Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1990"

Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia

Abstract: Few observers of Mexico and Brazil in the 1930s, or South Korea and Taiwan in the mid-1950s, would have predicted that these nations would become economic "miracles" several decades later. These newly industrializing countries (NICs) challenge much of our conventional wisdom about economic development and raise important questions about international competitiveness and export success in manufacturing industries. In this volume economists, sociologists, and political scientists seek to explain the growth of the NICs in Latin America and East Asia and to reformulate contemporary development theory through an in-depth analysis of these two dynamic regions. Gary Gereffi and Colin I. Bradford, Jr., provide an overview of national development trajectories in Latin America and East Asia, while Barbara Stallings, Gereffi, Robert R. Kaufman, Tun-jen Cheng, and Frederic C. Deyo discuss the role of foreign capital, governments, and domestic coalitions in shaping development outcomes. Gustav Ranis, Robert Wade, Chi Schive, and Ren Villarreal look at the impact of economic policies on industrial performance, and Fernando Fajnzylber, Ronald Dore, and Christopher Ellison with Gereffi examine new agendas for comparative development research.Originally published in 1990.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Beneath the miracle : labor subordination in the new Asian industrialism

Abstract: This important study examines the dynamics of the remarkable economic transformation of South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, which has been based in large measure on the production of manufactured goods for export. The competitive edge of these countries has in turn been rooted in the mobilization of a low-cost, disciplined, and productive workforce. This study seeks therefore to explain how East Asian governments and employers have attempted to manage this workforce. It also explores the extent to which workers are able to challenge management decisions and insert working-class agendas into public policy. "Beneath the Miracle" moves beyond current explanations for the weakness of East Asian labor movements which emphasize Confucianist culture, material welfare gains, and political repression. It shows that the organizational capacity of workers has been more fundamentally undercut first by the nature of emergent East Asian employment systems, and second by the sequencing of developmental change, with political controls preceding rapid industrialization and preempting political and union organization of the growing industrial workforce. Deyo undertakes an incisive cross-national comparison of employment systems and explores anomalous situations, such as that in Hong Kong, where labor is politically weak even under minimal state controls, and that in South Korea, where labor is in a stronger position despite far stricter regulation. "Beneath the Miracle" offers a fresh and compelling comparative analysis of Asian labor movements which could lead to a reassessment of many other developmental issues in East Asia. In his probing examination, Deyo provides an important and exciting contribution to the literature in this field.

Changing Intergenerational Family Relations in East Asia

Abstract: Intergenerational family relations in China, Japan, and South Korea are changing Multigenerational coresidence and dominance of patrilineal relations are declining In some ways, the diffusion of so-called Western values and practices that are in conflict with Confucian ideals parallels the earlier process of the Confucianization of Japan and Korea The demographic changes that are influencing families are new, however, and East Asians of the future will have fewer but longer-lasting kinship relations At the same time, population aging and the expected declining role of the family in elder care are causing growing concern among policymakers

From farm to factory: proletarianization in korea*

Abstract: Proletarianization in the industrializing economies of East Asia differs significantly from theoretical models derivedfrom early industrialization in the West or semiperipheral development in Latin America or Africa. Contrary to the prediction of the semiproletarianization thesis, dependent capitalist development in South Korea has been accompanied by a swifter, more abrupt, and more intense proletarianization than occurred in 19th and 20th century Europe. The compressed process involves a simultaneous increase in blue-collar and white-collar workers and a rapid feminization of white-collar occupations. Korean workers have not made strong collective responses to proletarianization, largely because of repressive state control of the labor movement and the absence of a strong artisan cultural tradition. But rapid proletarianization has facilitated development of the working-class movement. The specific pattern of Korean industrial transformation and workers' reactions to it have been shaped more strongly by the developmental role of the state than the autonomous activities of capital. Proletarianization is a pivotal process of capitalist development. In terms of its impact on society, proletarianization may be "the single most far-reaching social change that has occurred in the Western world over the past few hundred years and that is going on in the world as a whole today" (Tilly 1981, p. 179). The growth of wage work has a profound impact on all arenas of social life - it transforms the ways people work and relate to one another; it alters the structure of family and community; and it spawns new political demands and collective actions. If large-scale proletarianization was yesterday's experience in Europe, it is today's occurrence in the industrializing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Nowhere today do we observe more dramatic proletarianization than in the newly industrialized countries in East Asia, including South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The massive industrial transformation that occurred in Europe and America two centuries ago is now occurring in these countries, but in a dif

The Asian film industry

Abstract: Part 1 Historical background Part 2 Contemporary trends and problems: size and characteristics of industry contents of films - topics and themes, aesthetics, acting economics of industries - production and ownership, advertising and promotion, distribution and exhibition, training and professionalization, impact of video governments and film - regulations, restrictions, subsidies and other aid Part 3 Brief case studies: India (South Asia) Japan (East Asia) Philippines (Southeast Asia)

Understanding the culture and behaviour of East Asians--a Confucian perspective.

Abstract: The economic miracle of East Asia is followed by the emergence of a new common identity in Confucianism among the nations in the region. Being the predominant cultural determining force in East Asi...

The emerging demographic transitions of Southeast Asia.

Abstract: Among the worlds regions Southeast Asia appears to be second only to East Asia in its potential for completed fertility transitions in the near future. This article uses microdata from 1970 and 1980 censuses to examine the first phase of fertility declines in four major Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia Malaysia the Philippines and Thailand. In spite of wide variations across countries clear evidence emerges of significant fertility declines in all four; moreover within countries once fertility transition is well under way all social groups and geographical areas are affected. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)

Foreign Investment and East Asian Economic Development

Abstract: This article surveys and anabses the very lure literature on direct foreign investmenl (DFI) in the developing economies of East Asia and the Southwest Pacifi. Commencing with an overview of the MNC (mufcinafional corporation) presence in the region, successive sections a-amine patterns and performance of major investors, trude-DFI interrelationships, the impact of DFI on market structure and peflormance, the modalities of MNC entry, and host country policy. The latter, it is argues, is criticully importunt for assessments of the costs and benefits of DFI.

A Seventeenth-Century ‘General Crisis’ in East Asia?

Abstract: Approximately ten years ago now, several colleagues and I were discussing Geoffrey Parker and Lesley Smith's then recently-published volume on the ‘Seventeenth-Century Crisis’ when a specialist in Byzantine history told us that in his opinion at least, Parker, Smith, and the others who had contributed to their jointly-edited work had gotten it all wrong. The really important ‘general crisis’ in pre-modern times, he believed, had occurred not in the seventeenth century but rather in the fourteenth. As he went on to discuss the impact of climatic change, food shortages, epidemic disease, monetary fluctuations, and military operations on fourteenth-century Europe and the Middle East, I began to think about some of the great and terrible events that had occurred in East Asian history during that same century: the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate (1185–1330S) and the political turmoil of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (Nambokuchō) period (1336–92) in Japan; the economic and military disasters surrounding the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) in China; and the food shortages, ‘Japanese pirate’ (wakō) raids, and civil wars that paved the way for the founding of the Yi dynasty (1392–1910) in Korea. In subsequent readings I added economic and political strife in fourteenth-century Southeast Asia, the decline of the Delhi Sultanate in India, the collapse of the Ilkhanate (1256–1335) in Persia, and the destructive rise of Timur (1336–1405) in Transoxania. Surely a case could be made, I came to think, for a 'General Crisis of the Fourteenth Century,' one much broader in scope than even our Byzantine specialist had been considering.

Shifting comparative advantage among asian and pacific countries

Abstract: This article examines the changes in the pattern of revealed comparative advantage of 14 Asian and Pacific countries from 1965 to 1984. It finds that in the NIEs and the ASEAN 4 countries the pattern changed significantly and that the changes were “beneficial” in the sense that the gains occurred in commodities for which world demand was growing relatively fast. In the cases of the South Asian and the South Pacific countries, however, the changes were not statistically significant and these countries exported goods for which world demand was relatively soft. The study also finds relatively strong evidence consistent with the “flying geese” pattern of development among the countries comprising the East Asian Industrial Belt (namely, Japan, the newly industrialized economies, and the ASEAN-4 countries) suggesting that economic prosperity has trickled down within this group of countries leading to greater interdependence and integration; the South Asian and the South Pacific countries appear to have been lef...

Women's Status in South Korea: Tradition and Change

Abstract: The Republic of Korea (ROK) has experienced very rapid industrial growth and economic modernization since the end of the Korean War. Although the society's material change has been substantial, behavioral adjustments to the economic developments have occurred slowly and have sometimes been justified by tradition. Thus, inequities in women's opportunities are maintained through an elaborate system of role relationships that are rooted in and rationalized by Confucian customs; they are socially mandated and often legally condoned. However, despite the cultural limits on behavioral change, a women's rights movement has developed in the ROK over the past several years, and it is addressing issues of equity and worker exploitation-two universal concerns of modernized societies. The interaction of tradition with the calls for change issued by this women's rights movement is the focus of this study.

Japan's growing power over East Asia and the world economy : ends and means

Abstract: Great Powers, Hegemons and the International Political Economy of the Modern Era - America's Liberal Hegemony: Rebuilding the World, East Asian and Japanese Political Economies: Responsibilities, Dilemmas and Costs - Striving to become 'Number One' Japanese Foreign Policy, 1945 to Present - Japanese Hegemony in East Asia: Economic Predominance and Political Impact - The Cultural Roots of Japanese neo-Mercantilism - Japanese Neo-Mercantilism: Policymaking - Japanese Neo-Mercantilism: Policies - Japanese Hegemony and the American Challenge - The Future of Japanese Hegemony over East Asia and the World Economy - Bibliography - Index

Japan and East Asia

Abstract: In this chapter I shall describe and analyze Japan's relations during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods with various countries of East Asia and their governments, including the Sung, Yuan, and Ming dynasties of China, the Koryŏ and Yi dynasties of Korea, and the Ryūkyū Islands. My descriptions and analyses focus primarily on Japan's international political relations, particularly Japan's relationship with its Asian neighbors, the effect of this relationship on Japan's internal political developments, and, conversely, the influence of Japan's internal politics on its international relations. Because my research interests lie mainly in the Kamakura period, I shall discuss developments of that period more extensively than those of the later Muromachi period. JAPAN'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN EAST ASIA Around the tenth century the motive force in East Asia shifted from the Han People of China to the northern nomadic tribes, often called the conquest dynasties. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, East Asian history centered on the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire. The Southern Sung (1127–1279) was reestablished after China's territory was reduced by the consecutive invasions of the Liao and Chin, which generated a financial crisis owing to the massive military expenses. The Southern Sung, whose resources and level of productivity were lower than those of northern China, inherited the developments that took place in various industries during and following the dominance of the Northern Sung (960–1127) and vigorously promoted foreign trade in hopes of resolving its financial crisis.

Dental Anthropological Evidence of Affinities among the Oceania and the Pan-Pacific Populations:The Basic Populations in East Asia, II

Abstract: Non-metric dental traits of modern human populations reflect not simply phenotypic plasticity but also reflect genetic change. In the present study, sevendiscrete crown characters were observed.The biological relationships of eleven populations from the Pacific, East Asia and North America are assessed through the application of some distance analyses.The results obtained reveal that the dental characteristics of modern mainland Japanese, the Aeneolithic Yayoi population and Pima-Indians share the classic northern components. Some geographically isolated populations in Japan show, on the other hand, closer affinities to the Neolithic Jomon population, Negritos and the Pacific populations than to modern mainland Japanese.This is evidence that modern Japanese show considerable magnitude of admixture with one of the groups of the Aeneolithic Yayoi population who migratedfrom the northern part of Asia during the Yayoi period and the succeeding age.On the other hand, the Proto-Mongoloid population of late Pleistocene Southeast Asia gave rise to the Neolithic Jomon population, and then to native Japanese.As far as the dental characteristics are concerned, Negritos may be one of the possible representatives of groups through which the basic population in Japan have passed. Based on these findings, a dental anthropological model of population diversification in East Asia and the Pacific was discussed.

The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in South Asia

Abstract: In several of the world's regions a ‘general crisis’ seems to have occurred in the first half of the seventeenth century. At that time in each region, political instability and war, population decline and urban stagnation, economic crises marked by falling prices and depleted stocks of precious metals, and dramatic climatic shifts converged. These symptoms have been detected in western Europe, in the Ottoman lands, and even in China and Japan. Their causes have been attributed in part to the effects of the price revolution, partly to climate change, and in part to rising populations which begin to outstrip agricultural production. The latter tendency in particular seems to have caused a fiscal crisis for the absolutist agrarian states characteristic of Eurasia in this period. Other analyses stress the effects of a tightening linkage in the emerging capitalist world economy in which precious metal flows served to mark newly imposed interdependencies.

The Great Powers In East Asia: 1953-1960

Abstract: IntroductionThe Revolutionary Challenge to Early U.S. Cold Was Policy in AsiaA House Divided: The United States, the Department of State, and ChinaThe Best Defense is a Good Offense: Evolution of American Strategy in East AsiaEisenhower and Sino-American ConfrontationEisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy with Respect to AsiaThe Eisenhower Administration and Changes in Western Embargo Policy Against ChinaSearch for a Modus Vivendi: Anglo-American Relations and China PolicyJapan and the Soviet Role in East AsiaFrom San Francisco to Suez and Beyond: Anglo-Japanese RelationsAlliance in Crisis: The Lucky Dragon Incident and Japanese-American RelationsU.S. China Policy in the Eisenhower Era: A Soviet ViewThe Evolution of the People's Republic of China's Policy toward the Offshore IslandsBritish Policy in Southeast Asia: The Eisenhower EraThe American Search for Stability in Southeast Asia: TheSEATO Structure of ContainmentBreakthrough to the East: Soviet Asain Policy in the 1950sIndex

Down under or centre stage? The world images of Australian students

Abstract: SUMMARY As part of a major international study, 219 first‐year geography students at three Australian universities drew sketch maps of the world. These maps were overwhelmingly Sinocentric in orientation. In terms of content, Australian students tended to include slightly fewer countries than students elsewhere. The level of inclusion of individual countries in the sketch maps was influenced greatly by the area and population of the countries in question but secondary factors such as proximity to Australia, Commonwealth nation status, historical/cultural factors and level of economic development were also important. In comparison to students throughout the world, Australian students demonstrated a fair knowledge of East Asia and ASEAN nations, Western Europe and Commonwealth nations, and relatively poor knowledge of Latin America, non‐Commonwealth Africa and South‐west Asia.

Population changes in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (1949-1984).

Abstract: Population developments in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China from 1948 to 1984 are analyzed. Comparisons are made with China as a whole to illustrate the regions unique demographic characteristics. Large-scale migration from elsewhere in China has affected the regions spatial distribution ethnic composition and urbanization levels. The author also notes differences in demographic trends among the regions minority nationalities. (ANNOTATION)

The Making of an Industrial South Africa: Trade and Tariffs in the Interwar Period

Abstract: The process of industrialization has long formed a central theme for historians of the modern world. The reasons are quite clear: the wealth and power of nations have long rested upon a well-established industrial sector. The historical study of industrialization in Africa, however, has generated a truncated literature, reflecting the poor performance of the continent's manufacturing sector. Far from seeking to explain the course of industrialization, most scholarly attention has revolved around discussions of the forces that have hindered the development of modern industry.3 By almost any measure South Africa stands apart from these conclusions. Over the course of this century the country has moved from being a peripheral, primary producing nation to the industrial powerhouse of the continent. Yet it is striking how few of the comparative themes that have preoccupied scholars of industrialization in Africa, Latin America, and even East Asia have been engaged by those analyzing the course of South African industrialization. In

The Economic Determinants of Military Expenditure in Selected East Asian Countries

Abstract: This paper examines the economic determinants of defence spend ing in six East Asian countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines. It is hypothesized that economic factors play an important role in determining military spending levels in these countries. Our results, which support the earlier work by Geoffrey Harris, suggest that economic variables and resource availability are probably the main determinants of military expenditures. Three basic patterns were found: stabiliza tion, augmentation, and distributed Jags. While all countries increased their defence budgets as expected GNP increased, a significant variation between countries existed as to the timing of the increased defence allocations. The variations were so large that specific a priori generalizations could not be made as to how eco nomic constraints control the budgetary process in these countries.

Political Change in South Korea: The Challenge of the Conservative Alliance

Abstract: A revolutionary change has been made in South Korean politics under the Sixth Republic. On January 22, 1990, President Roh Tae Woo and the two opposition leaders, Kim Young Sam and Kim Jong Pil, jointly announced the creation of a new governing party, the Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), thus leaving the largest opposition party, led by Kim Dae Jung, in isolation. The precarious "one-Roh, threeKim" four-party system, which had lasted for almost two years, was suddenly abandoned, and a new asymmetric three-party system in the form of a "oone-Roh, two-Kim" grand alliance versus "one Kim" (and "one Lee") has emerged. ' Given the traditional pattern of hostile zero-sum confrontation between the government and the opposition, the new political experiment signifies drastic chemical as well as physical changes in South Korea's body politic. The impact of the surprise merger is indeed far-reaching. Domestically, the pace of the "democratization" process is now dominated by the new ruling party with its nearly three-quarters parliamentary majority. InterKorean relations are more regulated by the new conservative alliance in the South under less influence from the opposition. Externally, South Korea's relations with the U.S. are becoming more subtle as the political base of Seoul's bargaining position has been strengthened commensurately. On the other hand, its relations with Japan are becoming more pragmatic as the two governments are now under comparable political structures. In addition, the Nordpolitik of South Korea is being accelerated because of reduced concern about the negative domestic political feedback.

Differences in language use between North and South Korea

Abstract: Firmly rooted in the rotten feudal, bourgeois life, the Korean language now spoken in Seoul still uses the type of nasal twangs favored by women to flirt with men ...; on top of this, English, Japanese, and Chinese loan words, now swarming in Seoul speech, amounting to more than half the total Korean vocabulary, have turned it into a mixed language. Therefore, we should now take Pyongyang speech as the standard since it is the language spoken in Pyongyang, our revolutionary capital, where ...

Internationalization strategies of Japanese electronics companies

Abstract: The strategies of Japanese electronics firms have major implications for the electronics industries of the East Asian NIEs as well as the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) member countries. Japan's electronics industry has been undergoing a drastic restructuring in recent years, precipitated to a large extent by the strong revaluation of the yen. A marked shift is occurring away from consumer electronics to industrial electronics and electronic components (in particular, semiconductors). At the same time, within the consumer electronics industry, firms have focused their domestic production on the highest value-added segments of the market. Labor-intensive production processes and products which are not sharply differentiated by quality or special performance features are being shifted to the low wage ASEAN countries.An elaborate intra-regional division of labor is taking shape. Subsidiaries of Japanese firms established elsewhere in Asia still rely heavily on ...

China, Japan and Economic Interdependence in the Asia Pacific Region

Abstract: China, Japan and Economic Interdependence in the Asia Pacific RegionIn expressing their gratitude for economic co-operation from Japan, Chinese leaders noted that such assistance would also be profitable to Japan in the long run. We in Japan certainly have no objection to this view. (Sakutaro Tanino, The Japan Times, 1 October 1988.)