Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1986"

Human rights in contemporary China

Abstract: A study of the East Asian Institute and of the Center for the Study of Human Rights, Columbia University--Prelim. p. 1.

The Transition from an Agricultural to an Industrial Economy in East Asia

Abstract: In my framework, the transition to an industrial economy is completed when the industrial labor force (in mining, construction, manufacturing, public utilities, transport, communication, and storage) rises to exceed the declining agricultural labor force. Though an approximate concept, it is a useful one because in the case of postwar Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea (Hong Kong and Singapore have no significant agricultural sector) it was accompanied by the completion of the demographic transition (whereby high plateaus of birth rates declined to much lower levels) and by the completion of the distributive transition (whereby high plateaus of income disparity fell to lower levels).' The industrial transition is more difficult in monsoon Asia than in the West because of the nature of monsoon paddy agriculture, which happens to be the main livelihood of about one-half of the world. No Asian nation, not even Japan, was able to complete the transition before World War II (although some Latin American nations did). Despite high growth rates, the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia are still a decade or so away from the completion, with Malaysia near completion. Hong Kong and Singapore moved easily into an industrial economy from a traditional service economy because of the absence of a large agricultural sector, whereas India and China, with enormous agricultural sectors, are several decades from completion.

Metropolitan management : the Asian experience

Abstract: This is a study of the management problems experienced by selected metropolitan cities in South and East Asia and of the approaches adopted in resolving them. Although the region contains many of the world's developing countries, it is not an exception to the universal trends in urbanization, which have had a massive impact on its metropolitan cities. Apart from Tokyo, the cities concerned tend to dominate the economic and political scene in their respective countries, but for the purposes of this discussion it is not inappropriate to refer to them and the problems they face as being broadly metropolitan. Urban geographers and planners now tend to use the term 'metropolitan' to refer to a large identifiable area of continuous urbanization consisting of several administrative jurisdictions. Demographers today often classify cities with populations of more than one million people as metropolitan, and in common usage the term is widely employed to symbolize social, economic, and political status. All of these characteristics apply to the cities studied here.

An East Asian Development Model: Empirical Explorations

Abstract: This paper attempts to provide an empirical overview of the major issues brought about by recent studies of the East Asian development. Three main concerns are addressed. The first is the wider political economic context in which East Asia has progressed in the post-war era. The world economic system and its structural change, particularly the timing of its change at which East Asia was incorporated into the postwar America-dominated world system has been analyzed. It is assessed that the world economy’s timing was indeed unique and the ways American hegemony has practiced after the war was also quite unique. The geopolitical considerations that provided some room of manoeuvre of dependence was even considerable in shaping the relationships between East Asia and the world political economy. Under the above world constraints provided by such timing and the unique nature of the role of the U. S. in the region, the state structure and state-society relationships were also quite different from one might have observed in other part of the developing world. Therefore, the strategic shift of state policy on economic development from one phase to another has been rather smooth. Capitalist development via industrialization was then much more successful. Those state development strategies that were put forward by the relatively autonomous and ＂hard＂ states in East Asia have not been confronted by much severe oppositions from the local dominant classes. The most praised ＂right＂ development policies were made possible largely by effective mobilization of local and foreign、resources The states in East Asia might have been also greatly blessed with certain cultural factors that served as ＂comparative advantages＂ available for the economy to take off at the right moment. The ＂trigger＂ function of the major cultural factors in the East Asian development process-also has to be appreciated. As to what extent the three listed ingredients might have been combined together and in what order of importance should be a serious task lies before any serious social scientist to undertake.

The struggle for democracy in South Korea in the 1980s and the rise of anti‐Americanism

Abstract: (1986). The struggle for democracy in South Korea in the 1980s and the rise of anti‐Americanism. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 1195-1218.

China's international relations 1911–1931

Abstract: This chapter looks at the external context of twentieth-century Chinese history, beginning naturally with the collapse of the old order. Certain patterns of Ch'ing response to encroachment may be seen all around the periphery of the empire. Instead of recognizing Outer Mongolia as a sovereign state open to international relations, Russia continued to recognize Chinese suzerainty. For Japan, the First World War provided the opportunity to stabilize its imperialist interests. The chapter lists the Japan's Twenty-One Demands. In less than half a year, the whole of Manchuria had fallen to the Japanese army and been severed from China. Japan had become the primary concern of Chinese foreign policy. Within less than a generation, a mere two decades, the East Asian regional order of the Ch'ing dynasty, the international legal order envisaged by the Washington Conference treaty powers, and the world revolutionary order dreamed of in Moscow, had all proved unavailing as an international matrix for the Chinese Republic.

Asiarchs, Archiereis , and the Archiereiai of Asia

Abstract: T EPIGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE for the archiereiai of Asia is rarely discussed as a whole except as it is thought to throw light on the relationship of the asiarch and the archiereus of Asia. l Since many archiereiai were wives of one or the other of these male functionaries, it is generally assumed that the women bore their titles in an honorary capacity.2 In effect a distinction is made between the title of the male, which denoted the holding of the office concerned (along with its constituent powers and privileges), and the title of the female, the chief entitlement to which, it is implied, was her marriage to an asiarch or archiereus of Asia. This interpretation is an implicit element in the notion that the titles asiarch and archiereus of Asia were synonymous.3 Otherwise, the hypothesis that the archiereiai of Asia received their title by marriage to an asiarch would be untenable. The efforts of scholars to prove this very fact by drawing attention to the number of archiereiai of Asia who were wives of asiarchs as well as of archiereis of Asia reveal a circularity of argument. Further, it has been established that the imperial cult in Asia, although centered on a Roman emperor, remained essentially Greek in character.4 But proponents of honorary archiereiai have not at-

East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics 1945-1986

Abstract: The New World The Cold War in Europe, 1945-1949 The Cold War Becomes Global, 1945-1962 Detente between East and West, 1962-1975 Renewed Tension between East and West, 1975-1984 The End of the Cold War, 1984-1990 Major Powers and Local Conflicts after the Cold War, 1990-2009 The Arms Race, 1945-2009 The United States and Western Europe, 1945-2009 The Soviet Union/Russia and the (formerly) Communist Countries, 1945-2009 The Rise of East Asia Decolonization Economic Relations between North and South, 1945-2009 Two Theories on Development and Underdevelopment Conclusion

The Heritage of World Civilizations

Abstract: 15. Europe to the Early 1500's: Revival, Decline and Renaissance. IV. THE WORLD IN TRANSITION. 16. The Age of Reformation and Religious Wars. 17. Africa (ca. 1000-1800). 18. Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy. 19. East Asia in the Late Traditional Era. 20. European State-Building and Worldwide Conflict. 21. European Society Under the Old Regime. 22. The Last Great Islamic Empires (1500-1800). V. ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION IN THE WEST. 23. The Age of European Enlightenment. 24. Revolution in the Transatlantic World. 25. Political Consolidation in Europe and North America 1815-1880. VI. INTO THE MODERN WORLD. 26. Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society 1815-1914. 27. Latin America from Independence to the 1940's. 28. India: The Islamic Heartlands and Africa: The Encounter with the Modern West (1800-1945). 29. Modern East Asia. VII. GLOBAL CONFLICT AND CHANGE. 30. Imperialism and World War I. 31. Depression, European Dictators, and the American New Deal. 32. World War II. 33. The West Since World War II. 34. East Asia in the Late Twentieth Century. 35. The Emerging Nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America Since 1945.

The Balance of Power in East Asia

Abstract: Preface M.Leifer - Notes on the Contributors - PART 1 POWERS, PAST AND PRESENT - Britain's Route to and from the Far East Lord Beloff - The United States in East China: China's Response J.Mirsky - The United States in East Asia: Japan's Response I.Nish - The Soviet Union in East Asia G.Segal - PART 2 REGIONAL POWERS AND REGIONAL CONFLICTS - China: An International Power? B.Beedham - Japan's Foreign and Security Policies K.Hunt - Australia's Outlook on Asia P.Towle - Indochina: An Arena of Conflict Sir John Addis - Korea's Changing Security Environment R.Sim - PART 3 REGIONAL COOPERATION - The Role and Paradox of ASEAN M.Leifer - Trade and Asian Pacific Nations L.Turner - PART 4 REGIONAL PROSPECTS - The Balance of Power and Regional Order M.Leifer - Index

Controlling metropolitan growth in Eastern Asia

Abstract: Expansion of large cities in Eastern Asia since World War II has created a host of problems for administrators and residents. Strategies to restrain growth are discussed under physical control regional planning and social policy. Tokyo Shanghai and Seoul receive special attention. (EXCERPT)

The one-child family: international patterns and their implications for the People's Republic of China

Abstract: Given the publicity surrounding the single-child campaign in China an important empirical question concerns the current ranking of China vis a vis other countries with respect to single child families. For this study data have been gathered on women with 1 child for the Peoples Republic of China for 1982 and 60 additional developed and developing countries for the period 1970-1982. Nearly 3/4 of the single child rates were based on data from national census publications and UN Demographic Yearbooks; 1/4 of the rates were taken from World Fertility Surveys and other sources. Several single child rates have been computed they refer to all women aged 15-49 irrespective of marital status. The rate used here is the General Single Child Rate (GSCR). It is defined as the % of females 15-49 with 1 child ever born. The average GSCR among the 61 countries is 13.4. The Peoples Republic of China had a GSCR of 12.5% in 1982 compared to the USs 17.5% and Hungarys 25%. On the average more than 1/5 of women 15-49 in the developed countries have had only 1 child as opposed to 13% of the women in the developing countries. The findings demonstrate that the levels in China are not at all close to those of countries reporting the highest levels of single child families. Chinas rates for 1970-82 are shown to be the average rates of the 54 developing countries on the sample. Chinas 1-child family planning campaign has placed a temporary limit on parenthood in the country. It is a unique policy and may be one of the most intriguing social experiments ever initiated. Despite these considerations the results of this comparative analysis indicate that Chinas current levels of single child families are still relatively low. The country has a good distance to go before it begins to approach those developed nations e.g. Hungary and Romania that at present have the highest rates in the world.

System of cities dynamics in newly industrializing nations.

Abstract: Rapid industrialization in such countries as Korea Malaysia and Taiwan suggests that the complex functional structures of cities in the periphery may appear early in development. This paper proposes a 4-stage framework for the dynamics of a system of cities in a developing country undergoing industrialization and encompassing both nonindustrial and industrial development. The synthesis is assessed with evidence from the newly industrializing Asian nations of Korea Malaysia and Taiwan. The 4 stages of cities industrial change include 1) increasing primacy with industrial satellites 2) increasing primacy with industrial satellites and nodal towns on a transport network 3) rapidly increasing primacy with rapidly growing industrial satellites and nodal towns on the transport network and 4) decreasing primacy with slowly growing industrial satellites and rapidly growing peripheral industrial towns. The 4-stage synthesis suggests that economic development in the periphery may occur even while the primate city maintains its hegemony over control and coordination functions. Peripheral industrial growth does not challenge this hegemony. The growth of industrial cities is instead part of a process of regional specialization in which the low cost labor in the periphery becomes an attraction for industry. These stages are not inevitable. Government efforts are necessary to develop rural areas in terms of social improvements (education and health) capital infrastructure (transportation and utilities) and fair payments to farmers for their outputs. These seem to be the lessons learned from the industrialization process in Korea Malaysia and Taiwan.

America's Commitment to South Korea: The First Decade of the Nixon Doctrine

Abstract: The book analyses the strategic rationale of the American security commitment to South Korea in the light of the palpable failure of containment strategy in Indo-China. During the 1970s the dilemma confronting successive American administrations was that, whilst wishing to maintain their old commitment to South Korea, they had no desire to preside over another Vietnam. Military commitment and political support were necessarily disengaged, and the Nixon doctrine served as both the end and the means of containment strategy in Asia. The study identifies the principal conditions that have influenced changing American perspectives on South Korea, and examines some of the general problems of collective security in the region. Unique in the direct engagement of China, the Soviet Union and the United States, the security position of South Korea bears directly upon the achievement of peace and stability throughout East Asia.

Japan's postwar rearmament and reactions of east asian states

Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the changing reactions of eleven East Asian states to Japan's postwar rearmament from 1945 to 1984. Although Japan is still supposed to be a disarmed state under the 'no-war' provision of the constitution, Japan has expanded its military forces up to 250,000 personnel with the eighth largest annual military expenditure in the world. The recent trend has been towards accelerated military buildup with resurgent arrogance as an economic power. The military development of Japan has been of special concern to East Asian nations who had been invaded by the Japanese. This thesis endeavors to show a gap between a 'pacifist' image of Japan and the reality of Japan's accelerated military buildup. In addition, it discusses the differing views of the East Asian states towards Japan's increasing military power.

Notes on the Maudgalyāyana Legend in East Asia

Abstract: (1986). Notes on the Maudgalyāyana Legend in East Asia. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 83-93.