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Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1993"


01 Jan 1993

864 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that Asia is becoming more important to the United States at the same time that it is becoming less stable as an arena of great power interaction, which is a bad combination, precisely the opposite of that in Western Europe.
Abstract: I E a s t Asia is becoming a more important interest to the United States at the same time that it is becoming less stable as an arena of great power interaction.’ This is a bad combination, precisely the opposite of that in Western Europe. It is also not entirely obvious. Superficially, the region appears fairly peaceful at present, but the security order that will replace the Cold War framework is not yet clear.2

198 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper found that the level of trade in East Asia is biased intra-regionally, as it is within the European Community and within the Western Hemisphere, to a greater extent than can be explained naturally by distance.
Abstract: The paper reaches seven conclusions regarding the Yen Bloc that Japan is reputed to be forming in East Asia and the Pacific. (1) Gravity-model estimates of bilateral trade show that the level of trade in East Asia is biased intra-regionally, as it is within the European Community and within the Western Hemisphere, to a greater extent than can be explained naturally by distance. One might call these three regions "super-natural" blocs, in contrast to Krugman's "natural" trade blocs. (2) There is no evidence of a special Japan effect. (3) Once one properly accounts for rapid growth in Asia, the statistics do not bear out a trend toward intra-regional bias of trade flows. (4) The world's strongest trade grouping, whether judged by rate of change of intra-group bias or (as of 1990) by level of bias, is the one that includes the U.S. and Canada with the Asian/Pacific countries, i.e., APEC. (5) There is a bit of evidence of Japanese influence in East Asia's financial markets. Tokyo appears to have acquired significant influence over interest rates in a few Asian countries, though overall its influence is still smaller than that of New York. (6) Some of Japan's financial and monetary influence takes place through a growing role for the yen, at the expense of the dollar. The yen has become relatively more important in exchange rate policies and invoicing of trade and finance in the region. (7) But this trend is less the outcome of Japanese policymakers's wishes, than of the pressure from the U.S. government to internationalize the yen.

146 citations


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: This paper examined the political and institutional factors that influence the initiation and efficiency of preferential credit policies, as well as the politics of financial market liberalization in eight East Asian and Latin American countries: Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Chile, Mexico, and Brazil.
Abstract: Historically, developing countries have been deeply involved in the allocation of financial resources. Yet despite the growing interest in the role of finance in economic development, relatively little attention has been paid to the political dimensions of credit allocation. This collection of ten original essays explores the politics of finance in eight East Asian and Latin American countries: Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Chile, Mexico, and Brazil. The essays examine the political and institutional factors that influence the initiation and efficiency of preferential credit policies, as well as the politics of financial market liberalization. The book has implications not only for finance, but for the political economy of growth in East Asia and Latin America and the prospects for effective industrial policies.

121 citations


Book
25 Jun 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take a fresh look at the relevant literature and sifts the rhetoric from the reality of the East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
Abstract: The phenomenal success of the East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore is now well-known and documented. Their success has been discussed to such an extent that it has become entrenched as part of the folklore of development economics. The Newly Industrializing Economies of East Asia takes a fresh look at the relevant literature and sifts the rhetoric from the reality. In the course of surveying the vast range of writing two competing paradigms become clear: the neo-classical approach which interprets the East Asian economic miracle as the predictable outcome of `good' policies; and the statist perspective which draws attention to the central role of the government in guiding East Asian economic development. Throughout the book the authors mix country-specific experiences with broader trends.

118 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a map of the circum-Pacific region and a timeline of index and guide fossil sites, as well as a geology and stratigraphy of the region.
Abstract: Introduction Part I. Time Scales: 1. Numerical time scale in 1989 2. Magnetic polarity time scale Part II. Circum-Pacific Base Map: 3. Reconstruction of the circum-Pacific region Part III. Regional Geology and Stratigraphy: 4. Western Canada and United States 5. Meso-America 6. Western South America 7. Australasia 8. Indonesia 9. Southeast Asia and Japan 10. Eastern China 11. Eastern Soviet Union Part IV. Chronostratigraphy, Index and Guide Fossils: 12. Ammonite zones of the circum-Pacific region 13. Palynomorphs in the circum-Pacific region 14. Radiolarian biozones of North America and Japan 15. Ostracods of western Canada 16. Bivalve zones and assemblages of the circum-Pacific region 17. Belemnites of the Southwest Pacific Part V. Biogeography: 18. Macroflora of eastern Asia and other circum-Pacific regions 19. Ostracods and foraminifers of western interior North America 20. Ostracods of China 21. Corals of the circum-Pacific region 22. Brachiopods of the western Pacific 23. Belemnites of the circum-Pacific region 24. Ammonites of the circum-Pacific region 25. Fish of the circum-Pacific region 26. Marine reptiles of the circum-Pacific region 27. Climate and oceanography of the Pacific region Part VI. Atlas of Index and Guide Fossils.

107 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that competition policy in both Japan and Korea was oriented towards creating dynamic efficiency (the highest long term productivity growth rate), which sometimes restricted competition and sometimes encouraged it.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the neglected role of competition policy in East Asian development. Michael Porter considers Japan's development to have benefitted from intense competition among firms. By contrast, Caves and Uekusa criticize MITI's role in creating recession cartels and entry barriers, which are thought to have resulted in allocative inefficiency. This paper argues that competition policy in both Japan and Korea was oriented towards creating dynamic efficiency (the highest long term productivity growth rate). It did so by measures, operating at both the industry and firm level, which sometimes restricted competition and sometimes encouraged it.

102 citations



Posted ContentDOI
01 Jan 1993

80 citations


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Leipziger et al. as mentioned in this paper present a compilation of case studies and cross-country essays focusing on the role of public policy in the experience of East Asian economies, including case studies for the first generation of rapidly developing East Asian economics and later generation success stories.
Abstract: This compilation of case studies and cross-country essays focuses on the role of public policy in the experience of East Asian economies. A major theme running through the volume is regional learning and regional contagion--the spread of that learning. Beginning with the model and experience of Japan and continuing with the impressive achievements of countries originally considered unviable in the 1950s and 1960s, like Korea and Taiwan, contributors demonstrate how regional policy lessons permeated borders easily. The 1980s brought further lessons and flows of capital to the second generation of rapid industrializers. And the 1990s have seen regional contagion benefit new aspirants like Vietnam. As the chapters cumulatively reveal, however, the transferability of lessons depends on the institutional framework in which policy is formulated, the consistency of policy, and the quality of implementation.Part 1 includes the case studies for the first generation of rapidly developing East Asian economics--the tigers--while Part 2 incorporates the later generation success stories--the cubs--plus the Philippines, a country only now beginning to show significant progress. Part 3 includes cross-country essays on public investment, foreign direct investment, and cross-country patterns that synthesize the lessons learned and propose actions for other development aspirants to pursue.The essays aim to fill two major gaps--the paucity of country-specific work on the institutional side of development policy and the failure to explain the mixed record of industrial policies in East Asia. The volume will appeal to students, scholars, and policymakers in development economics.Danny M. Leipziger is Lead Economist, Latin America Region, World Bank.This title was formally part of the Studies in International Trade Policy Series, now called Studies in International Economics.

Book
01 Oct 1993
TL;DR: The earliest inhabitants: 1,000,000-40,000 years ago innovations of modern humans: 40,000 -10, 000 years ago Littoral foragers: 10, 000-1000 BC agricultural beginnings: 7000-2000 BC the emergence of Neolithic elites: 3500-2000BC the mainland Bronze Age: 2000-1500 BC early mainland states: 1300-200 BC the northern frontier: 3000-300 BC the spread of rice agriculture: 1000 BC-AD 300 the making and breaking of empire: 220 BC -AD 500 the Yellow Sea interaction sphere: 500
Abstract: Preface orientation archaeology emergent the earliest inhabitants: 1,000,000-40,000 years ago innovations of modern humans: 40,000-10,000 years ago Littoral foragers: 10,000-1000 BC agricultural beginnings: 7000-2000 BC the emergence of Neolithic elites: 3500-2000 BC the mainland Bronze Age: 2000-1500 BC early mainland states: 1300-200 BC the northern frontier: 3000-300 BC the spread of rice agriculture: 1000 BC-AD 300 the making and breaking of empire: 220 BC-AD 500 the Yellow Sea interaction sphere: 500 BC-AD 500 the mounded tomb cultures: AD 300-700 * East Asian civilization: AD 650-800 epilogue: AD 800-1800 notes to the text sources of illustrations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The craniofacial variations suggest that the generalized Asian populations represent at least part of the morphological background of not only the majority of present Southeast Asians, but also the Neolithic Jomon people and their lineage in Japan, Polynesians, and western Micronesians.
Abstract: Distance analyses were applied to 11 craniofacial measurements recorded in samples from East and Southeast Asia, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia for the purpose of assessing the biological affinities and possible origins of these populations. A clear separation between Australomelanesians and other populations from East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific is evident. The craniofacial variations suggest that the generalized Asian populations (Negritos, Dayaks, Lesser Sunda Islands, etc.) represent at least part of the morphological background of not only the majority of present Southeast Asians, but also the Neolithic Jomon people and their lineage in Japan, Polynesians, and western Micronesians. The original craniofacial features of Southeast Asians may have occurred as the result of convergent microevolution due to similar environmental conditions such as tropical rain forest. This supports the local-evolution hypothesis for modern Southeast Asian craniofacial features.

01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In some cities >250000 people are added to the total population each year as discussed by the authors in the developing world and 93% of the world urban population will increase between 1990 and 2020.
Abstract: In some cities >250000 people are added to the total population each year. Between 1950 and 1990 the worlds urban population increased from 730 million to 2.3 billion. Between 1990 and 2020 it is likely to double again to >4.6 billion. 93% of this increase will occur in the developing world. The total size of the urban population in the developing world overtook that of the developed world in the early 1970s and now stands at around 1400 million compared to around 900 million for the developed world. The rate of growth of urban population has slowed somewhat since the 1950s both in the developed world and the developing world. During the 1970s and 1980s China has pursued vigorous policies to limit urban growth as a result of which urban population growth dropped from >8% per year in the late 1950s to just 1.4% in the early 1980s. South and Southeast Asia experienced quite rapid urbanization: slightly over 4% per year from 1970-85. 26% of the regions population lived in urban areas in 1985. Latin America is the most urbanized region of the developing world with nearly 70% of the regions population living in urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanizing continent with an average rate of growth of urban population of 5%/year from 1970-85. The remaining 9% of the developing worlds urban population is located in Western Asia (5%) Eastern Asia (4%) and the Pacific (.1%). The rapid growth of urban population has obvious implications for the infrastructure and service needs of cities. The failure to expand water supplies sanitation systems housing supply and transportation to match the growth of population has been a prime cause of misery in the cities of the developing world. Sketches of 3 of the worlds rapidly growing cities (Dar es Salaam Sao Paulo and Jakarta) illustrate the conditions and some of the grave problems which cities in the developing world encounter.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A gross imbalance developed between postwar Japan's economic and political weight, not only in dealing with the West but also in Asia because Cold War barriers limited Japan's interest in, and ability to cultivate relations there as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Japan's postwar foreign policy has been called a "lowcost, low-risk foreign policy" that allowed Japan to focus on economic development while avoiding costly military and political burdens. As a consequence, however, a gross imbalance developed between postwar Japan's economic and political weight, not only in dealing with the West but also in Asia because Cold War barriers limited Japan's interest in, and ability to cultivate relations there. Today, however, Japan has new opportunities and needs; since the mid-1980s it has sought leadership through growing contributions to North-South relations and international peace and security. In developing international leadership, Japan cultivates two roles: that of an advanced economic and political partner with the West, and that of an Asian nation leading others in East Asia. Japan now emphasizes economic policy coordination with the United States and Europe through G-7 mechanisms, development cooperation through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and security cooperation through the proposed inclusion of Japan among the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. With regard to Asia, Japan is trying to bury the past and construct a strong set of bilateral relations. This explains the visits to Southeast Asia and China by the Heisei Emperor, and the ritualistic shazai gaiko (apology diplomacy) of Japanese prime ministers as they tour the region and at the United Nations. Japan has also worked to strengthen regional economic cooperation fora, and in the area of regional peace and security, it has pledged to support the cost of peacekeeping operations and future reconstruction efforts in Cambodia, as well as committing peacekeeping personnel there in 1992 to assist the

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The acceleration of regional arms races is made more worrisome by the absence of any regional arms control talks, such as those now under way in the Middle East, and by the growing technological prowess of the leading Asian powers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Despite the end of the Cold War?perhaps because of it?the nations of East and Southeast Asia are engaged in accelerating arms races with significant implications for regional and international security. The recent sale of American F-16 fighter jets to Taiwan and Russian Su-27 fighter jets to China are part of a larger arms acquisi tion effort as both countries also upgrade their own military produc tion capabilities. Other countries in the region?Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the two Koreas?are also involved in major arms acquisition programs and the development of high-tech military industries. Although these nations have generally managed to avoid direct combat with one another since the Vietnam War (the short border conflict between China and Vietnam in 1979 being the sole exception), continuing tension in Korea and a number of territorial disputes in the South China Sea area could provide the sparks to ignite a regional conflagration. The acceleration of regional arms races is made more worrisome by the absence of any regional arms control talks, such as those now under way in the Middle East, and by the growing technological prowess of the leading Asian powers. While most of the nato and former Warsaw Pact countries are reducing their military expendi tures and slowing the development of new weapons, many East Asian countries are raising their military outlays?in some cases by a

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The authors provided a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors that led to the "miracle" in the four Pacific Basin countries of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, by combining a wide-ranging empirical body of data with a broad theoretical approach.
Abstract: The four Pacific Basin countries of Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore, have each defied the vicious circle of poverty in the post-war years, emerging as dynamic and rapidly growing economies. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic factors that led to the 'miracle'. The authors combine a wide-ranging empirical body of data with a broad theoretical approach to its analysis. They reach conclusions that can serve as a guide to likely future developments. The book makes an original contribution by describing international trade data that relates to the evaluation of the extraordinary success of these four countries.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the major theoretical frameworks on women and development, women's role in South Korean economic development, the status of South Korean women in the economic, social, and political arenas, and a series of factors that help account for the backwardness of women in South Korea.
Abstract: During the last three decades, South Korea has experienced a remarkable economic growth that is often referred to as a "miracle." The densely populated country, with little arable land, virtually no mineral reserves, and an excessively heavy military burden, has recorded one of the highest rates of economic growth of any country. From 1953 to 1990, South Korea's GNP registered an average annual growth rate of 8 percent, with many peaks over 10 percent. These rates surpassed the 4 to 5 percent of the advanced industrial economies, the socialist countries, and the oil producers. Since independence in 1945, South Korea has evolved from a state of poverty characterized by periodic hunger and starvation to a model case of the newly industrializing countries in the world. Have the spectacular economic development and rapid modernization been accompanied by substantial progress in women's status in South Korea? This study will advance the thesis that, in spite of South Korean women's significant contribution to the export-led economic growth of the country, a reward commensurate with their contribution has not followed. In advancing this thesis, the paper will examine the major theoretical frameworks on women and development, women's role in South Korean economic development, the status of South Korean women in the economic, social, and political arenas, and a series of factors that help account for the backwardness of South Korean women.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzes the structure and phasing of China's reform programs since 1978, evaluates China's economic performance in a comparative context, and assesses the causal relationships between reforms and performance.
Abstract: The paper analyzes the structure and phasing of China's reform programs since 1978, evaluates China's economic performance in a comparative context, and assesses the causal relationships between reforms and performance. It concludes that China's economic performance has indeed been very strong, comparable with the rapidly growing economies of East Asia. Its economy has responded positively to reforms, even though these have been partial and are still incomplete in many respects, notably in the area of property rights. Marketization, management contracting, and increased autonomy have raised the productivity of state enterprises, but the response has been largest in the so-called "nonstate" sector, which is characterized by harder budget constraints, high rates of entry and exit and considerable domestic and international competition, and which has also benefited from the "open door" policy. However, some core issues of reform socialism-state ownership of industry, excessive demands for credits and subsidi...


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia have been analyzed and a structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89.
Abstract: A number of Asian countries have been able to follow the example of Japan and develop sophisticated industrial economies in a relatively short time. Specifically, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan have become known as the "Four Tigers" of Asia due to their strength and importance in international markets. It is not only the pace of industrialisation but the relative equity which has accompanied growth in these countries that has fascinated economists.This paper analyses alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia. A structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89. This technique has been chosen because it can discriminate between structural hypotheses.The first model tested is a model of export-led output growth. In this exercise exports are allowed to have a direct stimulating effect on the economy. In ...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With an eye on the transition from socialism to capitalism in Central Europe and the decline of industrial economies such as Britain, the authors contributes to the debate on the economic development of Japan and the newly industrialized countries of East Asia.
Abstract: With an eye on the transition from socialism to capitalism in Central Europe and the decline of industrial economies such as Britain, the article contributes to the debate on the economic development of Japan and the newly industrialized countries of East Asia. It begins with a discussion of the reasons why accounts derived from neoclassical economic theory have dominated explanations of industrialization in the region. By reference to three recent books on the development of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, the article proceeds to mount a critique of the economic orthodoxy, arguing for a central role to be accorded to state influence and direction over the economy. The article ends by suggesting that there are a number of elements in the East Asian model of development that could be creatively appropriated to inform strategies for economic rejuvenation elsewhere in the world.

Posted Content
TL;DR: Frieden et al. as mentioned in this paper discussed the possibility of Japan becoming a regional power in Asia and the potential for Japan to join the Asia-Pacific region as a regional economic power.
Abstract: Preface Introduction Jeffrey A Frankel Miles Kahler I Is Pacific Asia Becoming A Regional Bloc? 1 The East Asian Trading Bloc: An Analytical History, Peter A Petri Comment: Stephan Haggard 2 Is Japan Creating A Yen Bloc In East Asia And The Pacific?, Jeffrey A Frankel Comment: Robert Z Lawrence 3 Pricing Strategies And Trading Blocs In East Asia, Gary R Saxonhouse Comment: Robert Gilpin 4 Trading Blocs And The Incentives To Protect: Implications For Japan And East Asia, Kenneth A Froot And David B Yoffie Comment: Marcus Noland Comment: Jeffry A Frieden II Japanese Foreign Direct Investment In East Asia 5 Japanese Foreign Investment And The Creation Of A Pacific-Asian Region, Richard F Doner Comment: Robert E Lipsey 6 Japan As A Regional Power In Asia, Peter J Katzenstein And Martin Rouse Comment: Wing Thye Woo III Does Japan Have The Qualities Of Leadership? 7 How To Succeed Without Really Flying: The Japanese Aircraft Industry And Japan's Technology Ideology, David B Friedman And Richard J Samuels Comment: Gregory W Noble 8 Foreign Aid And Burdensharing: Is Japan Free-Riding To A Co-Prosperity Sphere In Pacific Asia?, Shafiqul Islam Comment: Stephen D Krasner Comment: Robert Dekle Comment: Takashi Inoguchi 9 US Political Pressure And Economic Liberalization In East Asia, Takatoshi Ito Comment: Frances Rosenbluth 10 Domestic Politics And Regional Cooperation: The United States, Japan, And Pacific Money And Finance, Jeffry A Frieden Comment: Takeo Hoshi 11 National Security Aspects Of United States--Japan Economic Relations In The Pacific Asian Region, Martin Feldstein Contributors Author Index Subject Index

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cercopithecids, which were only minor elements of the late Tertiary primate faunas, colonized tropical, subtropical and temperate environments in the Pleistocene and were able to reradiate into those environments after the LGM.
Abstract: Primate faunas in East Asia since the mid-Tertiary have undergone a series of major changes in response to a complex sequence of environmental changes. As a consequence of the Himalayan orogeny and th

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: A brief history of Korea can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the origins of Korea, the Koryo Dynasty 915-1391 the Yi Dynasty 1392-1910 Japanese colonial exploitation 1910-45 Korea 1945-53 - from the year zero to war.
Abstract: Part 1 A brief history of Korea: the origins of the nation and three kingdoms the Koryo Dynasty 915-1391 the Yi Dynasty 1392-1910 Japanese colonial exploitation 1910-45 Korea 1945-53 - from the year zero to war. Part 2 The evolution of two rival systems: general background transitional reforms, economic plans and management systems. Part 3 An economic comparison of North and South: a few words about economic statistics the macroeconomies. Part 4 Public finance in North and South Korea: North Korean development South Korean development. Part 5 External relations: North Korea future prospects. Part 6 North-South relations today: the structure of industry and trade in North and South the opening of North-South dialogue general lessons from East-West German interactions the future of inter-Korean relations and unification. Part 7 Relations with other NorthEast Asian countries: prospects for external economic policy reform in North Korea the development of inter-state relations in the NorthEast Asian Region prospects for co-operation the changing environment for inter-Korean transactions in NorthEast Asian development Korea to the year 2000 - the costs of reunification.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that Jomonese are much more like the prehistoric mainland Southeast Asians and recent aboriginal people in Borneo, the Dajaks, than like East Asians, Polynesians (Hawaiians), western Micronesians (Guamanians), Melanesian, Melanesians, and Australians.
Abstract: Univariate and multivariate statistical procedures were applied to 24 measurements recorded in 944 crania from East and Southeast Asia and Oceania to assess the possible origins and affinities of these populations with special reference to the origin of Jomonese. The results show that Jomonese are much more like the prehistoric mainland Southeast Asians and recent aboriginal people in Borneo, the Dajaks, than like East Asians, Polynesians (Hawaiians), western Micronesians (Guamanians), Melanesians, and Australians. The orthodox view of Southeast Asian prehistory has held that the region was occupied by Australomelanesians before the southern expansion of Chinese between 2, 000 and 4, 000 years ago. The contradictory findings presented here form the basis of an alternative view that Southeast Asian craniofacial features resulted from local evolution, not admixture. The present findings favor the prehistoric Southeast Asians, with lesser admixture with East Asian invaders from the north, as the most likely source for not only the present-day Southeast Asians, but also prehistoric Jomonese, and the Pacific populations.