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Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1985"


Book
01 Sep 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the evolution of Asian concepts of power and their application in the South Asian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Malaysia, and discuss the Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism.
Abstract: Preface 1. Asia and Theories of Development 2. The Evolution of Asian Concepts of Power 3. East Asia: Varieties of Confucian Authority 4. Southeast Asia: From God-Kings to the Power of Personal Connections 5. The South Asian Subcontinent: Hindu and Muslim Power and the Rewards of Narcissism 6. The Riddle of Japan: The Combining of Competition and Consensus 7. China: The Illusion of Omnipotence 8. Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam: Forms of Aggressive Confucianism 9. Malaysia: Confrontation of Two Incompatible Cultures 10. Islamic Power: The Pulls of Reformism and Fundamentalism 11. The Substance of Asian Power: Formal Structures and Informal Relations 12. Paternalistic Authority and the Triumph of Dependency Notes Index

525 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In the early 1980s, the dismal economic performance of the Latin American debtor countries has been frequently contrasted with the strong performance of their East Asian counterparts as discussed by the authors, and many analysts have already tackled the problem of explaining why Latin America's record is poor compared with East Asia's.
Abstract: SINCE THE ONSET of the international debt crisis in the early 1980s, the dismal economic performance of the Latin American debtor countries has been frequently contrasted with the strong performance of their East Asian counterparts. Table 1 documents the remarkable difference. Throughout East Asia, with the exception of the Philippines, the developing countries have maintained strong growth rates and low inflation. None but the Philippines has been forced to reschedule its foreign debt. On the other hand, throughout Latin America, with the partial exception of Colombia, national incomes have grown slowly or have declined, inflation has surged, and debtors have been forced to reschedule their outstanding debts. Many analysts have already tackled the problem of explaining why Latin America's record is so poor compared with East Asia's. Each has pointed to different "lessons" to be learned. I Some argue that the Asian record is better because the external shocks that hit the Asian countries

340 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors showed that the financial systems of several East Asian nations, particularly Taiwan, demonstrate that their illiberal practices have in fact been a positive factor in their industrialization and their much higher investment and savings rates as compared to traditional economies.
Abstract: Traditional Western economic theory has long argued that financial "rigidity" is bad and restricts the free flow of market forces. However, the financial systems of several East Asian nations, particularly Taiwan, demonstrate that their illiberal practices have in fact been a positive factor in their industrialization and their much higher investment and savings rates as compared to traditional economies. The growth and financial success evidenced by the close link between the financial system and industrial policy of these nations has presented a real challenge to mainstream economic theory and practice in Western nations.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Gustav Ranis1
TL;DR: The authors of as discussed by the authors pointed out that the lack of dependability of the international environment dictates a return to a new and better form of import substitution or that their demonstrated superior adjustment capacity implies the need to borrow and adapt some of the open economy lessons of the East Asians is of the utmost importance at this critical point in history.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Xuezheng Zheng1
TL;DR: The Meso-Cenozoic calc-alkaline volcanic rocks and granites in the East China region are composed of four NE belts from west to east; the Trassic belt in middle and east Mongolia, the Jurassic-Creta-ceous belt in East China, the Paleogene belt in the east China Sea and the Neogene-Quaternary belt in southwestern Japan-Okinawa and northeastern Japan-Izu-Bonin-Mariana volcanic arcs as discussed by the authors.

22 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of the developing nations of Northeast and Southeast Asia in the growth of the semiconductor industry is discussed in this article, where the authors examine this region's past, present and future role in the development of the world semiconductors industry.
Abstract: The story of world competition in the manufacture of semiconductors among the industrialized nations is a familiar one, but the role of the developing nations of Northeast and Southeast Asia in the growth of the industry is less widely known and understood. This article examines this regions' past, present, and future role in the development of the world semiconductor industry. The countries now beginning to play a major role in this industry include: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. They are examined individually in this article.

15 citations






Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that the deterioration in relations between the United States and Japan in the period between the Washington naval conference and the opening of the Pacific war was the inevitable consequence of the two powers' mutually irreconcilable sets of assumptions about the structure of international order, both about how it did work, and about the way it should operate.
Abstract: Any state wishing to place itself in the context of its international environment must have a conception of the structure of that environment, a vision of the way international order operates, and of the way it ought to operate. When states order the same physical international space according to differing conceptual frameworks, international conflict is often the result. It could be argued, for example, that the deterioration in relations between the United States and Japan in the period between the Washington naval conference and the opening of the Pacific war was the inevitable consequence of the two powers' mutually irreconcilable sets of assumptions about the structure of international order, both about how it did work, and about how it should work. Leaving aside the question of whether either of these visions was correct, it is beyond doubt that Japan's vision of international order was one that was both hierarchical and Japan-centred. This vision found expression in Prince Konoe's 'New Order in East Asia', and the 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere', and in countless pronouncements intended as much for domestic as for international propaganda. The pre-modern sources of this conception of Japan's place in the world, however, have not been clearly enough delineated, and to the extent they have been examined, it has been principally as a problem in the history of ideas, rather than as an exploration of the interaction between empirical diplomatic experience and ideas themselves.

01 Nov 1985
TL;DR: New evidence of the extent to which families in China prefer male children is produced, showing that while son preference still exists in China today, it is less likely than one might expect to be a major barrier to the success of the family planning program.
Abstract: Demographers from the East-West Population Institute (EWPI) and the China State Family Planning Commission, jointly analyzing data from computer tapes of China's 1982 national fertility survey, have produced new evidence of the extent to which families in China prefer male children. Evidence exists in almost every part of China that couples prefer sons to daughters, according to researchers Fred Arnold and Liu Zhaoxiang. Only Beijing and Shanghai are exceptions to this pattern. The persistence of such attidues in China demonstrates the difficulty of overcoming deeply rooted Confucian traditions. Following the Chinese revolution, the government guaranteed sexual equality in political, economic, and cultural life, but patriarchal attitudes still prevail, particularly in the countryside. Historically, couples have favored sons for a variety of reasons, including to continue the family name, provide security for the parents' old age, add to the family labor force, and perform ancestral rites. Believing that such attitudes block successful implementation of China's 1-child family policy, the government has launched a campaign to try to change them. At the time of the time of the 1982 fertility survey, China's 1-child certificate program had been in effect for 3 years. The program provides incentives such as monetary bonuses, preferential housing allocation, and special consideration for the child in education and job assignments to couples who agree not to have a 2nd child. According to the survey, 37% of all 1-child couples had accepted the 1-child certificate. Significantly, 60% of all 1-child certificate holders have a son. Of couples whose 1st child was a boy, 40% obtained the 1-child certificate, versus only 34% of those whose 1st child was a girl. Despite penalties for renouncing the 1-child certificate, about 1 out of every 10 mothers in the program had given birth to a 2nd child by the time of the survey. The 1st child of these mothers was twice as likely to be a girl as to be a boy. Son preference is strongest in towns and rural farm villages and weakest in the cities, further evidence that traditional attitudes have a strong impact on the preference for sons. Son preference is also weaker among the more educated. Statistics on contraceptive use and abortion in China also suggest a preference for sons, with 69% of 1-male-child couples using some form of contraception, compared to 63% of 1-female-child couples. Other studies reported at the Beijing symposium, using different measures, confirm Arnold's and Liu's 1982 findings. The 1982 fertility survey shows that while son preference still exists in China today, it is less likely than one might expect to be a major barrier to the success of the family planning program.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A large majority of South Koreans appeared to enjoy a relatively uneventful external environment and shared a sense of national pride in their Olympic achievements at Los Angeles as discussed by the authors, and almost anything seemed manageable for the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in seeking its declared goals for 1984 prosperity at home and peace and accommodation abroad.
Abstract: After surviving a truly traumatic chain of crises during the previous year, almost anything seemed manageable for the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in seeking its declared goals for 1984prosperity at home and peace and accommodation abroad. A large majority of South Koreans appeared to enjoy a relatively uneventful external environment and shared a sense of national pride in their Olympic achievements at Los Angeles. They look forward to hosting the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul. President Chun Doo Hwan met with Pope John Paul II in Seoul and Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo, but violent student demonstrations continued to challenge his political leadership. He attached a high policy priority to realizing South Korea's sound economic growth in cooperation with the United States and Japan. And he took an important but unpredictable step in pursuing reconciliation with North Korea.

Book
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The first volume in the Asia Society's Asian Agenda Series as mentioned in this paper addresses the unique partnership that Japan and the United States developed in the last generation and the subsequent emergence of Japan as a global economic and political power, which poses new demands on the partnership and challenges the relationship.
Abstract: The first volume in the Asia Society's Asian Agenda Series, this book addresses the unique partnership that Japan and the United States developed in the last generation and the subsequent emergence of Japan as a global economic and political power, which poses new demands on the partnership and challenges the relationship. Changes that have occurred in Asia during the 1970s require adjustments in the perceptions and policies of both nations. This report is designed to foster increased American understanding and U.S.oAsian dialogue. Co-published with the Asia Society.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In the last two decades, Southeast and East Asian developing countries have evolved into an economic growth pole of increasingly global importance as mentioned in this paper and the pronounced trade orientation of these eight major countries has rendered their combined import volume larger than that of the Middle East, Africa or Latin America.
Abstract: Over the last two decades, Southeast and East Asian developing countries have evolved into an economic growth pole of increasingly global importance. The pronounced trade orientation of the eight major countries - i.e. the ASEAN countries, Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan - has rendered their combined import volume larger than that of the Middle East, Africa or Latin America. In 1984, 8.7 per cent of total OECD countries' exports (without intra-EEC trade) went to this region, up from 5.2 per cent in 1970. In relation to European standards, the imports of these eight countries are substantial. They were equivalent to 51.4 per cent of external EEC imports in 1984. Against this background, the declining role of European companies in this region deserves attention.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A more vigorous and varied security debate has arisen in Japan as discussed by the authors, and little change has occurred in expediting the slow military modernization in Japan, even under Nakasone, a prime minister who was a wartime naval officer and a vocal proponent of a strong Japanese defence effort.
Abstract: JAPAN IS EXPERIENCING an increasing military threat and continual political pressure from the Soviet Union as a result of the latter's rapidly expanding military power in East Asia. The increase is due to the new nuclear weapons in the theatre as well as enhanced air, sea, and land forces deployed adjacent to Japan or on territories claimed by Japan. Poor relations with the Soviet Union hit a low point in 1978 when Japan signed a friendship treaty with China instead of with Moscow, much to the Soviets' dismay. The Russians went on to support the Vietnamese by signing a defence treaty with them, and to encourage them in their resolve to invade Cambodia. Not surprisingly, a more vigorous and varied security debate has arisen in Japan. Still, little change has occurred in expediting the slow military modernization in Japan, even under Nakasone, a prime minister who was a wartime naval officer and a vocal proponent of a strong Japanese defence effort. Just after taking office in early 1983, he boasted in Washington that his goal was to make Japan a "big aircraft carrier" for defence against the Soviet Backfire bomber and to control the four vital straits around Japan to prevent passage of Soviet submarines.' Soviet leaders responded with an implied nuclear threat by warning that Japan's defence policy could lead to a disaster worse than that which destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki thirty-seven years before. The internal political and economic obstacles to a strong defence effort remain as formidable as ever. Nevertheless, the changes in military equipment which are in progress will improve Japan's ability to defend itself and to cooperate militarily with the United States. Still, defence specialists in both countries view those as far from adequate to defend Japan's own territory from invasion and attack. Furthermore, the United States still bears a major share of the burden of Japan's defence against the Soviet Union even after thirty years in ajoint defence alliance in which Japan has the world's eighth-largest defence budget. The security debate within Japan is also influenced by the increasingly dominant postwar generation which takes great pride in Japan's economic and technological achievements without the experience of the wartime disaster and with little memory of the postwar austerity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Early Palaeolithic of Japan as mentioned in this paper is defined as any assemblage which occurs before 30,000 years BP, i.e., prior to the formation of Tachikawa loam formation of the Kanto region.
Abstract: The Early Palaeolithic of Japan may be defined as comprised of any assemblage which occurs before 30,000 years BP, i.e., prior to the formation of Tachikawa loam formation of the Kanto region (Serizawa, 1970, Ikawa Smith, 1978, 247-86). It has been the subject of controversy since the Palaeolithic period was recognized in Japan following discoveries at Iwajuku in 1949 (Sugihara, 1956). Early in the history of subsequent research, debate arose as to the date of man's arrival in the archipelago. This debate is of importance to a wider audience for a number of reasons. First, Japan is located in a region which has traditionally been associated as a source area for the peopling of the New World—early dates claimed for occupation in America should then, perhaps, be relatable to similar finds and dates in Japan. Secondly, there is now increasing evidence for relative early dates of occupation in Siberia. (Boriskovskij, 1978, 27; Yi and Clark, 1983; Okladnikov and Pospelova, 1982). These may find supportive evidence from neighbouring lands. Thirdly, it is interesting from the point of view of hominid evolution to know how far populations of Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens had spread in East Asia and what form their adaptations took. Additionally, Japan is a relatively well-explored and published source of data in a poorly known region of the World and may be useful as a source for deriving analogies and ideas in interpreting lithic material, particularly in countries such as Korea where palaeolithic research is still in its infancy (Hwang, 1979; Kim, 1983).


01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed South Korea's economic, technological, and political-social capabilities for long-term competition with North Korea, and evaluated the relative capabilities of the two sides.
Abstract: : This report has two principal purposes: to analyze South Korea's economic, technological, and political-social capabilities for long-term competition with North Korea, and to evaluate the relative capabilities of the two sides. Using a variety of methods and approaches, including formal quantitative models and qualitative essays, the authors reach the following primary conclusions: (1) South Korea has substantial economic and technological advantages over North Korea; (2) the South's economic preponderance over the North is growing rapidly; (3) South Korea's economic and technological development give it advantages in its long-term military competition with the North; (4) South Korea can increase its military self-reliance; (5) South Korea's advantages over North Korea should increase substantially in the next decade; and (6) South Korea apparently provides a larger volume of resources for defense purposes, yet has a smaller military capability than does the North.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper showed that there has been a shift in the trading pattern of the United States away from Europe towards Asia as well as a shift of US political and strategic interests from the Atlantic to the Pacific in recent years.
Abstract: East Asian nations, which not long ago were counted among the more backward, are emerging as dramatically expanding markets as well as tough competitors for the United States. Predictions are that the Pacific-rim economy will expand twice as fast as the rest of the world. Professor Jens Biermeier shows that there has been a shift in the trading pattern of the United States away from Europe towards Asia as well as a shift of US political and strategic interests from the Atlantic to the Pacific in recent years.