Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1988"

Market, culture and authority: A comparative analysis of management and organization in the Far East.

Abstract: Three frameworks purport to explain industrial arrangements and practices: a market approach that emphasizes economic characteristics, a cultural approach that sees organization as the expression of patterned values, and an authority approach that explains organization as a historically developed structure of domination. The efficacy of each approach is tested in explaining the organizational structures of three rapidly growing East Asian economies: Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The paper argues through comparative analysis that organizational growth is best explained by market and cultural factors but that authority patterns and legitimation strategies best explain organizational structure.

Developmental states in East Asia

Abstract: The book analyses and evaluates the development role and impact of the state in East Asia, in both capitalist (South Korea and Taiwan) and socialist (China) contexts. It makes use of new research data on the mechanisms and impact of state intervention in East Asian development.

The Lessons of East Asian Development: An Overview

Abstract: The East Asian area encompasses countries at widely different levels of economic development.1 There is first of all Japan, the only developed country of the group, with per capita incomes of $7,130 in 1985 in terms of purchasing power parities at 1975 prices.2 In the same year, it had a population of 120 million. There follow the four Far Eastern newly industrializing countries (NICs: Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan) that have been called the Gang of Four and, more gently, the Four Little Tigers by the Chinese. In fact they are small in relation to China, but not with respect to a large number of developing countries as their populations range from 40 million (Korea) to 3 million (Singapore), with Taiwan (19 million) and Hong Kong (5 million) in between. The ranking by per capita incomes is just the opposite: Singapore leads with $5,001, followed by Hong Kong ($3,760), Taiwan ($3,160), and Korea ($2,648); all four of them belong to the group of higher middle-income developing countries under the World Bank classification scheme. Next come the countries of Southeast Asia, which, together with Singapore, are the founding members of the Association of South Asian Nations (ASEAN). They include, with per capita incomes in parentheses, Malaysia ($2,579), Thailand ($1,393), the Philippines ($896), and Indonesia ($789). The ranking by population is again the opposite: Indonesia (159 million) is followed by the Philippines (53 million), Thailand (50 million), and Malaysia (15 million). According to the World Bank classification scheme, Malaysia belongs to the upper middle-income group and the other three countries to the lower middleincome group. Further interest attaches to changes over time. Between 1950 and 1985, per capita incomes rose ninefold in Japan and approximately sixfold in the Far Eastern NICs. In turn, per capita incomes quad-

An East Asian model of economic development: Japan Taiwan and South Korea.

Abstract: The East Asian model of economic development focuses on 5 shared characteristics that seem significant in the contemporary economic development of Japan Taiwan and Korea They are economic characteristics and include 1) high investment ratios 2) small public sectors 3) competitive labor markets 4) export expansion and 5) government intervention in the economy Large and efficient investments in human capital and well-developed capacities to absorb new technology are 2 other economic features shared by The Three One could add overcrowding (high man/land ratios) and scarcity of natural resources though these are handicaps rather than sources of economic strength It is possible however that virtue springs from necessity and that ample arable land or abundant natural resources mainly permit governments to postpone the difficult decisions needed to promote development rather than provide the wherewithal needed to finance development Other noneconomic characteristics of The Three such as ethnic and linguistic homogeneity relatively compact geography manageable population size and the Confucian tradition have not been considered in the model even though they have undoubtedly influenced labor productivity savings behavior and other aspects of economic performance Whether the East Asian model ought to be followed depends on whether current and foreseeable circumstances are sufficiently like those faced by The Three to justify using the same policies that they used Applicability of the East Asian model should also depend on whether the strategy employed by The Three has been responsible for their economic success 2 aspects of the East Asian models policy features are noteworthy: 1) the policies typically work by influencing rather than replacing private market decisions and 2) the public expects government to intervene to influence economic growth

In Search of an East Asian Development Model

Abstract: An East Asian development model? / Peter L. Berger -- An East Asian developme model / Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao -- The new Asian capitalism / Gustav Papane -- The new Asian capitalism / Lucian W. Pye -- The role of the entrepreneur the new Asian capitalism / S.G. Redding -- The role of Christianity / Jan Swyngedouw -- The applicability of Asian family values to other sociocultura settings / Siu-lun Wong -- The distinctive features of Japanese development Iwao Munakata -- The distinctive features of Taiwan's development / Rong-I W -- The distinctive features of South Korea's development / Kyong-Dong Kim -- The distinctive features of two city-states' development / Pan Eng Fong.

Achieving industrialization in East Asia

Abstract: List of figures List of tables Contributors to this volume Preface Abbreviations Symbols 1. Economic development in East Asia: doing what comes naturally? James Riedel 2. Industrialization and growth: alternative views of East Asia Hollis Chenery 3. The role of trade policies in the industrialization of rapidly growing Asian developing countries Seiji Naya 4. The role of foreign capital in East Asian industrialization, growth and development Thomas G. Parry 5. The role of government in overcoming market failure: Taiwan, Republic of Korea and Japan Robert Wade 6. Growth, industrialization and economic structure: Latin America and East Asia compared Arnold C. Harberger 7. Ideology and industrialization in India and East Asia Deepak Lal 8. Japan: model for East Asian industrialization? Ryokichi Hirono 9. The politics of industrialization in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Stephan Haggard 10. Economic growth in the ASEAN Region: the political underpinnings J. A. C. Mackie 11. Culture and industrialization William J. O'Malley Bibliography Index.

Early Tool-Making in Asia : Two-Million-Year-Old-Artefacts in Pakistan

Abstract: For the last half-century, the story of very early hominids, and their stone industries, has been almost exclusively ‘in Africa’. This first report of a very early industry takes the story ‘out of Africa’ and into the Indian sub-continent – that is, in a geographical direction towards the early industries of eastern Asia.

Achieving Industrialization in East Asia: Economic Development in East Asia: Doing What Comes Naturally?

Abstract: Little else is requisite to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and tolerable administration of justice; all the rest being brought about by the natural course of things. (Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , 1776) The market-oriented East Asian developing economies, especially the most successful among them – the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore – have had a profound influence on development economics. Their superlative economic performance, combined with the relatively poor record of other countries which adhered more closely to the inward-looking policies universally prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s, nurtured a ‘new orthodoxy’ in development economics. The new orthodoxy was in essence mainstream, neo-classical economics, dismissed by the old orthodoxy as inapplicable to developing countries. The experience of this rapidly growing ‘Gang of Four’ was interpreted initially as proof positive that competitive markets, operating broadly on neoclassical principles, could, even in developing countries, generate high levels of economic efficiency and rapid, self-sustained growth. That interpretation has, however, come under increasing attack on two fronts. One challenge questions the basic proposition that the East Asian countries have in fact been more successful than other countries when account is taken of dimensions of development other than GNP growth. Sen (1983:753), for example, lays the charge obliquely noting simply that: South Korea, with its magnificent and much-eulogised growth record, has not yet overtaken [the People's Republic of] China or Sri Lanka in the field of longevity, despite being now more than five times richer in terms of per capita GNP.

South Korea in 1987: The Politics of Democratization

Abstract: By any measure, 1987 was a momentous year for South Korea. Running against the political clock of President Chun Doo Hwan's expiring seven-year term in February 1988 and the international clock of the Seoul Olympics to follow in the summer, events moved briskly. From massive protests in the spring to government capitulation in June, from the negotiations for a new constitution to its adoption in October, the world watched as developments culminated in December in the first election of a president by direct popular vote in 26 years. The economic situation seemed to favor South Korea's difficult but inevitable transition to democracy. Following a successful year in 1986, the South Korean economy continued to record a healthy growth, accompanied by a large trade surplus. Both politically and economically, South Korea moved one giant step closer to joining the ranks of advanced, democratic countries of the world. But at the same time, the Korean people braced themselves to face uncertainties ahead, as political consensus was far from realization at home and economic prospects abroad appeared rather bleak.

Economic Growth and the Rise of Civil Society: Agriculture in Taiwan and South Korea

Abstract: Interpretations of the post-war industrialisation of Taiwan and South Korea have generally understated the extent of state regulation of economic life. In their accounts of industrial policy, Leudde-Neurath and Wade have devoted considerable attention to getting the facts straight — to detailing the nature and extent of state involvement in economic decision making — as well as to assessing the consequences of this involvement. The student of agricultural policy in these two ‘little tigers’ is in a more fortunate position. Existing literature leaves little doubt that the state has intervened deeply in the agricultural economy throughout the post-war period. Liberated from the need to establish and assert basic facts about the degree of state intervention, one can devote more attention to exploring some of its dimensions.

East Asian Civilizations: A Dialogue in Five Stages

Abstract: The doyen of Confucian studies in America here constructs a magisterial overview of 3,000 years of East Asian civilizations, principally in the form of dialogues among the major systems of thought that have dominated the Asian world's historical development.

Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism

Abstract: Through a ground breaking examination of available sources, Garver illuminates the complicated history of Soviet-Chinese relations during the critical anti-Japanese period in the larger context of international relations in East Asia and the world.

Aging in China: demographic alternatives.

Abstract: "In this article, China's future prospects have been discussed with regard to the aging of its population, by drawing heavily upon a new set of population projections prepared on the basis of the 1982 Population Census data. Unlike a variety of population projections for China currently available, our projections have placed heavy emphasis on the impact of improved mortality on China's aging process, by incorporating three alternative mortality assumptions. In our projections, all the alternative cases point to the acceleration of China's population aging, particularly after the year 2000.... From a policy point of view, these age compositional shifts will call for a change of priorities and a reallocation of resources to accommodate the rapidly growing proportion of elderly people and the steady decrease of young people in the population."

The Emergence of Migration Cycles

Abstract: With a more thorough examination of population changes in the Tokyo region, this article confirms with regard to Japan the reconcentrating trend of urban population observed more clearly elsewhere by Cochrane and Vining (1988). Through an examination of the factors which led to the turnaround in the 1980s in Japan and elsewhere, it is argued that conservative economic policy, as manifested by deregulation and privatization, is the principal cause for reconcentration of urbanization in the 1980s in the economically advanced Western countries.

Political opposition in post-Confucian society

Abstract: Traditional Government in East Asia The Transformation of the Traditional Societies Politics and Opposition in Taiwan Politics and Opposition in South Korea Politics and Opposition in South Vietnam Politics and Opposition in China Politics and Opposition in North Korea Politics and Opposition in Vietnam Politics and Opposition in Japan Conclusions Bibliography Index

Human Resources in East Asia's Secular Growth

Abstract: The record of East Asia has not gone unnoticed in other Asian countries. Malaysians have been recently urged by their leaders to "look East" for lessons to be learned and in Singapore the leadership brought in Confucian scholars from abroad to write textbooks. The current Filipino leadership has announced that values attitudes and behavior in the Philippines must be changed. Development policies could be more strongly directed toward employing the labor force fully and increasing growth rates by utilizing manpower more extensively throughout the year and less toward nationalistic policies self-reliance and technological sophistication which can come later after full employment. If with irrigation nonrice diversified crops can be grown in the dry season the peasants who have the lowest incomes would be able to double their annual incomes from farms and further increase their incomes with off-farm jobs in processing and handicrafts that are based on farm products. This will eventually produce full employment in the rural areas. Much greater emphasis should be put on work education or work ethics in the primary and secondary schools (as is done in East Asia) in addition to mathematics sciences and vocational training. These and other additions to the curriculum will require children to be kept in the schools for longer hours per school day and more school days in the year. Schools in Southeast Asia are not capable of giving good basic vocational training. Firms would have to undertake this task in their workshops. Not everything in the experience of the East should be transmitted to other parts of Asia. Work ethics need not be so strong and a better balance of leisure and consumption may be desirable in East Asia. Confucian bias against females is not desirable. Most importantly authoritarian governance a legacy of Confucianism should be relaxed.

Singapore and the Recession of 1985

Abstract: The republic of Singapore has long been presented as an example of a "free market" success story. It is used, along with the other "little tigers" of East Asia, to support the contention that exportoriented industrialization is the most effective strategy for development. Certainly in general economic terms, Singapore has been remarkably successful in generating growth and improving the living standards of its populace. At independence in 1957, the island was still very much a lessdeveloped country with little manufacturing industry, a decaying urban structure, rapid population growth (4.4% per year), widespread poverty, and high unemployment (1O-15%).1 By 1984, per capita GNP had reached US$7,260-higher than that of Ireland and Italy, the manufacturing sector was vibrant, having grown at an annual rate of over 17% between 1960 and 1982;2 the physical and social infrastructure was the most developed of any country in the region; and poverty had been dramatically reduced. This is all the more remarkable given that the republic had few natural advantages except for its geographical location and the industriousness of its workforce. Further, the decision to leave the Federation of Malay States in 1965 cut the island off from its traditional hinterland. But in 1985 the expansion of Singapore's economy, which had been averaging 9.7% per year since 1965 and had never fallen below 4%, slowed precipitously and real GDP showed a negative rate of 1.7% (see Table 1). The following discussion will examine the various factors that have been