Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1989"

The World's Religions

Abstract: Preface Introduction Part I: 1. Earliest religions 2. South Asia 3. China 4. Japan 5. Southeast Asia 6. The Pacific 7. The Americas 8. The ancient Near East 9. Persia and Central Asia 10. The Greek and Roman world 11. Classical and medieval Christianity and Judaism 12. Classical and medieval Islam 13. Classical African religions Part II: 14. The explosion of Europe and the re-forming of Christianity 15. North America 16. South Asia and reactions to colonial intervention 17. China and Korea in modern times 18. Modern Southeast Asia 19. Japan in modern times 20. Islam passes through the shadows 21. The colonial impact in the Pacific 22. Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union 23. Africa in the modern world 24. Latin America and the Caribbean 25. Some final reflections on global religion Bibliography Credits Index.

Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations

Abstract: Originating in India, M 3 h 0 ayana Buddhism spread to Central Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, China, Japan and other countries of East Asia. In Tibet and East Asia, M 3 h 0 yana eventually became the prevalent form of Buddhism. Western interest in M 3 h 0 yana has increased considerably over the last twenty-five years, reflected both in the quantity of scholarly material produced and also in the attraction of Westerners towards Tibetan Buddhism and r augThis book aims to provide in one volume an up-to-date and accurate account of the principles of M 3 h 0 yana Buddhism as they are found in both the Indo-Tibetan and East Asian forms of M 3 h 0 yana. It seeks to introduce and reflect some of the recent scholarly work in the field, and in particular the book is concerned to convey the diversity and richness of M 3 h 0 yana Buddhism, a diversity which prevents any attempt at simple definition.

Rethinking development theory: Insights from East Asia and Latin America

Abstract: Development theory dealing with the highly industrialized countries of East Asia and Latin America has foundered in terms of its ability to generalize. The theories and concepts often are biased because they are derived from a selective and uneven reading of evidence from the two regions. This paper outlines the perceptions and misconceptions of a variety of theoretical perspectives on development, and then presents cross-regional evidence from East Asia and Latin America that suggests the need for a reformulation and synthesis of some of these earlier approaches. This theoretical synthesis focuses on three related themes: (1) the declining significance of industrialization; (2) the position of core and peripheral capital in commodity chains and export/marketing networks, which are becoming key units of analysis in the contemporary global manufacturing system; and (3) a new framework for differentiating the roles of the newly industrializing countries in the world economy.

Teeth and Prehistory in Asia

Abstract: Where did the peoples of East Asia, Polynesia and the Americas originate? Teeth tell the story. Analysis of minute dental features shows that two great population groups formed in southeast Asia beginning more than 20,000 years ago. The movement of one group can be traced across the Bering land bridge into North America and all the way to Chile.

Numerical simulation of the relationship between the anomaly of subtropical high over East Asia and the convective activities in the western tropical Pacific

Abstract: In this paper, a close relationship between the intraseasonal variation of subtropical high over East Asia and the convective activities around the South China Sea and the Philippines is analysed from OLR data.

State structure and economic adjustment of the East Asian newly industrializing countries

Abstract: An analysis of the economic adjustment policies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan during the 1970s and 1980s shows that these East Asian newly industrializing countries (NICs), which faced common problems in sustaining their recent industrial growth, responded to the challenge with industrial adjustment strategies that differed in their degree of intensity of state involvement and emphasis on national control. To explain this divergence in adjustment strategies, the article explores the variations in the national political structures of the four NICs and focuses particularly on three aspects of state structure: the organization of the economic bureaucracy, the institutional links between the state and private sector, and the larger state-society relations. The article demonstrates the usefulness of moving beyond the generalizations of the “developmental state” view by carefully disaggregating these aspects of state structure and by exploring the ordering logic that gives coherence to them.

Governments and Markets in Economic Development Strategies: Lessons From Korea, Taiwan, and Japan

Abstract: Preface The Superiority of Export-Oriented Regimes: Neoclassical Interpretation and Dissent South Korea Taiwan Japan An Export-Oriented Strategy for All? Bibliography Index

Bifaces in China

Abstract: More and more archaeological discoveries show that bifaces are not absent from China, South and East Asia. Bifaces played a very important role in early Paleolithic industries here. The tool assemblage of this industry is similar to those of biface cultures in Africa and Europe. These discoveries will increasingly fill and level up the ≪gap≫ between the cultures of the East and West.

Cities and states in Europe, 1000–1800

Abstract: increasing subordination of European trade to that of the eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Indian Ocean, and East Asia; continued expansion of Muslim power in continental Europe; the rise of city-states, city-empires, and religious organizations as the dominant European political structures; cyclical destruction of those political structures' power, especially in Eastern Europe, by nomadic invaders from the Eurasian steppe; battles among armed tribute takers and their personal armies as the predominant form of war.

The Rise of Industrial East Asia: The Role of Confucian Values

Abstract: The study of East Asia as an intriguing Problematik in the field of economic development and as a methodological challenge in comparative politics has fascinated academicians in North America and in Western Europe for a whole generation. Only recently has it become a major concern of policy makers and the general public in the so-called First World. Ironically, as government officials and the mass media begin to show great interest in the rise of industrial East Asia, cautious academicians feel compelled to make more differentiated observations about the region. As a result, the public demand for broad generalizations is often met with considerable qualifications from the academic community. Indeed, scholarly efforts have been made to show that the whole concept, "Industrial East Asia," may be inadvisable, that Japan is an anomaly on the world economic stage and that the rise of these states as the most dynamic region in international trade has very little to do with shared cultural orientations. As a student of East Asian culture, I am excited that interpreting East Asia in the light of conceptual resources learned from the West, originally the professional goal of a small coterie of like-minded researchers, is now shared by a widening network of concerned citizens of the world. I am also grateful that fascination with Japan and the Four "Mini-Dragons" has progressed from exclusively economic and political analyses to include social studies and cultural appreciation. I use the word "progressed" advisedly. Even though I emphasize the vital importance of culture in our understanding of East Asia, I am fully cognizant of factors such as international trade, the geopolitical situation and the institutional sector in formulating an explanation for the rise of industrial East Asia.

Cross‐cultural perspectives on higher education in East Asia: Psychological effects upon Asian students

Abstract: Cross‐cultural perspectives on higher education in East Asia are drawn from the author's multi‐year project which has collected comprehensive quantitative and qualitative data from a sample of over 100 universities in 11 East Asian nations and territories. University student behaviour is examined as effects of East Asian educational systems. Results indicate that Hong Kong, Japanese and Taiwanese students undergo much continuous stress and many suffer serious socio‐emotional problems. Also, students’ cognitive skills and academic values are affected adversely. Such effects are attributed to the great strain placed upon students, beginning at an early age, to excel academically and win acceptance to the best university possible. Analyses include references to related research and development.

Labor and Development Policy in East Asia

Abstract: The rapid industrial transformation of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong has in part been sustained by state development strategies oriented exclusively toward the needs of capital. Less often have criteria relating to the welfare of workers entered directly into state policy except insofar as such criteria are supportive of growth. Underlying this pattern of strategic priorities is the insulation of development planners and corporate executives from the political demands and opposition of workers. While political controls go some distance in explaining the political weakness of East Asian workers, the more fundamental causes are to be found, first, in the nature of employment relations in these countries and, second, in the sequencing of political and economic changes during the course of industrialization.

The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamadhi-Sutra, a Buddhist Apocryphon

Abstract: This book is a translation and study of the Vajrasamadhi-Sutra and an examination of its broad implications for the development of East Asian Buddhism. The Vajrasamadhi-Sutra was traditionally assumed to have been translated from Sanskrit, but some modern scholars, principally in Japan, have proposed that it is instead an indigenous Chinese composition. In contrast to both of these views, Robert Buswell maintains it was written in Korea around A.D. 685 by a Korean adept affiliated with the East Mountain school of the nascent Chinese Ch'an tradition. He thus considers it to be the oldest work of Korean Ch'an (or Son, which in Japan became known as the Zen school), and the second-oldest work of the sinitic Ch'an tradition as a whole.Buswell makes his case for the scripture's dating, authorship, and provenance by placing the sutra in the context of Buddhist doctrinal writings and early Ch'an literature in China and Korea. This approach leads him to an extensive analysis of the origins of Ch'an ideology in both countries and of the principal trends in the sinicization of Buddhism. Buddhism has typically been studied in terms of independent national traditions, but Buswell maintains that the history of religion in China, Korea, and Japan should be treated as a whole.

An analysis of the postposing construction in Japanese

Abstract: This dissertation analyzes the postposing construction in Japanese — sentences in which one or more constituents appear following the matrix predicate. Two types of postposing are observed in my data, which are primarily distinguished by the presence or absence of a pause and a break in the intonation contour. It is argued that an "afterthought" analysis, which has been offered in the past, is inadequate and that at least the no-pause type of postposing should be regarded as movement. An analysis of the postposing construction is important, as well as interesting, for several reasons. First, postposed sentences appear to contradict the general claim that Japanese is a 'rigid' verb-final language. Second, the analysis presented here reaffirms recent findings that rules of Move-alpha do apply in this language. Third, an interaction of phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors constrains the shape and use of postposed sentences, which suggests that all these factors must be taken into consideration in our analysis. And finally, despite its common usage in colloquial speech, there have been few attempts in the literature to account for this construction. My syntactic account of postposing adopts the framework of the Theory of Government and Binding (GB). Specifically, I analyze it as a root transformation that adjoins a maximal projection of all categories to the highest S \ I argue that a movement analysis is superior to a base-generation or construal analysis and that the former is compatible with the basic principles of GB, such as X-bar, Government, Binding, Theta, Case and Bounding Theories. Semantically, it is shown that both the degree of transparency of the verb and parsing factors have effects o the acceptability of postposed sentences. Pragmatically, while some sentences of the pause type express an "afterthought" (as we understand the term in its prototypical sense), the motivation of others are not so clear.

Maternal mortality in China.

Abstract: Within 10 years of the establishment of the People's Republic, maternal mortality in China had fallen by 98%. High values, however, persist in the less developed parts of the country.

The East Asian NICs in Comparative Perspective

Abstract: Purely economic analyses of the East Asian newly industrializing countries have overlooked the politics of their growth. Why were these countries able to pursue strategies that combined rapid growth with a relatively equitable distribution of income? The reason lies partly in external conditions, including expanding world trade, and, in the case of Taiwan and Korea, pressure from the United States for policy reform. Domestic social and political conditions were also auspicious, however. Export-led growth was facilitated by weak labor movements and the absence of leftist or populist parties. A relatively brief period of import-substitution policies prevented the development of strong protectionist business interests. Equity was advanced by land reforms in Korea and Taiwan and by the absence of a rural sector in Hong Kong and Singapore. No explanation is complete, however, without reference to the strength of the East Asian states, including their insulation from interest-group pressures and their cohesive,...

The Four Little Dragons: An Enthusiast's Reading Guide

Abstract: This article surveys literature which attempts to explain the success of east Asia's four little dragons - Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. The approach is chronological, with the period 1960–88 divided into phases marked by shifts in economic thought. In general, the explanations of economists have lagged years behind events, with predictive exercises usually proving spectacular failures. On the whole, the neo-classical economists have had the best of the arguments, as they have been able to show that good policies are of crucial importance.

Atlas of World Cultures: A Geographical Guide to Ethnographic Literature

Abstract: LIST OF MAPS INTRODUCTION MAPS Circumpolar North North America, Northeast North America, Central North North America, Northwest North America, Western North America, Central North America, Eastern North America, Southern South America, Northwest South America, Northeast South America, West Central South America, East Central South America, South Central South America, Southern Africa, West Saharan Africa, East Saharan Africa, West Africa, Central East Africa and Arabian Peninsula Africa, West Central Africa, East Africa, Southwest Africa, Southeast Africa, Southern India Subcontinent Malay Peninsula Philippine Region Indonesia Australia, Western Australia, Eastern Polynesia Western Melanesia, New Guinea Eastern Melanesia Micronesia Asian North Pacific Kamchatka Peninsula Region Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Asia, West Central Asia, East Central World Overview INDEX BY MAP BIBLIOGRAPHY CULTURE INDEX

The Le Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam—A Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-Juridical Analysis and Annotations . 3 Vols. By Nguyen ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai. with the cooperation of Tran Van Liem for the translation. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1987. xii, 293 pp. ; vi, 360 pp. ; vi, 363 pp. $175.00 the set.

Abstract: The Le Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam is the first English translation of the penal code produced by Vietnam's Le Dynasty (1428-1788). The code itself was the culmination of a long process of political, social and legal development that extended into the period of the succeeding Nguyen Dynasty and, in many respects, into the twentieth century. As is the case with cultures of other countries in East Asia, Vietnam has been widely influenced by China. However, even though Vietnam was dominated by China from the second century B.C. through the tenth century A.D., the spirit and culture of the Vietnamese people never disappeared. Like the traditional codes of Korea and Japan, the Le Code incorporated many provisions from the Chinese T'ang Code, but the Vietnamese code contains original features which reflect the distinct socio-cultural and political realities of Vietnamese society. Thus, The Le Code is a valuable instrument for gauging the extent of Chinese influence in Vietnam and the limits of that influence as well. In order to emphasize the Vietnamese innovations, many of which were extremely modern even by Western standards, and to point out the similarities between the Le Code and its Chinese models, the authors have compared the Vietnamese code with several of its Chinese predecessors. They have enriched the text with substantial legal and historical annotations not only on the Le period, but also on the dynasties immediately preceding and following it. The product is at the same time a work of history and a comparative study of the traditional Chinese and Vietnamese law. Only after their exile in 1975 have the authors, lawyers in Vietnam and experts in Sino-Vietnamese law, been able to devote the time and energy necessary to translate this work. They have used legal analysis, historical, political and social inquiry in order to compile a study of East Asian law that is more extensive in legal and historical details than any other Western language translation of an East Asian law code."

Patterns of literacy in the People's Republic of China.

Abstract: The recent publication of data from the 1982 census permits an assessment of the patterns, progress and problems of illiteracy in China. Educational progress, since the communists came to power in 1949, has been particularly impressive, especially in relation to the low levels of income within the People's Republic. Nevertheless, nearly a third of the country's population are still unable to read and write and major variations in literacy exist between the developed and less developed regions, between men and women, between the urban and rural areas, between the various age groups and among the many ethnic groups that constitute the People's Republic of China. Among the most favoured people and places, literacy rates exceed 90% but among the most disadvantaged groups, retired women in rural areas for example, levels of literacy fall below 3%. Proposed educational reforms, targeted to provide nine years of compulsory education, offer the potential for boosting literacy levels and breaking the bondage of ignorance. However, such proposals are being undermined by the recent economic reforms in rural China. By stressing the value of labour, including child labour, the agricultural responsibility system has generated a surprising decline in school attendance which may jeopardise future improvements in literacy, particularly so among the poorer people in the poorer areas of China.