East Asia

About: East Asia is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17591 publications have been published within this topic receiving 274073 citations. The topic is also known as: Eastern Asia.

Negotiating with East Asians: How to Attain "Win-Win" Outcomes

Abstract: Introduction In 1994, the US Department of Commerce identified ten countries that hold great promise for large incremental gains in US exports. Four of these "big emerging markets" come from Asia: Greater China (i.e. the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong), Korea, India, and Indonesia. While these markets present significant opportunities for US businesses, they may also pose substantial challenges. Many American firms have considered Asia to be too risky and/or difficult, i.e., too culturally dissimilar (Lasserre 1995). To take advantage of the opportunities presented by the dawning of the Pacific century, American businesses ought to have a presence in these markets. To be successful, however, it is imperative that they have a better understanding of how to deal effectively with East Asian managers. Specifically, how can Americans negotiate more effectively with their counterparts in these countries? Negotiation is a special communication task that takes place in order to reach agreement about how to handle both common and conflicting interests between two or more parties. As culture plays an important role in framing the priorities of the negotiators, negotiating skills are not value-free and expectations for outcome differ at the negotiating table. Therefore, international business negotiations which involve parties from two widely dissimilar cultures can be problematic. According to the US Department of Commerce, for example, for every successful Japanese-American negotiation, there are 25 failures (Deutsch 1983). Certainly, cultural differences account for some of the difficulties involved in international business negotiations, but failure to prepare for and properly manage negotiations appear to be the primary culprits. For example, the Chinese(1) tend to use "aggressive" negotiating tactics because they assume that Americans are easily flattered and manipulated (Pye 1982). Similarly, the Koreans are often tenacious negotiators who hardly give up whatever is at stake on the negotiation table. In this context, the paper seeks to analyze the different negotiating styles of East Asian countries and to explore the factors which can enhance the probability of success in negotiating with East Asian managers. Korea, Japan and China are selected as a target sample of this research for two primary reasons: One, these three countries are major trading partners of the US in Asia. Two, these three countries share certain commonalities in their cultural heritage.(2) While previous research has focused on negotiations with the Japanese and the Chinese (Chen 1993, Graham 1993, Hartfield 1991, Kirkbride/Tang/Westwood 1991), few studies have examined the Korean approach to international business negotiations (Tung 1991). Although these three countries share many cultural values and customs influenced by Confucianism and Buddhism, there are also significant differences among them which are attributable to each country's unique history and cultural background. These differences can and do affect each country's negotiating style and, hence, outcome. The research findings presented are based on interviews with twelve senior executives of US-based multinational companies which have extensive experiences in negotiating with peoples from these three East Asian countries. A comparative, multiple case study approach (Yin 1989) was used to explore the similarities and differences between East Asian managers. A partial list of companies included in this study was General Motors, Hewlett-Packard, Apple, Coors, and US Steel. Three of the interviewees were female and another three were ethnic Asian managers who immigrated to the US at an early age. Interviews were designed to identify the major factors affecting the outcome of negotiations with East Asian managers. On average, each interview lasted 40 to 60 minutes and follow-up interviews were conducted if it deemed necessary. Prior to the interview, each executive was sent a modified questionnaire originally developed by Tung (1984) for use in her studies on US-China and US-Japan business negotiations. …

Non-Traditional Security in China-ASEAN Cooperation: The Institutionalization of Regional Security Cooperation and the Evolution of East Asian Regionalism

Abstract: The institutionalization of China-ASEAN non-traditional security cooperation is underappreciated, even though its significance should be apparent to Western analysts. Appreciating China-ASEAN non-traditional security cooperation leads to the realization that it has strategic significance, and that the broader China-ASEAN multilateral process is the most institutionally developed expression of East Asian regionalism today.

The 2008 Financial Crisis and Potential Output in Asia: Impact and Policy Implications

Abstract: Monitoring the behavior of potential output helps policymakers implement appropriate policies in response to an economic crisis. In the short-run, estimates of the output gap will guide the timing of implementation and withdrawal of stimulus measures. In the medium- to long-term, these estimates will also provide the basis for gauging productive potential and hence guide policies to support the sustainable non-inflationary output growth. In this paper, we investigate the post-crisis behavior of potential output in emerging East Asian economies, by employing the Markov-switching model to account for structural breaks. Results show that after the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis, potential output in Hong Kong, China; Korea; Singapore; and Malaysia reverts to the level consistent with the trend prior to the crisis. While there is a permanent drop in potential output in Thailand and Indonesia, growth rates returned to the pre-crisis trend. PRC, Taipei, China, and the Philippines are special cases. Econometric estimates of a simple growth model show that the difference among economies can be attributed to the investment-GDP ratio, macroeconomic policies, exchange rate behavior, and

Banana Cultivation in South Asia and East Asia: A review of the evidence from archaeology and linguistics

Abstract: South Asia provides evidence for introduced banana cultivars that are surprisingly early in the Indus Valley but late elsewhere in India. Although phytolith data are still limited, systematic samples from fourteen sites in six regions suggest an absence of bananas from most of Neolithic/Chalcolithic South Asia, but presence in part of the Indus valley. Evidence from textual sources and historical linguistics from South Asia and from China suggest the major diffusion of banana cultivars was in the later Iron Age or early historic period, c. 2000 years ago. Nevertheless Harappan period phytolith evidence from Kot Diji, suggests some cultivation by the late third or early second millennium B.C., and the environmental context implies hybridization with Musa balbisiana Colla had already occurred. Evidence of wild banana seeds from an early Holocene site in Sri Lanka probably attests to traditions of utilisation of M. balbisiana , a plausible area for hybridization with cultivated Musa acuminata Colla bananas, perhaps already being moved by the later third millennium B.C. Hybridization here, and/or in the New Guinea area now seems more plausible than hybridization in northern Southeast Asia (from Burma through Eastern India) as Simmonds had hypothesized.

A panel of 74 AISNPs: Improved ancestry inference within Eastern Asia

Abstract: Many ancestry informative SNP (AISNP) panels have been published. Ancestry resolution in them varies from three to eight continental clusters of populations depending on the panel used. However, none of these panels differentiates well among East Asian populations. To meet this need, we have developed a 74 AISNP panel after analyzing a much larger number of SNPs for Fst and allele frequency differences between two geographically close population groups within East Asia. The 74 AISNP panel can now distinguish at least 10 biogeographic groups of populations globally: Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, North Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Pacific and Americas. Compared with our previous 55-AISNP panel, Southeast Asia and North Asia are two newly assignable clusters. For individual ancestry assignment, the likelihood ratio and ancestry components were analyzed on a different set of 500 test individuals from 11 populations. All individuals from five of the test populations - Yoruba (YRI), European (CEU), Han Chinese in Henan (CHNH), Rondonian Surui (SUR) and Ticuna (TIC) - were assigned to their appropriate geographical regions unambiguously. For the other test populations, most of the individuals were assigned to their self-identified geographical regions with a certain degree of overlap with adjacent populations. These alternative ancestry components for each individual thus help give a clearer picture of the possible group origins of the individual. We have demonstrated that the new AISNP panel can achieve a deeper resolution of global ancestry.