Beringia or the Bering Strait. The floristic affinity between eastern Asia and eastern North America was first noticed by Linnaeus (in a dissertation defended by J. Halenius; see Graham, 1972) as early as 1750 and has been the focus of much attention by plant geographers since Gray's (1840, 1846; reprinted in Graham, 1972) brilliant works. The subject has been extensively discussed over the past century (see Li, 1952; Graham, 1972, for literature). There have been, however, few, if any, discussions on the subject pertaining to individual families, probably due in part to a lack of floristic work on China, the major part of eastern Asia, in the past. This report is intended to be an initial effort in this direction. The area covered in this work is the Holarctic Kingdom (Takhtajan, 1969) or Melchior's (1964) Kingdom I. To facilitate an analysis of distribution and discussion, the kingdom is divided into five regions, i.e., eastern North America (east of the Rocky Mountains, corresponding basically to Takhtajan's region 4), western North America (Takhtajan's regions 5 plus 9), eastern Asia (Takhtajan's region 3 plus the eastern half of region 2, or Good's (1974) regions 3 plus 2B), western and central Asia (Takhtajan's region 8 or Irano-Turanian Region), and Europe and the Mediterranean together (including the Azores). GENERAL ASPECT The Scrophulariaceae are a rather large family, containing 18 tribes, about 200 genera, and 3,000 species. It is highly developed in the Holarctic Kingdom with 14 tribes, 1 10 genera, and over 2,200 species. The tribes Verbasceae, Paulownieae, Hemiphragmeae, Ellisiophylleae (if included in the family), and Collinsieae are endemic to the area, and the Antirrhineae, Veroniceae, Rhinantheae, and Digitaleae have most of their members here. Of the 110 genera, 72 are endemic. The family, however, also flourishes in the Southern Hemisphere, with the tribes Aptosimeae, Calceolarieae, Hemimerideae, Manuleae, and Aragoeae (Hong & Nilsson, unpubl.) entirely or mainly confined there. Table 1 shows that of the five regions mentioned above, eastern Asia has the most tribes, the most genera, the most endemic genera, the most species, and the most endemic species. It is the only subregion with endemic tribes (3). The least number of genera occur in western North America and the fewest species (including endemic ones) in eastern North America. North America, as a whole, is comparatively poor in scrophulariaceous plants, having only nine tribes (one endemic), 48 genera (16 endemic), and ca. 630 species (ca. 600 endemic). I I would like to express my sincere thanks to professors R.-C. Ching, T.-T. Yu, and Z.-Y. Wu for reading the manuscript and to Dr. A.-M. Lu for his suggestions. 2 Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China. ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 70: 701-712. 1983. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.45 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 05:18:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 702 ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN [VOL. 70 TABLE 1. Taxa in the five regions in North America and Eurasia. Number of Taxa in Eurasia Number of Taxa in North America Europe & E. North W. North Taxon E. Asia W. & C. Asia Medit. Total America America Total Tribe 11 (3) 8 (0) 8 (0) 12 (4) 8 (0) 8 (0) 9 (1) Genus 58 (22) 35 (5) 39 (7) 82 (43) 35 (8) 30 (6) 48 (16) Species 700 (550) 600 (350) 650 (450) 1,750 (1,650) 160 (100) 500 (450) 630 (600) Western North America/eastern Asia have 16 genera in common; and eastern North America/ eastern Asia have 17 genera in common. These paired regions share a greater number of taxa than any of the other paired regions. Thus, in the number of genera shared, the two regions in North America are both closer to eastern Asia than to Europe and Mediterranean together and to western and central Asia. All the large genera in North America have the great majority of their members in the western part of the continent, with few species (Penstemon, Castilleja, and Mimulus) or only a single species (Orthocarpus) extending into the eastern part. It is of interest to note that all four of these genera also occur in eastern Asia. Furthermore, 53% of the genera in western North America are in eastern Asia, whereas 48% of the genera in eastern North America are common to eastern Asia. It is probably reasonable to say that the relationships of the Scrophulariaceae between western North America and eastern Asia are closer than those between eastern North America and eastern Asia. THE DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS OF THE TAXA SHARED BY NORTH AMERICA AND EURASIA North America and Eurasia share six tribes (Anthirrhineae, Gerardieae, Gratioleae, Rhinantheae, Scrophularieae, and Veroniceae) and 19 genera (Antirrhinum, Bacopa, Buchnera, Castilleja, Euphrasia, Gratiola, Lagotis, Limosella, Linaria, Linderia, Melampyrum, Mimulus, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Penstemon, Rhinanthus, Scrophularia, Veronica, and Veronicastrum) disjunctly distributed across the Atlantic and/or the Pacific. Since the genera Bacopa, Gratiola, Limosella, Linderia (all members of the tribe Gratioleae) and Buchnera (Buchnereae) are either cosmopolitan aquatics or pantropical, it is better to omit them for the analysis. The genus Mimulus, a widely distributed member of the tribe Gratioleae, is considered because it is best represented in the kingdom, particularly in western North America and shows a special relationship between western North America and eastern Asia. Different taxonomic ranks are involved in these disjunct distributions. At the tribal level, a number of paired genera are found disjunctly distributed, one member of each pair in North America and the counterpart in Eurasia. In the tribe Veroniceae, Veronica on one side and Synthyris and Besseya together on the other are such a case. Veronica is a large and polymorphic genus, with its center from the Pyrenees, along the Alps, north Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, and the Pamirs to southwest China and Tienshan, where all eight sections and the majority of species exist. Only a few species (excluding cosmopolitan and weedy ones) mostly belonging to the section Veronica, extend into tropical Africa, Australia, and North America. Synthyris and Besseya together may be its counterpart in North America (Fig. 1). The relationships between Veronica and the other two genera are so close that no differences, except for habit and chromosome number, are useful for distinguishing them. Siphonostegia, Lesquereuxia, and Schwalbea in Rhinantheae provide another example. The first occurs in eastern Asia, the second in Greece and southern Turkey, and the third in eastern North America (Fig. 2). Siphonostegia differs from the other two in having pinnatifid leaves and subequal clayx lobes; Lesquereuxia is different from Schwalbea, mainly in its opposite leaves. The three are closely related (Hedge, 1978). The 14 genera common to the two continents may be grouped into four categories according to their distributional patterns: 1) Disjuncts across the Atlantic (with one part of the area in Europe and the Mediterranean region and the other in North America). Only one genus, Anthirrhinum, falls into this category. It consists of 30 species, 17 of them occurring in the western Mediterranean west of Italy; the othThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.45 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 05:18:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1983] HONG-SCROPHULARIACEAE 703 * <** ---4--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~_ i ~~I 60 ,i __W 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 .0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7J K I~~~~~~~~~-------------3-

86 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, food prices in East Asia average two or three times higher than in international markets, reflecting levels of protection that rival those in Western Europe as discussed by the authors, which is the case in South Korea and Taiwan.

44 citations


01 Nov 1983
TL;DR: Examination of previously-described and some undescribed specimens indicates that 35 species including five new species are designated with certain modern realationships in East Asia, with most of them probably evolved from these three stocks, and some migrated from North America by long-distance dispersal.
Abstract: Although a number of Acer species were recorded in the Tertiary of East Asia, their nomenclature and systematics have been considerably confused. Examination of previously-described and some undescribed specimens indicates that 35 species including five new species are designated with certain modern realationships in East Asia. Beside them six doubtful species of Acer are lacking in the definite systematic indications, and there are many specimens which are too incomplete to assign their modern relationships. Thirty-five well-defined species are included in 17 sections, of which three sections have no living species in East Asia. Considering the stratigraphic range of each species together wit h past and present distribution, the phylogenetic history o f Acer in East Asia is brieafly discussed. Three older lineages, the section Spicata, Rubra and Campcstria, are confirmed. Other sections, excepting for Distyla, are rather young; most of them probably evolved from these three stocks, and some migrated from North America by long-distance dispersal.

37 citations


Book
01 Jan 1983

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since Mao's death, the Soviet Union has acquired a greater strategic stake in Asia as discussed by the authors and official Soviet statements express satisfaction about recent trends in Asian politics: the United States has been expelled from Indo-China, leaving a united Vietnam closely allied with Moscow; pro-Soviet regimes have been installed in Laos and Cambodia; political and economic ties have been established with the ASEAN-countries and with
Abstract: Since Mao's death, the Soviet Union has acquired a greater strategic stake in Asia. Official Soviet statements express satisfaction about recent trends in Asian politics: the United States has been expelled from IndoChina, leaving a united Vietnam closely allied with Moscow; pro-Soviet regimes have been installed in Laos and Cambodia; political and economic ties have been established with the ASEAN-countries and with

29 citations


01 Dec 1983
TL;DR: A review of recent studies concerned with China's current population trends is presented and most of the studies considered were presented at the British Society for Population Studies Conference on China's Population, held in London in 1983.
Abstract: A review of recent studies concerned with China's current population trends is presented. Most of the studies considered were presented at the British Society for Population Studies Conference on China's Population, held in London on March 22, 1983.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of economic growth of monsoon Asian countries since World War II reveals some striking associations between economic and demographic trends: the rapid growth of productivity and product and the sharp decline in birth rates in Japan Taiwan South Korea Hong Kong and Singapore contrast with the slower growth of output and product in the Philippines Thailand Malaysia and Indonesia.
Abstract: A comparative study of economic growth of monsoon Asian countries since World War II reveals some striking associations between economic and demographic trends: the rapid growth of productivity and product and the sharp decline in birth rates in Japan Taiwan South Korea Hong Kong and Singapore contrast with the slower growth of productivity and product and slower decline in birth rates in the Philippines Thailand Malaysia and Indonesia. This paper reviews the record of economic growth and fertility change in these countries and speculates about the connections between the two. More specifically it attempts to relate the completion of the industrial transition to the completion of the demographic transition by conjecturing that a major force linking the two transitions in East Asia was the spread of mechanization in agriculture industry and services. It traces the impact of the mechanization process on the transition from a predominantly agricultural society to an industrial society and on forces affecting the fertility declines. The spread of secondary education as a response to the labor force requirements of mechanization and as an inducement to lower fertility is posited to be the major linkage between the two transitions. The argument is set forth in broad terms with easily available macro data in the hope that the framework and conjectures may be useful in the formulation of more specific hypotheses for testing with more detailed data especially from micro surveys. (excerpt)

23 citations


Book
21 Jun 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, Reed's treatment of the struggle between William Jennings Bryan and Robert Lansing over the Japanese demands in China is detailed and penetrating, and he builds on the work of Iriye, Michael Hunt, Ernest May, and others in its analysis of cultural attitudes, business affairs, and the mindset of the foreign policy elites.
Abstract: At a telling moment in the development of American East Asia policy, the dream of a Christian China, made vivid by the utterances of returned missionaries, fired the imagination of the general public, influenced opinion leaders and policymakers, and furthered the Open Door doctrine Missionary-inspired enthusiasm for China ran parallel to the different attitude of the American business community, which viewed Japan as the more appropriate focus of American interest in East Asia During the five years here examined, the religious mentality proved stronger than the commercial mentality in influencing American policy toward the Chinese Republican Revolution and the Twenty-one Demands of 1915 Reed's treatment of the struggle between William Jennings Bryan and Robert Lansing over the Japanese demands in China is detailed and penetrating This book builds on the work of Akira Iriye, Michael Hunt, Ernest May, and others in its analysis of cultural attitudes, business affairs, and the mindset of the foreign policy elites Its thesis--that the Protestant missionary movement profoundly shaped the course of our historical relations with East Asia--will interest both specialists and general readers


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a reappraisal of this episode of the "Quasi-war" in East Asia is presented, showing that neither Soejima Taneomi nor Ōkubo Toshimichi had secured any Chinese endorsement of Japan's sovereign right over Ryūky¯.
Abstract: The 1870s witnessed mounting tension among East Asian countries. In 1874,. Japan sent an expeditionary force to Taiwan to punish the aborigines there who had, in 1871, killed fifty-four shipwrecked Ryūkyūans (Liu-ch'iuans). By doing so, according to many scholars today, Japan was able to claim retroactively that the Ryūkyūan castaways were legally Japanese subjects, thereby ending the Sino-Japanese dispute over the ambiguous political status of the Ryūkyū Islands (the Chūzan Kingdom of Ryūkyū paid tribute to both China and the Satsuma-han of Japan before the 18705). This paper is a reappraisal of this episode of the ‘Quasi-war’ in East Asia. By going into the Chinese, Japanese, Ryūkyūan, and Western sources, it unfolds some unknown events which directly and indirectly led to the Japanese decision to send forces to Taiwan, as well as the Chinese reactions. The conclusion of this paper refutes the customary view which holds that China had in 1874 ‘renounced her claim over Ryūkyū and yielded to the Japanese claim she had earlier disputed.’ As this paper will show, neither Soejima Taneomi nor Ōkubo Toshimichi had succeeded in securing any Chinese endorsement of Japan's sovereign right over Ryūky¯. Nor did the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1874, concerning the settlement of the Taiwan crisis, legally settle the Ryūkyū problem, since Ryūky¯ was never mentioned in the Treaty. As a result, the issue continued to trouble Peking and Tokyo in the years that immediately followed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main conclusions are that these relationships have been overemphasized and are readily explained by earth changes accepted within re-climate, especially Pleistocene glaciation.
Abstract: Much information on distribution and taxonomy of North American trees with relationships in eastern Asia, including atlases and monographs, is now available. Eastern Asia is the world's largest and richest source of temperate deciduous hardwoods. Because of splitting of genera and species, relationships are becoming obscured and are primarily generic. Eastern Asia is the geographic region or center with greatest display of remnants of the widespread Arcto-Tertiary flora, while Eastern North America is second, with roughly one-half as many tree species. Europe and Western North America have smaller numbers, perhaps one-fourth. Many tree genera are widespread in all four regions. Most of the possible patterns of distribution are represented. Eastern North America and Eastern Asia have the most tree genera, about 16 in common. The relationships have been overemphasized. They are readily explained by mountain-building and changes in climate, especially Pleistocene glaciation. A review of temperate North American trees with relatives in Eastern Asia is timely. Much information on distribution and taxonomy, including atlases and monographs, is now available and because of expanded markets for hardwoods there is increased interest in foreign trees for introduction in forestry as well as in horticulture. Also, the relationships among tree genera in North America and eastern Asia are becoming obscured, because of splitting of genera and species. The main conclusions are that these relationships have been overemphasized and are readily explained by earth changes accepted within re-



01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to investigate attitudes toward the disabled in foreign students at Louisiana State University, where four hundred sixty-six students were administered the Attitude Toward Disabled People scale, Form A, and a demographic questionnaire, during the Fall semester of 1982.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate attitudes toward the disabled in foreign students at Louisiana State University. Four hundred sixty-six students were administered the Attitude Toward Disabled People scale, Form A, and a demographic questionnaire, during the Fall semester of 1982. These students were grouped in five pre­ determined areas of the world, as follows: Latin America; Africa; the Middle East, except Israel; Europe, Canada, and Israel; and South and East Asia. Analysis of variance and t-test were used to investigate dif­ ferences of attitude among the subgroups of the sample. The following conclusions were drawn, applicable to the group of foreign students researched in this investigation. Significant overall differences were found between Latin America and Asia, Africa and Asia, and the Middle East and Asia, with Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East having a more favorable attitude toward the disabled. Asian females scored significantly higher than Asian males. Similarly, Africans with previous contact with the disabled scored significantly higher than Africans without previous contact. Regarding differences by sex among the geographical areas, a more positive attitude was found in the Latin America and the Middle East males in relation to the Asian males. In regards to age dif­ ferences among geographical areas, Latin American students of less than



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The United States has become one of the most important countries to South Korea, and the centennial commemorating the opening of diplomatic relations between the two countries was celebrated enthusiastically by the South Koreans.
Abstract: THE UNITED STATES has become one of the most important countries to South Korea, and the centennial commemorating the opening of diplomatic relations between the two countries was celebrated enthusiastically by the South Koreans. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce that was signed one hundred years ago, in May 1882, between the United States and the kingdom of Korea, was Korea's first treaty of the sort with any Western nation. During the past one hundred years, the United States has engaged in commerce, introduced western medicine and education, liberated Korea from Japanese domination, fought a war to protect the southern half of Korea from the Communist north, and kept nearly 40,000 troops in South Korea for more than three decades. Without doubt, it is the United States that exercises the single most important influence in nearly all phases of South Korean life. Both the Congress of the United States and the National Assembly of Korea passed resolutions to commemorate the centennial, and many American cities and states designated 1982 as United States-Korea Friendship Year. Vice President Bush traveled to Seoul to personally deliver President Reagan's greetings and proclamation. A large number of official delegations came from Korea to deliver President Chun's greetings, and to confer memorabilia and notes of thanks upon those Americans who have made significant contributions to the cause of Korea. Various cultural programs, including Western symphonies, Korean classical music, exhibitions, and athletic events, were conducted. Prominent scholars from prestigious institutions of higher learning in both countries held academic conferences to review the past and project the future. The positive impact of each culture on the other was critically assessed, with special recognition of American contributions to the devel-


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The major modern cultures of the East Asia (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) trace their development back to a distinguished, intertwined past as discussed by the authors, and the contributions of East Asia to the rest of the world in ancient times were many.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The major modern cultures of the East Asia—Chinese, Japanese, and Korean— trace their development back to a distinguished, intertwined past. Both Japanese and Korean civilizations are to great extent derivatives of Chinese culture, yet the Japanese and Korean peoples have fashioned from that culture their own distinctive styles of life. The contributions of East Asia to the rest of the world in ancient times were many. In the realm of invention, the Chinese created printing, paper for books, gunpowder, the compass, an early form of seismo-graph, the first paper money, and the treadle loom and spinning wheel, which so improved the efficiency of the weaving trade. East Asia is known as well for its enduring forms of social organization. China has an unrivaled record of continuous civilization, with an unbroken written history from around 1740 B.C. to the present. The Chinese developed a method of writing in ideographs that were divorced from spoken language so that the same written documents could be read in all parts of the land despite differences in dialects spoken in the various regions. Not only has Oriental influence been spread across the world through inventions and forms of social organization but also through the arts. The Japanese are noted for their skill in designing gardens and wooden houses and of composing 17-syllable haiku poems. Japanese art is distinguished for its simplicity— for economy of word in poetry and economy of line in painting. East Asian religious and philosophical traditions have also had worldwide influence. Some of the traditions were imported from nearby lands and were only altered into new versions in East Asia, but others were products of indigenous philosophers.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In contrast to the other major geographic areas of the world, East Asia and the Pacific Basin have yet to find a basis for a broadly structured regional institution as mentioned in this paper, and a wide variety of more limited institutions have developed in the Pacific during the postwar period, some to flourish and gain strength, others to struggle for a firm and lasting foundation, and yet others gradually die on the vine.
Abstract: In contrast to the other major geographic areas of the world, East Asia and the Pacific Basin have yet to find a basis for a broadly structured regional institution. Yet to emerge is an intergovernmental organization comparable to the Organization of American States, the Organization of African Unity, or the European Economic Community. Nevertheless, a wide variety of more limited institutions have developed in the Pacific during the postwar period, some to flourish and gain strength, others to struggle for a firm and lasting foundation, and yet others gradually to die on the vine. The number of regional organizations in the Pacific today, counting both governmental and nongovernmental groups, is surprisingly large, perhaps well over one hundred by one count.1 Pacific regionalism has foundered over the problem of finding a common thread, a structure of common interest compelling enough to overcome the inherent diversity of the countries involved. Divided by religion, culture, ethnic composition, ideology, security interests, and levels of economic development, the Pacific nations have only recently begun a process of serious communications that may enable them to bridge these gaps. Past efforts that were grounded in political/security concerns, such as SEATO and ASPAC (Asian and Pacific Council), collapsed with the failure to reconcile the interests of Southeast Asian members of the nonaligned group and those of the front-line countries such as Korea, particularly in the absence of an overwhelming and urgent security threat to the region as a whole. Another stumbling block has been the difficulty of defining the geographic range of a prospective Pacific Basin institution. For some purposes,



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, this article argued that increasing access to North Korea has produced more confusion than clarification about its internal reality and future direction, and pointed out that North Korea is a failed system on the verge of bankruptcy and collapse.
Abstract: Ten years have passed since Kim Il Sung’s death and his son Kim Jong Il’s rule began. Paradoxically, increasing access to North Korea has produced more confusion than clarification about its internal reality and future direction. Political dueling in Washington, D.C., Seoul and elsewhere over North Korea’s present situation and future direction continues to blur perceptions of reality in North Korea. Supporters of US “engagement, ” or South Korea’s “sunshine diplomacy” collide verbally with those who favor the Bush Administration’s contention that North Korea is a “failed system” on the verge of bankruptcy and collapse.