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Showing papers on "East Asia published in 2012"


DOI
01 Sep 2012
TL;DR: The use of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise is now spreading in most regions of the world: after a first decade of literature development on both sides of the Atlantic since the late 1990s, research communities are emerging in Eastern and Central Europe (Borzaga et al., 2008), in most countries of Eastern Asia, including China (Defourny and Kuan, 2011), in India, Australia, Israel and in several Latin American countries.
Abstract: Most scholars who used the notions of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise twelve years ago share the feeling today that they would have been totally unable to foresee the outstanding interest such concepts are now attracting. Indeed, the use of the latter is now spreading in most regions of the world: after a fi rst decade of literature development on both sides of the Atlantic since the late 1990s, research communities are emerging in Eastern and Central Europe (Borzaga et al., 2008), in most countries of Eastern Asia, including China (Defourny and Kuan, 2011), in India, Australia, Israel and in several Latin American countries.

203 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Wang et al. showed that a weakening in surface sensible heating over the Tibetan plateau results in reduced summer precipitation in the plateau region and a reduction in the associated latent heat release in summer.
Abstract: Data analysis based on station observations reveals that many meteorological variables averaged over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are closely correlated, and their trends during the past decades are well correlated with the rainfall trend of the Asian summer monsoon. However, such correlation does not necessarily imply causality. Further diagnosis confirms the existence of a weakening trend in TP thermal forcing, characterized by weakened surface sensible heat flux in spring and summer during the past decades. This weakening trend is associated with decreasing summer precipitation over northern South Asia and North China and increasing precipitation over northwestern China, South China, and Korea. An atmospheric general circulation model, the HadAM3, is employed to elucidate the causality between the weakening TP forcing and the change in the Asian summer monsoon rainfall. Results demonstrate that a weakening in surface sensible heating over the TP results in reduced summer precipitation in the plateau region and a reduction in the associated latent heat release in summer. These changes in turn result in the weakening of the near-surface cyclonic circulation surrounding the plateau and the subtropical anticyclone over the subtropical western North Pacific, similar to the results obtained from the idealized TP experiment in Part I of this study. The southerly that normally dominates East Asia, ranging from the South China Sea to North China, weakens, resulting in a weaker equilibrated Sverdrup balance between positive vorticity generation and latent heat release. Consequently, the convergence of water vapor transport is confined to South China, forming a unique anomaly pattern in monsoon rainfall, the so-called “south wet and north dry.” Because the weakening trend in TP thermal forcing is associated with global warming, the present results provide an effective means for assessing projections of regional climate over Asia in the context of global warming.

191 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The basic data on TM systems in these three countries are summarized to compare them in terms of overall policy, education, and insurance to contribute to the development of TM and also be used for reference in complementary and alternative medicine systems.
Abstract: Background and Purpose. Traditional medicine (TM) has been widely used in China (including the Taiwan region), Korea, and Japan. The purposes of this paper are to summarize the basic data on TM systems in these three countries and to compare them in terms of overall policy, education, and insurance. Methods. Government websites, national statistics, and authoritative papers from each country were fully searched. Further data were gathered by TM experts from each country. Results. China and Korea showed similar patterns in TM systems, whereas Japan showed different patterns. In China and Korea, TM was practiced in a dual system with conventional medicine (CM), and TM education was 6-year training programs on average for TM doctors, and acupuncture, moxibustion, and cupping were completely insured. Whereas, CM was dominant in Japan, and TM was practiced by each health care worker who has received different TM education respectively, and main TM therapies were partially insured. Conclusions. TM was developed similarly or somewhat differently based on differences in cultural background and national policies in East Asia. We cautiously propose that this study could contribute to the development of TM and also be used for reference in complementary and alternative medicine systems.

187 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate changes to the ownership and control of East Asia's largest companies in 1996 and 2008 and find that the state has become increasingly important as an owner of domestic firms as well as of foreign firms.
Abstract: We investigate changes to the ownership and control of East Asia’s largest companies in 1996 and 2008. Newly compiled data for 1,386 publicly traded companies at the end of 2008 is supplemented with existing data on 1,606 publicly traded companies at the end of 1996. Two main findings stand out. First, where status quo political arrangements persist, pre-existing ownership arrangements go unchanged or become more entrenched. Where major political changes occurred, corporate ownership would undergo substantial changes. Second, the state has become increasingly important as an owner of domestic firms as well as of foreign firms.

181 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors presented an overview of the perceived importance and accelerated spread of English language education, both formal and informal, in three East Asian countries (i.e., China, Japan and South Korea) against the backdrop of globalisation and emergent ideological, sociocultural and educational trends.
Abstract: This article presents an overview of the perceived importance and accelerated spread of English language education, both formal and informal, in three East Asian countries (i.e. China, Japan and South Korea) against the backdrop of globalisation and emergent ideological, sociocultural and educational trends. It begins with a review of the recent developments in English language education in each of the countries, the ostensible reasons for English language education and the ideological issues contributing to the recent English language education initiatives. This is followed by a discussion and a critique of the common trends and themes manifested in the three countries’ recent initiatives to reform and improve English language education. The article concludes with a number of policy recommendations for English language education in East Asia and other countries, where English does not have an institutional role to play.

180 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several institutional features of South Korean education, including a standardized curriculum, extreme focus on test preparation, and extensive shadow education, which may combine to suppress the effect of children’s embodied cultural capital on academic achievement, are highlighted.
Abstract: The concept of cultural capital has proved invaluable in understanding educational systems in Western countries, and recent work seeks to extend those insights to the diverse educational systems of other geographic regions. We explored cultural capital in South Korea by investigating the relationships among family socioeconomic status (SES), cultural capital, and children's academic achievement using data from the 2000 Programme for International Student Assessment. South Korea was compared with Japan, France, and the United States to understand how institutional features of South Korean education shape the role of cultural capital in academic success. Results showed that family SES had a positive effect on both parental objectified cultural capital and children's embodied cultural capital in South Korea, consistent with evidence from the other countries. Moreover, parental objectified cultural capital had a positive effect on children's academic achievement in South Korea. In contrast to other countries, however, children's embodied cultural capital had a negative effect on academic achievement in South Korea controlling for the other variables. We highlighted several institutional features of South Korean education including a standardized curriculum, extreme focus on test preparation, and extensive shadow education, which may combine to suppress the effect of children's embodied cultural capital on academic achievement.

156 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new database of 19,105 solar photovoltaic patents taken out by Taiwan, Korea and China at the USPTO over the 24 years 1984-2008 was deployed, and the knowledge flows revealed in these patents using a set of 12 International Patent Classification technology categories.

143 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings challenge the notion of relative evolutionary and demographic stability of Tertiary relict trees, and may serve as a guideline for assessing the impact of Neogene climate change on the evolution and distribution of East Asian temperate plants.
Abstract: East Asia's temperate deciduous forests served as sanctuary for Tertiary relict trees, but their ages and response to past climate change remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we elucidated the evolutionary and population demographic history of Cercdiphyllum, comprising species in China/Japan (Cercdiphyllum japonicum) and central Japan (Cercdiphyllum magnificum). Fifty-three populations were genotyped using chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequences and microsatellite loci to assess molecular structure and diversity in relation to past (Last Glacial Maximum) and present distributions based on ecological niche modelling. Late Tertiary climate cooling was reflected in a relatively recent speciation event, dated at the Mio-/Pliocene boundary. During glacials, the warm-temperate C. japonicum experienced massive habitat losses in some areas (north-central China/north Japan) but increases in others (southwest/-east China, East China Sea landbridge, south Japan). In China, the Sichuan Basin and/or the middle-Yangtze were source areas of postglacial northward recolonization; in Japan, this may have been facilitated through introgressive hybridization with the cool-temperate C. magnificum. Our findings challenge the notion of relative evolutionary and demographic stability of Tertiary relict trees, and may serve as a guideline for assessing the impact of Neogene climate change on the evolution and distribution of East Asian temperate plants.

136 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided a synthesis of the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia, a region comprised of China, Japan, North and South Korea, and Mongolia, using three different approaches: inventories combined with satellite greenness measurements, terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle models and atmospheric inversion models.
Abstract: This REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes regional study provides a synthesis of the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia, a region comprised of China, Japan, North and South Korea, and Mongolia. We estimate the current terrestrial carbon balance of East Asia and its driving mechanisms during 1990-2009 using three different approaches: inventories combined with satellite greenness measurements, terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle models and atmospheric inversion models. The magnitudes of East Asia's terrestrial carbon sink from these three approaches are comparable: -0.293 +/- 0.033 PgC yr(-1) from inventory-remote sensing model-data fusion approach, -0.413 +/- 0.141 PgC yr(-1)(not considering biofuel emissions) or -0.224 +/- 0.141 PgC yr(-1) (considering biofuel emissions) for carbon cycle models, and -0.270 +/- 0.507 PgC yr(-1) for atmospheric inverse models. Here and in the following, the numbers behind +/- signs are standard deviations. The ensemble of ecosystem modeling based analyses further suggests that at the regional scale, climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 together resulted in a carbon sink of -0.289 +/- 0.135 PgC yr(-1), while land-use change and nitrogen deposition had a contribution of -0.013 +/- 0.029 PgC yr(-1) and -0.107 +/- 0.025 PgC yr(-1), respectively. Although the magnitude of climate change effects on the carbon balance varies among different models, all models agree that in response to climate change alone, southern China experienced an increase in carbon storage from 1990 to 2009, while northern East Asia including Mongolia and north China showed a decrease in carbon storage. Overall, our results suggest that about 13-27% of East Asia's CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning have been offset by carbon accumulation in its terrestrial territory over the period from 1990 to 2009. The underlying mechanisms of carbon sink over East Asia still remain largely uncertain, given the diversity and intensity of land management processes, and the regional conjunction of many drivers such as nutrient deposition, climate, atmospheric pollution and CO2 changes, which cannot be considered as independent for their effects on carbon storage.

124 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the real and financial integration of East Asian economies and compare the degree of real vs. financial integration, and the extent of integration before vs. after the 1997~98 financial crisis in East Asia economies.
Abstract: We examine the real and financial integration of East Asian economies. We focus on comparing the degree of real vs. financial integration, the degree of global vs. regional integration, and the extent of integration before vs. after the 1997~98 financial crisis in East Asian economies. We analyze price and quantity measures of integration such as the size of intra- and inter-region trade, cross-border financial assets, correlation of stock returns, and interest differentials. In addition, we adopt a panel VAR approach of investigating cross-country output inter-dependence and consumption relation in order to infer the macroeconomic consequences of real and financial integration on East Asian economies. The empirical investigations suggest that (1) quantity measure shows a significant increase in real integration within East Asia; (2) the integration in real side based on output linkage increased substantially after Asian crisis, both regionally and globally; (3) although quantity and price measures showed some increases in the degree of financial integration after crisis, the cross-country consumption relation did not change much; (4) the degree of regional financial integration within Asia is far smaller than the degree of global financial integration, based on consumption-based measure, and (5) financial integration lags behind real integration, especially for regional integration within Asia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the impact of face saving and group orientation on the perception of luxury goods across four East Asian countries and found that face saving has the strongest influence on the conspicuous and hedonistic dimensions of luxury, while group orientation is the strongest predictor of the quality, extended self and exclusivity dimensions of the luxury.
Abstract: Purpose: The paper aims to further extend our understanding by assessing the extent to which two prominent cultural values in East Asia i.e. face saving and group orientation drive consumers' perceptions of luxury goods across four East Asian markets. Design/methodology/approach: A multi-methods research approach was adopted consisting of: an expert panel of close to 70 participants, group discussions with five extended East Asian families, personal interviews with eight East Asian scholars, a pilot test with over 50 East Asian graduate students and a multi-market survey of 443 consumer respondents in Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore and Hanoi. Findings: The authors extend previous conceptual studies by empirically investigating the impact of these two cultural values on the perception of luxury among East Asian societies. Specifically the study reveals that across all four markets face saving has the strongest influence on the conspicuous and hedonistic dimensions of luxury, group orientation meanwhile is the strongest predictor of the quality, extended self and exclusivity dimensions of luxury. Collectively these two cultural values significantly influence East Asian perceptions of luxury. Overall, the findings reiterate the importance of understanding different cultural values and their influence across different East Asian societies. Practical implications: The findings have important implications for managers of western luxury branded goods that are seeking to penetrate East Asian markets or seek to serve East Asian consumers. Specifically, to assist with developing suitable brand positioning, products, services, communications and pricing strategies. Originality/value: This study contributes to our understanding of the subject by exploring the impact of face saving and group orientation on the perception of luxury goods across four East Asian countries. Several directions for future research are suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that differential impacts of Quaternary climate oscillation associated with landscape heterogeneity have shaped the genetic structure of a wide‐ranging temperate tree in East Asia.
Abstract: We investigated the biogeographic history of Kalopanax septemlobus, one of the most widespread temperate tree species in East Asia, using a combined phylogeographic and palaeodistribution modelling approach. Range-wide genetic differentiation at nuclear microsatellites (G'(ST) = 0.709; 2205 samples genotyped at five loci) and chloroplast DNA (G(ST) = 0.697; 576 samples sequenced for 2055 bp at three fragments) was high. A major phylogeographic break in Central China corresponded with those of other temperate species and the spatial delineation of the two temperate forest subkingdoms of East Asia, consistent with the forests having been isolated within both East and West China for multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Evidence for multiple glacial refugia was found in most of its current range in China, South Japan and the southernmost part of the Korean Peninsula. In contrast, lineage admixture and absence of private alleles and haplotypes in Hokkaido and the northern Korean Peninsula support a postglacial origin of northernmost populations. Although palaeodistribution modelling predicted suitable climate across a land-bridge extending from South Japan to East China during the Last Glacial Maximum, the genetic differentiation of regional populations indicated a limited role of the exposed sea floor as a dispersal corridor at that time. Overall, this study provides evidence that differential impacts of Quaternary climate oscillation associated with landscape heterogeneity have shaped the genetic structure of a wide-ranging temperate tree in East Asia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the SCCPs in the air of East Asia were mainly influenced by local sources due to their relatively low long-range atmospheric transport potential compared to other POPs.
Abstract: This study presents the first investigation of concentrations and congener group patterns of atmospheric short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) throughout East Asia. Based on an absorption rate calibration experiment, a spatial survey of SCCPs was performed using passive air samplers in China, Japan, and South Korea during two separate periods in 2008. The atmospheric concentrations of SCCPs in China were clearly greater than those in Japan and South Korea, both of which exceed the levels determined for other regions of the world. C10 components were the most abundant type of SCCPs in China, whereas C11 components were dominant in Japan and South Korea. With respect to the total chlorine content, Cl6 and Cl5 were the predominant compounds in China and Japan; however, Cl6 and Cl7 were predominant in South Korea. A similar pattern was also found for remote sites within China, Japan, and South Korea, respectively. Together with the back-trajectories calculated for the remote sites, the results indicate th...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the impact of two massive shocks, the 2008-2009 Global Financial Crisis and the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, on Japanese exports, focusing on the characteristics of domestic/international production networks in machinery industries.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of two massive shocks, the 2008-2009 Global Financial Crisis and the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, on Japanese exports, focusing on the characteristics of domestic/international production networks in machinery industries. Using monthly data of Japanese bilateral exports at the most disaggregated level, we decompose the fall and recovery of Japanese exports into intensive and extensive margins and also examine the exits and re-entries by applying logit estimation and survival analysis. Episodes of both shocks confirm the stability and robustness of production networks and the enhancing link with East Asia. On the other hand, differences between two shocks seem to generate differential impacts on corporate behavior.


Journal ArticleDOI
24 Oct 2012-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: It is shown that geographical heterogeneity combined with climate and sea-level changes have shaped the genetic structure of this wide-ranging tree species in East Asia.
Abstract: The biogeographical relationships between far-separated populations, in particular, those in the mainland and islands, remain unclear for widespread species in eastern Asia where the current distribution of plants was greatly influenced by the Quaternary climate. Deciduous Oriental oak (Quercus variabilis) is one of the most widely distributed species in eastern Asia. In this study, leaf material of 528 Q. variabilis trees from 50 populations across the whole distribution (Mainland China, Korea Peninsular as well as Japan, Zhoushan and Taiwan Islands) was collected, and three cpDNA intergenic spacer fragments were sequenced using universal primers. A total of 26 haplotypes were detected, and it showed a weak phylogeographical structure in eastern Asia populations at species level, however, in the central-eastern region of Mainland China, the populations had more haplotypes than those in other regions, with a significant phylogeographical structure (NST = 0.751. GST = 0.690, P,0.05). Q. variabilis displayed high interpopulation and low intrapopulation genetic diversity across the distribution range. Both unimodal mismatch distribution and significant negative Fu’s FS indicated a demographic expansion of Q. variabilis populations in East Asia. A fossil calibrated phylogenetic tree showed a rapid speciation during Pleistocene, with a population augment occurred in Middle Pleistocene. Both diversity patterns and ecological niche modelling indicated there could be multiple glacial refugia and possible bottleneck or founder effects occurred in the southern Japan. We dated major spatial expansion of Q. variabilis population in eastern Asia to the last glacial cycle(s), a period with sea-level fluctuations and land bridges in East China Sea as possible dispersal corridors. This study showed that geographical heterogeneity combined with climate and sea-level changes have shaped the genetic structure of this wideranging tree species in East Asia.

Journal ArticleDOI
Nong Hong1
TL;DR: The authors assesses the impact of the ice-free Arctic on the development of marine transport industry in China and discusses the potential new routes with the Arctic's melting and the opportunities that it brings to China's maritime transportation industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Chinese Paleolithic chronocultural sequence still remains incomplete, although the number of well-dated sites is rapidly increasing as discussed by the authors, despite almost a century of research, despite the fact that many well-known sites have been found in China.
Abstract: Despite almost a century of research, the Chinese Paleolithic chronocultural sequence still remains incomplete, although the number of well-dated sites is rapidly increasing. The Chinese Paleolithic is marked by the long persistence of core-and-flake and cobble-tool industries, so interpretation of cultural and social behavior of humans in East Asia based solely on comparison with the African and western Eurasian prehistoric sequences becomes problematic, such as in assessing cognitive evolutionary stages. For the Chinese Paleolithic, wood and bamboo likely served as raw materials for the production of daily objects since the arrival of the earliest migrants from western Asia, although poor preservation is a problem. Contrary to the notion of a “Movius Line” with handaxes not present on the China side, China does have a limited distribution of Acheulian bifaces and unifaces. Similarly, Middle Paleolithic assemblages are present in the Chinese sequence. Although the available raw materials have been assume...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the East Asia-related literature on three important clusters of theorizing as discussed by the authors suggests that this neglect of the region (and other regions) may come at a cost to transatlantic IR, not only in terms of data problems and omitted or downplayed explanatory variables and theoretical arguments.
Abstract: Transatlantic international relations (IR) theory has more or less neglected the international relations of East Asia. This relative neglect has come in different forms: excluding East Asian cases from analysis, including East Asian cases but miscoding or misunderstanding them, or including them but missing the fact that they do not confirm the main findings of the study. A review of the East Asia–related literature on three important clusters of theorizing—structural theories of conflict, institutional design and efficacy, and historical memory—suggests that this neglect of the region (and other regions) may come at a cost to transatlantic IR, not only in terms of data problems but also in terms of omitted or downplayed explanatory variables and theoretical arguments.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the causal relationship between tourism revenue and gross domestic product (GDP) using the panel data of 135 countries for the period 1995-2008 was investigated using Panel Granger causality analysis, which was applied to 11 groups of countries and found that there is a unidirectional causality in America, Latin America & Caribbean and World from GDP to tourism revenue.
Abstract: This paper investigated the causal relationship between tourism revenue and gross domestic product (GDP) using the panel data of 135 countries for the period 1995–2008. For this purpose, Panel Granger causality analysis was applied to 11 groups of countries. This classification was created as America (30 countries), Asia (34 countries), Europe (37 countries), East Asia (13 countries), South Asia (6 countries), Central Asia (5 countries), Latin America & Caribbean (28 countries), Oceania (7 countries), Middle East & North Africa (11 countries), Sub Saharan Africa (24 countries) and the world (135 countries). Results indicated bidirectional causality in Europe between tourism revenue (TR) and gross domestic product (GDP). Findings showed that there is a unidirectional causality in America, Latin America & Caribbean and World from GDP to tourism revenue. While in case of East Asia, South Asia and Oceania the reverse direction of causality was found from tourism revenue to GDP. No causal relationship was found in Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia and Sub Saharan Africa.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines how recent books by academics and public intellectuals are reshaping the discourse of the rise of China and concludes that this critical analysis is largely overwhelmed by the wave of Sino-speak.
Abstract: This article examines how recent books by academics and public intellectuals are reshaping the discourse of the rise of China. While earlier trends argued that China was being socialized into the norms of international society, many texts now proclaim that due to its unique civilization, China will follow its own path to modernity. Such books thus look to the past—China's imperial history—for clues to not only China's future, but also the world's future. This discourse, which could be called “Sino-speak,” presents an essentialized Chinese civilization that is culturally determined to rule Asia, if not the world. The article notes that nuanced readings of China's historical relations with its East Asian neighbors provide a critical entry into a more sophisticated analysis of popular declarations of “Chinese exceptionalism.” But it concludes that this critical analysis is largely overwhelmed by the wave of Sino-speak.

Book
24 Feb 2012
TL;DR: In this article, Bader describes the Obama administration's efforts to develop stable relations with China while improving relationships with key partners worried about Beijing's new assertiveness, including Japan and South Korea.
Abstract: Future presidents will need to find the right balance in China policy, so as to maintain America's strength and watchfulness but not fall into the classic security dilemma, wherein each side believes that growing capabilities reflect hostile intent and responds by producing that reality. I believe that President Obama struck that balance. - From Obama and China's Rise In 2005 , veteran diplomat and Asia analyst Jeffrey Bader met for the first time with the then-junior U.S. senator from Illinois. When Barack Obama entered the White House a few years later, Bader was named the senior director for East Asian affairs on the National Security Council, becoming one of a handful of advisers responsible for formulating and implementing the administration's policy regarding that key region. For obvious reasons - a booming economy, expanding military power, and increasing influence over the region - the looming impact of a rising China dominated their efforts. Obama's original intent was to extend U.S. influence and presence in East Asia, which he felt had been neglected by a Bush administration fixated on the Middle East, particularly Iraq, and the war on terror. China's rise, particularly its military buildup, was heightening anxiety among its neighbors, including key U.S. allies Japan and South Korea. Bader explains the administration's efforts to develop stable relations with China while improving relationships with key partners worried about Beijing's new assertiveness. In Obama and China's Rise , Bader reveals what he did, discusses what he saw, and interprets what it meant - first during the Obama campaign, and then for the administration. The result is an illuminating backstage view of the formulation and execution of American foreign policy as well as a candid assessment of both. Bader combines insightful and authoritative foreign policy analysis with a revealing and humanizing narrative of his own personal journey.

Book ChapterDOI
10 Sep 2012
TL;DR: A growing body of literature focuses on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, which occurs in academic subjects beyond the hours of mainstream formal schooling (Bray, 1999, 2003; Kwok, 2004; Silova & Bray, 2006; Yoo, 2002).
Abstract: Private supplementary tutoring, or shadow education, has long been a major phenomenon in parts of East Asia, including Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. In recent times, shadow education has been rapidly increasing in other Asian countries as well, as it has in Europe and North America. Traditionally, private supplementary tutoring has been a neglected topic in research, though there has been much more research in recent years. A growing body of literature focuses on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, which occurs in academic subjects beyond the hours of mainstream formal schooling (Bray, 1999, 2003; Kwok, 2004; Silova & Bray, 2006; Yoo, 2002).

Book
01 Jan 2012
Abstract: As the twenty-first century dawns, China stands at a crossroads. The largest and most populous country on earth and currently the world's second biggest economy, China has recently reclaimed its historic place at the center of global affairs after decades of internal chaos and disastrous foreign relations. But even as China tentatively reengages with the outside world, the contradictions of its development risks pushing it back into an era of insularity and instability-a regression that, as China's recent history shows, would have serious implications for all other nations. In Restless Empire, award-winning historian Odd Arne Westad traces China's complex foreign affairs over the past 250 years, identifying the forces that will determine the country's path in the decades to come. Since the height of the Qing Empire in the eighteenth century, China's interactions-and confrontations-with foreign powers have caused its worldview to fluctuate wildly between extremes of dominance and subjugation, emulation and defiance. From the invasion of Burma in the 1760s to the Boxer Rebellion in the early 20th century to the 2001 standoff over a downed U.S. spy plane, many of these encounters have left Chinese with a lingering sense of humiliation and resentment, and inflamed their notions of justice, hierarchy, and Chinese centrality in world affairs. Recently, China's rising influence on the world stage has shown what the country stands to gain from international cooperation and openness. But as Westad shows, the nation's success will ultimately hinge on its ability to engage with potential international partners while simultaneously safeguarding its own strength and stability. An in-depth study by one of our most respected authorities on international relations and contemporary East Asian history, Restless Empire is essential reading for anyone wishing to understand the recent past and probable future of this dynamic and complex nation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the types and level of institutionalization of party systems in seven young democracies in East and Southeast Asia is presented, and the analysis demonstrates that the parties in Asia do not converge on a single format.
Abstract: This article is an overview of the types and level of institutionalization of party systems in seven young democracies in East and Southeast Asia. By applying Alan Siaroff’s typology of party systems, the analysis demonstrates that the party systems in Asia do not converge on a single format. The party systems under consideration also differ in the level of institutionalization. Party systems in Thailand, the Philippines and especially South Korea are stuck in an inchoate state. Even though there is considerable variation among the cases, the party systems in Indonesia, Mongolia and Taiwan can be considered as well institutionalized relative to the rest of Asia and moderately institutionalized when compared to Latin America. Furthermore, weak institutionalization correlates with volatile structures of party competition and cooperation in Thailand, whereas in South Korea and the Philippines party systems seem to be paradoxically stabilizing in a situation of protracted under-institutionalization, as both c...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported that FMD serotype A and O viruses that caused these outbreaks originated in mainland Southeast Asia to which these viruses are endemic, and analyzed the viral protein 1 nucleotide sequences.
Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks recently affected 2 countries (Japan and South Korea) in eastern Asia that were free of FMD without vaccination. Analysis of viral protein 1 nucleotide sequences indicated that FMD serotype A and O viruses that caused these outbreaks originated in mainland Southeast Asia to which these viruses are endemic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the available fossil evidence regarding the origins, dispersals, and morphological diversification of early modern humans in East Asia is presented in this article, where the focus is on relatively well-dated and/or morphologically informative specimens, including those from Zhiren Cave in South China, Tianyuan Cave and Upper Cave in North China, Salkhit in East Mongolia, and Yamashita-cho Cave I and Minatogawa Fissure in Okinawa, Japan.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study results indicate that Japan has low levels of health inequality compared to other East Asian countries, and an index of occupational classes may be insufficient to explain health inequalities in East Asia.
Abstract: Background: Few cross-national studies have compared the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health among East Asian countries. This study elucidates the relationship between SES and self-rated health (SRH) in four societies of East Asia: China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Methods: We used the data from the East Asian Social Survey 2006, which consists of nationally representative samples from each of the four countries. Logistic regression analysis of SRH was performed using four standardized SES indices (income, education, occupation and class identification) as explanatory variables to compare the degree of association of each SES index with SRH. Results: A total of 8120 respondents in the age range of 20–69 years were analysed. Overall, social gradients in health were observed in the East Asian societies. In China, South Korea and Taiwan, three of the four SES indices showed a statistically significant association for both male and female groups. In Japan, except class identification, no other SES index showed a significant relationship with SRH. With regard to the differences between the SES indices, class identification exhibited the strongest association with SRH, while occupational class displayed the weakest association. Conclusion: Our study results indicate that Japan has low levels of health inequality compared to other East Asian countries. Furthermore, an index of occupational classes may be insufficient to explain health inequalities in East Asia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that the new forms of communication have had a major impact on gender and sexual ideologies and practices across East Asia, focusing on Chinese masculinities in the post-Mao years, a period that coincided with the Asian economic miracle and the rise of China.
Abstract: This paper argues that the new forms of communication have had a major impact on gender and sexual ideologies and practices across East Asia. In particular, it focuses on the impact that the new media had on Chinese masculinities in the post-Mao years, a period that coincided with the “Asian economic miracle” and the rise of China. This was also the time when women's studies became well established in the West and men's studies was becoming increasingly prominent in the academic arena. But throughout this time, research into Asian men has been very limited, although Asian women have been voluminously described, analyzed, and publicized. Men's studies scholars such as R. W. Connell were well aware that a large proportion of the world's men did not receive any attention in gender studies and that this neglect was a serious problem in the field. In the first article in the inaugural issue of Men and Masculinities, he called for a more global understanding of the world gender order (Connell 1998).