Showing papers on "East Asia published in 2016"
TL;DR: It is found that dogs from southern East Asia have significantly higher genetic diversity compared to other populations, and are the most basal group relating to gray wolves, indicating an ancient origin of domestic dogs in southern EastAsia 33 000 years ago.
Abstract: The origin and evolution of the domestic dog remains a controversial question for the scientific community, with basic aspects such as the place and date of origin, and the number of times dogs were domesticated, open to dispute. Using whole genome sequences from a total of 58 canids (12 gray wolves, 27 primitive dogs from Asia and Africa, and a collection of 19 diverse breeds from across the world), we find that dogs from southern East Asia have significantly higher genetic diversity compared to other populations, and are the most basal group relating to gray wolves, indicating an ancient origin of domestic dogs in southern East Asia 33 000 years ago. Around 15 000 years ago, a subset of ancestral dogs started migrating to the Middle East, Africa and Europe, arriving in Europe at about 10 000 years ago. One of the out of Asia lineages also migrated back to the east, creating a series of admixed populations with the endemic Asian lineages in northern China before migrating to the New World. For the first time, our study unravels an extraordinary journey that the domestic dog has traveled on earth.
245 citations
TL;DR: The persistence of the small-holder in the face of rapid and profound social and economic transformation in East and Southeast Asia has been investigated in this article, where the authors define the smallholder and small-holding, set out the historical evolution of smallholdings in the region, and explore the role of small-holders in national development.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined energy crisis and sought solutions for reforms in the largest regions of the world i.e. East Asia & Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean, South Asia, and Sub Saharan Africa.
129 citations
TL;DR: Advances in MS registries around the globe allow nationwide population-based studies and will allow worldly comparisons between the prevalence and incidence in different regions that are provided to monitor estimation.
Abstract: Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common chronic immune-mediated diseases of the human central nervous system and an important cause of non-t
114 citations
Book•
22 Apr 2016
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the concepts of familialism and defamilialization as well as their indicators to assess whether and how welfare states, or regimes, differ not only in the d...
Abstract: The aim of this article is to articulate the concepts of familialism and defamilialization as well as their indicators to assess whether and how welfare states, or regimes, differ not only in the d...
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a detailed 14,000-year record reconstructing vegetation variations from a strategically selected crater lake from Northeast China, as well as a compilation of previous paleoclimatic studies, to show that the HO began around 6,000 Cal a BP in Northeast China.
100 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative has been a topic of hot debate among Sinologists and pundits in recent years as mentioned in this paper, and the nature of this foreign policy and how is it implemented under th...
Abstract: The “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR) initiative has been a topic of hot debate among Sinologists and pundits in recent years. What is the nature of this foreign policy and how is it implemented under th...
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed a number of academic papers concerning the structure and mechanics of production networks, the conditions for production networks and the properties and implications of such networks in East Asia.
Abstract: Production networks in East Asia, particularly in the manufacturing and machinery industries, are well recognized as the most advanced in the world, in terms of their magnitude, extensiveness, and sophistication. This chapter tries to link various economic studies on related topics, to see how much we understand about production networks in East Asia. After providing a brief overview of international trade statistics, this chapter reviews a number of academic papers concerning (i) the structure and mechanics of production networks, (ii) the conditions for production networks, and (iii) the properties and implications thereof.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the Chinese A2/AD threat to U.S. allies is real but more limited than often supposed, and they also suggest that the A2-AD threat is a geographically limited long-term threat.
Abstract: Many analysts worry that improvements in Chinese missile, sensor, guidance, and other technologies will enable China to deny the U.S. military access to parts of the Western Pacific that the United States has long controlled. Although these “antiaccess, area denial” (A2/AD) capabilities are real, they are a geographically limited long-term threat. As both the United States and China deploy A2/AD capabilities, a new era will emerge in which the U.S. military no longer enjoys today's command of the global commons, but is still able to deny China military hegemony in the Western Pacific. In this new era, the United States will possess a sphere of influence around allied landmasses; China will maintain a sphere of influence over its own mainland; and a contested battlespace will cover much of the South and East China Seas wherein neither power enjoys wartime freedom of surface or air movement. This in turn suggests that the Chinese A2/AD threat to U.S. allies is real but more limited than often supposed. With...
80 citations
TL;DR: For more than half a century, the United States has played a leading role in shaping order in East Asia as discussed by the authors, and it was an order organized around "hard" bilateral security ties and "soft" multilateral groupings.
Abstract: FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY, THE UNITED STATES has played a leading role in shaping order in East Asia. This East Asian order has been organized around American military and economic dominance, anchored in the U.S. system of alliances with Japan, South Korea, and other partners across Asia. Over the decades, the United States found itself playing a hegemonic role in the region—providing security, underwriting stability, promoting open markets, and fostering alliance and political partnerships. It was an order organized around “hard” bilateral security ties and “soft” multilateral groupings. It was built around security, economic, and political bargains. The United States exported security and imported goods. Across the region, countries expanded trade, pursued democratic transitions, and maintained a more or less stable peace. Today, this regional order is giving way to something new. Within Asia, a regional power transition is taking place, driven by the rise of China. In earlier decades, China existed for the most part outside the “old order.” With rapid growth and transforming patterns of regional trade, China is now very much within it. The regional power transition can be seen as a double shift. The region is becoming increasingly interconnected through trade, investment, and multilateral agreements. And, under the shadow of the rise of Chinese economic and military capabilities, the region is taking
TL;DR: A dramatic change in atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in East Asia suggests the rapid and large change of PM2.5 pollution in EastAsia.
Abstract: Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been collected at four cities in Japan starting in the late 1990s, at five or more major cities in China, Korea and Russia starting in 2001 and at the Noto Peninsula starting in 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections, respectively. Annual concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were in the order, China>Russia≫Korea=Japan, with seasonal change (winter>summer). During the observation period, concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in Japanese cities significantly decreased but the increases in the PAH concentration were observed in Chinese and Russian cities. Concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were higher in the Northern China than those in the Southern China. At the Noto peninsula, which is in the main path of winter northwest winds and a year-round jet stream that blow from the Asian continent to Japan, the concentrations were high in winter and low in summer every year. A cluster analysis and back trajectory analysis indicated that PAHs and NPAHs were long-range transported from Northeastern China, where coal burning systems such as coal-heating boilers are considered to be the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs. A dramatic change in atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in East Asia suggests the rapid and large change of PM2.5 pollution in East Asia. Considering the adverse health effects of PM2.5, continuous monitoring of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs is necessary in this area.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantified the source attributions for mass concentration, haze formation, transport and direct radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) in various regions of China using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a source-tagging technique.
Abstract: . The source attributions for mass concentration, haze formation, transport and direct radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) in various regions of China are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a source-tagging technique. Anthropogenic emissions are from the Community Emissions Data System that is newly developed for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Over north China where the air quality is often poor, about 90 % of near-surface BC concentration is contributed by local emissions. Overall, 35 % of BC concentration over south China in winter can be attributed to emissions from north China, and 19 % comes from sources outside China in spring. For other regions in China, BC is largely contributed from nonlocal sources. We further investigated potential factors that contribute to the poor air quality in China. During polluted days, a net inflow of BC transported from nonlocal source regions associated with anomalous winds plays an important role in increasing local BC concentrations. BC-containing particles emitted from East Asia can also be transported across the Pacific. Our model results show that emissions from inside and outside China are equally important for the BC outflow from East Asia, while emissions from China account for 8 % of BC concentration and 29 % in column burden in the western United States in spring. Radiative forcing estimates show that 65 % of the annual mean BC direct radiative forcing (2.2 W m−2) in China results from local emissions, and the remaining 35 % is contributed by emissions outside of China. Efficiency analysis shows that a reduction in BC emissions over eastern China could have a greater benefit for the regional air quality in China, especially in the winter haze season.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of investments in human capital, specifically education, in East Asian economies and present a review of past trends in education, the policies followed by East Asia economies for the development of education, emerging issues and lessons that the East Asian experience offers to other developing economies particularly those in transition.
Abstract: While recognizing that education contributes to economic growth, investments in human capital contributed to high economic growth and also to better income distribution in East Asia; and human capital, in turn, received dividends from these two gains on the economic front. This paper presents an analysis of investments in human capital, specifically education, in East Asian economies. It presents a review of past trends in education, the policies followed by East Asian economies for the development of education, the emerging issues and lessons that the East Asian experience offers to other developing economies particularly those in transition). Three important dimensions of patterns of expenditure on education that are given serious attention in this paper are (a) allocation of resources to education as a whole, (b) allocation of budgetary resources between different levels of education (primary, secondary, and higher), and (c) the role of the private sector in education.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors comprehensively evaluate the performance of five reanalysis datasets in reproducing the EASM precipitation and show that the five re-analysis datasets can generally reproduce the climatology and interannual variability of precipitation.
Abstract: Precipitation, which is the predominant component of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), may have large uncertainties among reanalysis datasets. We comprehensively evaluate the performance of five reanalysis datasets in reproducing the EASM precipitation. These datasets are NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 project (NCEP1), NCEP/US Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II reanalysis (NCEP2), Japanese 25-year Reanalysis project (JRA-25), Interim ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), and Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). Results show that the five reanalysis datasets can generally reproduce the climatology and interannual variability of EASM precipitation. Especially, MERRA and ERA-Interim have the highest skills. Considering different-class precipitation, large uncertainties exist in the category of non-rainfall and heavy rainfall. The five reanalysis datasets overestimate the non-rainfall frequency, and JRA-25 and NCEP2 overestimate the heavy rainfall frequency. The well-known interdecadal variation around the mid-1990s can also be better depicted by ERA-Interim and MERRA. For the linear trend of precipitation, only MERRA can reasonably reproduce the increasing tendency over southern China and the western Pacific and the decreasing tendency over the Indo-China Peninsula. Based on EOF analysis, the spatial–temporal structure of EASM precipitation has been examined. MERRA, NCEP1 and ERA-Interim can better capture both the spatial patterns and principle components of the first two EOF modes. Based on our evaluation, the preferential reanalysis datasets for investigating the EASM precipitation are ERA-Interim and MERRA, which also permit the more precise investigation of interannual to decadal variability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of a change in East Asia's pricing benchmark and contract flexibility on the regional and global gas markets using the Nexant World Gas Model.
TL;DR: This article argued that too much attention is paid to the time spent in school, and too little is paid on the quality of the schools and the types of skills developed there. But they also pointed out that the average person in Latin America is only about two and a half times as prosperous as in East Asia.
Abstract: With per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) growing by an average of 4.5% annually since 1960, people in East Asia are about nine times as prosperous as two generations ago. By contrast, the average person in Latin America is only about two and a half times as prosperous. Over the past quarter-century, both theoretical and empirical analyses of possible drivers of the different growth rates seen around the world invariably assign an important role to human capital ( 1 – 4 ). This has led to development policies focused on increasing enrollment and retention in schools. We argue, however, that too much attention is paid to the time spent in school, and too little is paid to the quality of the schools and the types of skills developed there.
TL;DR: A 74 AISNP panel after analyzing a much larger number of SNPs for Fst and allele frequency differences between two geographically close population groups within East Asia can achieve a deeper resolution of global ancestry.
Abstract: Many ancestry informative SNP (AISNP) panels have been published. Ancestry resolution in them varies from three to eight continental clusters of populations depending on the panel used. However, none of these panels differentiates well among East Asian populations. To meet this need, we have developed a 74 AISNP panel after analyzing a much larger number of SNPs for Fst and allele frequency differences between two geographically close population groups within East Asia. The 74 AISNP panel can now distinguish at least 10 biogeographic groups of populations globally: Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, North Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Pacific and Americas. Compared with our previous 55-AISNP panel, Southeast Asia and North Asia are two newly assignable clusters. For individual ancestry assignment, the likelihood ratio and ancestry components were analyzed on a different set of 500 test individuals from 11 populations. All individuals from five of the test populations - Yoruba (YRI), European (CEU), Han Chinese in Henan (CHNH), Rondonian Surui (SUR) and Ticuna (TIC) - were assigned to their appropriate geographical regions unambiguously. For the other test populations, most of the individuals were assigned to their self-identified geographical regions with a certain degree of overlap with adjacent populations. These alternative ancestry components for each individual thus help give a clearer picture of the possible group origins of the individual. We have demonstrated that the new AISNP panel can achieve a deeper resolution of global ancestry.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the geographical preferences of international tourists using geo-tagged photos on social media (the Flickr in particular) from 2008 to 2013, and the intensity of photo sharing (IPS) was used as an indicator of tourist geographical preferences.
TL;DR: This article analyzed data from the 2010 East Asian Social Survey to investigate these associations in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and is framed in a similar context as previous studies that utilize data from Western nations and through the lens of social comparison theory.
Abstract: As East Asians are, on average, less happy than those in economically developed Western nations, more insights regarding the associations between work, income and happiness are needed. This study analyzes data from the 2010 East Asian Social Survey to investigate these associations in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and is framed in a similar context as previous studies that utilize data from Western nations and through the lens of social comparison theory. Path analysis is used to model the associations between happiness and its predictors while taking correlations between the predictors into account. Results show that working hours are negatively associated with happiness in China, Japan and Taiwan, but such an association is not observed in South Korea. At the same time, relative income is significantly associated with happiness in all four East Asian nations, but it only mediates the association between working hours and happiness in China. These results suggest that careful consideration of economic and labour policies are critical to promote the happiness of East Asian workers. Findings from this study are useful for further inquiries with regard to specific explanatory factors of the associations between working hours, relative income and happiness in East Asia.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the nature and influence of informal social networks in South Korea (yongo) by analyzing trust levels and network cohesion and found significant evidence that network cohesion of yongo is still strong, despite its economic rise, and observed a higher-than-expected degree of general trust and a continuous commitment to yongo ties.
Abstract: This study investigates the nature and influence of informal social networks in South Korea (yongo) by analyzing trust levels and network cohesion Predominantly based on studies on Chinese guanxi, it is widely believed that the further a nation develops stable formal institutions the more the influence of informal relations decreases Given South Korea’s position as a strong economic powerhouse with established rule of law and democratic institutions, the influence of yongo should play an insignificant role today We find significant evidence that network cohesion of yongo is still strong in South Korea, despite its economic rise Contrary to expectation, we observe a higher-than-expected degree of general trust and a continuous commitment to yongo ties at the same time These findings document recent changes in South Korea such as the beginning of its multicultural opening, whereas informal yongo ties, characterized by emotional interpersonal bonds, still remain pronounced Foremost, we recommend current beliefs about the correlation of institutional development and decreasing informal transactions to be reconsidered We propose further studies to better understand how informal social networks evolve over time
University of Sydney1, Nagoya University2, Chiba University3, Hanyang University4, Peking University5, Hallym University6, Taipei Medical University7, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine8, University of Malaya9, University of Tokushima10, Taipei Veterans General Hospital11, Peking Union Medical College Hospital12, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital13
TL;DR: An overview is presented that covers what is currently known of ALS in Asia from basic epidemiology and genetic influences, through to disease characteristics including atypical phenotypes which manifest a predilection for Asians.
Abstract: While the past 2 decades have witnessed an increasing understanding of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) arising from East Asia, particularly Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China, knowledge of ALS throughout the whole of Asia remains limited. Asia represents >50% of the world population, making it host to the largest patient cohort of ALS. Furthermore, Asia represents a diverse population in terms of ethnic, social and cultural backgrounds. In this review, an overview is presented that covers what is currently known of ALS in Asia from basic epidemiology and genetic influences, through to disease characteristics including atypical phenotypes which manifest a predilection for Asians. With the recent establishment of the Pan-Asian Consortium for Treatment and Research in ALS to facilitate collaborations between clinicians and researchers across the region, it is anticipated that Asia and the Pacific will contribute to unravelling the uncertainties in ALS.
TL;DR: Transplantation research productivity in East Asia is highly skewed, with gross domestic product having a significant positive correlation and Mainland China still lags far behind Japan in most bibliometric indicators; thus, there is vast room for improvement.
Abstract: Objectives The aim of this study is to compare the quantity and quality of scientific publications in transplantation fields that were written by researchers from Mainland China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan in the East Asia region.
Settings East Asia.
Participants and outcome measures Articles except editorials, conference abstracts, letters, news and corrections published in 25 transplantation journals from 2006 to 2015 were screened with the Web of Science database. The number of total and annual articles, article types (study design and transplantation site), impact factor, citations and articles in the high-impact journals was determined to assess the quantity and quality of transplantation research from East Asia. The correlation of socioeconomic factors and annual publications was also analysed.
Results From 2006 to 2015, there were 47 141 articles published in transplantation journals, of which researchers from Japan published 3694 articles, followed by Mainland China, South Korea and Taiwan with 2778, 1643 and 951 articles, respectively. Similar trends were observed in accumulated impact factor, accumulated citations, articles in the high-impact journals and articles on transplantation site. Publications from Japan had the highest average impact factor and citation, while those from Mainland China had the lowest. Additionally, in terms of study design, authors from Mainland China contributed to most clinical trials and randomised controlled trials, but authors from Japan contributed to most case reports. The annual numbers of articles from Mainland China and South Korea increased linearly (p<0.05), but those from Japan and Taiwan remained stable for the period studied. The annual numbers of articles from Mainland China and South Korea were positively correlated with gross domestic product (p<0.05).
Conclusions Transplantation research productivity in East Asia is highly skewed, with gross domestic product having a significant positive correlation. Mainland China still lags far behind Japan in most bibliometric indicators; thus, there is vast room for improvement.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors combine Holocene palaeoclimate and archaeofaunal archives with new zooarchaeological insights alongside a discussion of methodological issues and cultural aspects in order to revisit the hypothesis of early Holocene Gallus domestication and Neolithic poultry husbandry in Northern China.
Book•
12 Jan 2016
TL;DR: This book discusses China's Modernization and the End of the Gunpowder Age, as well as the Opium War and the Great Divergence, which took place during this period.
Abstract: Introduction - The Military Pattern of the Chinese Past 1 PART I: CHINESE BEGINNINGS Chapter 1 The Crucible: The Song Warring States Period 15 Chapter 2 Early Gunpowder Warfare 29 Chapter 3 The Mongol Wars and the Evolution of the Gun 44 Chapter 4 Great Martiality: The Gunpowder Emperor 55 PART II: EUROPE GETS THE GUN Chapter 5 The Medieval Gun 75 Chapter 6 Big Guns: Why Western Europe and Not China Developed Gunpowder Artillery 88 Chapter 7 The Development of the Classic Gun in Europe 103 Chapter 8 The Gunpowder Age in Europe 115 Chapter 9 Cannibals with Cannons: The Sino-Portuguese Clashes of 1521-1522 124 PART III: AN AGE OF PARITY Chapter 10 The Frankish Cannon 135 Chapter 11 Drill, Discipline, and the Rise of the West 144 Chapter 12 The Musket in East Asia 166 Chapter 13 The Seventeenth Century: An Age of Parity? 188 Chapter 14 A European Naval Advantage 196 Chapter 15 The Renaissance Fortress: An Agent of European Expansion? 211 PART IV: THE GREAT MILITARY DIVERGENCE Chapter 16 The Opium War and the Great Divergence 237 Chapter 17 A Modernizing Moment: Opium War Reforms 257 Chapter 18 China's Modernization and the End of the Gunpowder Age 273 Conclusions - A New Warring States Period? 297 Acknowledgments 307 Appendix 1: Timeline 311 Appendix 2: Datasets 312 Abbreviations 317 Notes 319 Bibliography 379 Index 421
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between the English representation and the reality of East Asian education systems, using school autonomy as an illustrative example, focusing on Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai, which are cited extensively to legitimate policies providing greater autonomy for schools in England.
Abstract: Education reform is increasingly based on emulating the features of ‘world-class’ systems that top international attainment surveys and, in England specifically, East Asia is referenced as the ‘inspiration’ for their education reforms. However, the extent to which the features identified by the UK Government accord with the situation within East Asia is problematic. This paper examines the relationship between the English representation and the ‘reality’ of East Asian education systems, using school autonomy as an illustrative example. We focus on Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai, which are cited extensively to legitimate policies providing greater autonomy for schools in England. We argue firstly that the English representation has been largely discursive and inaccurate; has failed to recognise the variations across the region; and has been selected to endorse the Government’s ideological preferences. Secondly, the scope, form and nature of school autonomy vary markedly, and are operationalised in each ...
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The United States plays a leading role in global higher education, dominating the lists of top research producers, attracting almost half of all cross-border students, and modelling higher education on the basis of norms installed through competitive global ranking systems, which exercise an increasing disciplinary potency in national policy and university strategy as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Global higher education can be understood as a field of power configured by (1) nationally-ordered higher education systems; (2) global structures that criss-cross all national systems, for example in English language scientific research and academic publishing; and (3) growing cross-border movement and engagement between national systems. Universities in the Anglo-American countries, especially the United States, play the leading role in global higher education, dominating the lists of top research producers, attracting almost half of all cross-border students, and modelling higher education on the basis of norms installed through competitive global ranking systems, which exercise an increasing disciplinary potency in national policy and university strategy. At the same time, there are signs of a global pluralization of capacity and perhaps identity in higher education: student participation is growing rapidly in most countries with a per capita income of more than about $3000 per annum, indigenous scientific output is produced in an increasing number of countries, the leading European research universities are strengthening their relative position in global tables, and universities in East Asia (especially China), and to a lesser extent Latin America and the Middle East/North Africa, exercise an expanding role at world level. Aside from Japan the East Asian systems are exceptionally dynamic at this time.
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The authors assesses the major responses of ASEAN, APEC and the ADB to the crisis, concluding that the minimalist actions of regional institutions have had little effect on mitigating the economic downturn or promoting recovery.
Abstract: Little attention has been given to the role of regional institutions during the East Asian financial crisis. This article assesses the major responses of ASEAN, APEC and the ADB to the crisis, concluding that the minimalist actions of regional institutions have had little effect on mitigating the economic downturn or promoting recovery. It argues that despite much attention being given to national-level and global level reforms, more effective region-level structures need to be constructed against future financial turmoil. Problems remain for East Asia in assembling such regional institutions, but perhaps recent proposals for the reform of ASEAN by younger East Asian leaders point the way to the future. The weight of scholarly and official opinion on what measures will best promote an East Asian recovery from the financial crisis advocates reform either at the national or the global level. Those who find the major causes of the crisis in weaknesses in individual East Asian economies stress that recovery will only follow structural reforms at the national level. Those who blame the crisis mostly on uncontrolled global financial flows and the avarice, mispricing of risk, and herd instinct of international investors, argue for action at the global level to regulate these massive financial flows. Between the national and the global, comparatively little attention has been given to responses at the regional level.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The role of government in South Korea and Taiwan's export-led industrialization has been investigated in this article, showing that the Taiwanese government has been supportive rather than interventionist, whereas the Korean government was collaborative and even coercive in relations with the private sector.
Abstract: South Korea and Taiwan share common structural characteristics and export-led industrialization. Several studies have documented an active role of government, beyond correcting market failures (H. Pack and W. E. Westphal, 1986; Paul Kuznets, 1988). But the role of government differs. The Taiwan government has been supportive rather than interventionist, whereas the Korean government has been collaborative and even coercive in relations with the private sector. Government in both countries helped launch and sustain the export-led strategy, taking into consideration the initial conditions in industrial organization and structure, capital markets and trade. Although the strategy contributed to export development, once put in place, the respective governments have been unwilling and unable to adjust their role to changing circumstances. This rigidity accounts for the inefficiency of government in Korea in the 1970s and in Taiwan in the 1980s.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore and analyze the forces that are likely to determine the outcome of ASEAN's response to the rise of China in East Asia, and present major opportunities and challenges, if not threats, for a collective entity, and for individual countries that compose it.
Abstract: The rise of China is the most important development in East Asia in recent times. It presents major opportunities and challenges, if not threats, for ASEAN as a collective entity, and for the individual countries that compose it. Whether ASEAN can develop a collective, let alone effective response is far from clear. This paper explores and analyses the forces that are likely to determine the outcome.