Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 1979"

Political theory and international relations

Abstract: Preface vii Introduction 3 Part One. International Relations as a State of Nature 11 1. The Skepticism of the Realists 15 2. The Hobbesian Situation 27 3. International Relations as a State of Nature 35 4. The Basis of International Morality 50 5. From International Skepticism to the Morality of States 63 Part Two. The Autonomy of States 67 1 . State Autonomy and Individual Liberty 71 2. Nonintervention, Paternalism, and Neutrality 83 3. Self-determination 92 4. Eligibility, Boundaries, and Nationality 105 5. Economic Dependence 116 6. State Autonomy and Domestic Social justice 121 Part Three. International Distributive justice 125 1. Social Cooperation, Boundaries, and the Basis of justice 129 2. Entitlements to Natural Resources 136 3. Interdependence and Global Distributive justice 143 4. Contrasts between International and Domestic Society 154 5. The Rights of States 161 6. Applications to the Nonideal World 169 Conclusion 177 Afterword 185 Works Cited 221 Index 237

Effects of "Voice" and Peer Opinions on Responses to Inequity

Abstract: Southern Methodist UniversityTwo experiments investigated the effects of "voice" (participating in allocationdecision making by expressing one's own opinion about the preferred alloca-tion) on responses to an inequitable allocation. In addition to subjects' (femalecollege students) either having or not having voice, Experiment 1 manipulated(a) whether the allocation made by a "decision maker" (supposedly anothersubject but actually the experimenter) was or was not biased (due to self-interest) and (b) whether the subject did or did not learn that a "co-worker"believed the allocation to be inequitable. Experiment 2 (with female high schoolstudents) manipulated the presence or absence of voice and involved only aself-interested decision maker; also, a note from a co-worker either supportedthe decision maker's allocation or confirmed the subject's opinion that the allo-cation was inequitable. In both experiments, the impact of voice was mediatedby knowledge about the co-worker's opinion. When subjects had no knowledgeof the co-worker's opinion (Experiment 1) or knew that the co-worker's opinioncoincided with the decision maker's allocation (Experiment 2), there was evi-dence for a "fair process effect": Voice subjects expressed greater satisfactionthan those with no voice.How do people know that they have beentreated fairly? According to equity theory(Adams, 1965; Walster, Berscheid, & Wal-ster, 1973), a distribution of outcomes is con-sidered fair (equitable) if the ratio of out-comes to inputs is constant across people.Apart from considerations of equity, however,fairness judgments may also be affected bywhether a distribution is the result of an ac-ceptable decision-making procedure (see thedistinction between distributive and proce-dural justice in Folger, 1977; Leventhal,1976; and Thibaut & Walker, 1975). Deutsch(1975), in discussing how "injustice of deci-sion-making procedures" affects the percep-tion of justice, makes the following argument:"There is much social psychological research

Industrial relations and European state traditions

Abstract: In some western European countries trade unions and employers' organizations share responsibility with government for maintaining order and efficiency in the labour market as a matter of course. in others such a role is seen as an unacceptable interference with either the free market or the prerogatives of the state, or both. How can we explain these differences? How enduring are they? Do they matter? In the 1970s there seemed to be a growing popularity for the first approach, leading to the explosion of interest in neo-corporatism; did all that evaporate during the ostensibly neo-liberal 1980s? Colin Crouch tries to answer these questions with reference to fifteen western European nations. Using a combination of rational choice theory and historical analysis he traces the development of industrial relations systems in these countries from the 1870s to the present. He ends by seeking explanations for differences further back in time, showing that longer-term historical explanations of contemporary institutions are more necessary than most exercises in policy analysis prefer to accept. 'an outstanding example of the fusion of theoretical economic analysis with historical perspective. Recommended at all levels' Choice 'It is difficult to do justice to this oustanding book in a short review or at a single reading. Colin Crouch's ambitious comparative survey of states and industrial relations provides both an abstract framework for comparative study . . . and a framework for comparing the level and form of corporatism in industrial relations.' Political Studies

Ceremonial Justice: Crime and Punishment in a Loosely Coupled System

Abstract: Currently dominant Durkheimian and Marxian models of criminal justice assume a tight fit between structure and function in the criminal courts. This paper offers an alternative conception of crime and punishment as a loosely coupled organizational system. Our discussion focuses on the historical shift from a classical to a positivist philosophy of sentencing and the emerging profession of probation as a symbol of this transition. However, our empirical analysis of sentencing decisions in felony cases reveals that the influence of probation officers in the presentencing process is subordinate to that of prosecutors. This finding suggests that the involvement of probation officers in sentencing decisions is often ceremonial, and we suggest that the concept of "loose coupling" from organizational theory provides a means of understanding how this finding reflects the dominant legitimation and efficiency needs of contemporary criminal courts. Conceptions of justice change, and with them the structures of doing justice. The most significant conceptual change of this century in the realm of criminal justice is a shift from the classical to the positivist view of crime and punishment. Put simply, the positivist position is that punishments must fit the individual criminal rather than the crime. Thus, where the classical theorists-such as Beccaria, Bentham, and Romilly-urged a close fit between infraction and reaction, the positivists-Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo-were more anxious to match the sanction to its recipient (Mannheim; Vold). This shift found encouragement in the American political

The Church Struggle in South Africa

Abstract: This widely acclaimed and influential volume is now available in a greatly revised and expanded twenty-fifth anniversary edition that places the monumental religious struggle against South African apartheid into a larger and instructive global setting. De Gruchy's authoritative and newly updated account of Christian complicity with and then resistance to one of the world's most notoriously repressive regimes holds indispensable lessons and dangerous memories for all concerned about evil, justice, and racial reconciliation.

Bounded morality: justice and the state in world politics

Abstract: Surveying the tradition of international political theory, Martin Wight commented that it is marked "not only by paucity but also by intellectual and moral poverty."'I That judgment is an exaggeration, but only slightly so. The few works of real philosophical interest about international relations (e.g., Kant's Perpetual Peace, some essays and fragments of Rousseau) stand out in a tradition that alternates between the scholastic and the utopian. Until recently, Wight's judgment might have been passed with equal validity on contemporary philosophical thought about international relations. Certainly the attention that moral and political philosophers have paid to international problems is a minute fraction of that paid to domestic ones. In the past ten years, however, there has been a growth of interest in philosophical problems of international relations, and a literature of generally high quality has begun to appear. 2

Women and writing

Abstract: This collection of essays and other writings does justice to Virginia Woolf's reputation as a major essayist and critic, offering appraisals of Aphra Behn, Mary Wollestonecraft, the Duchess of Newcastle, Dorothy Richardson, Charlotte Bronte and Katherine Mansfield among others. Gathered too are her timeless commentaries on subjects ranging from "The Intellectual Status of Women" and "Professions for Women" to "Indiscretions".

Decision Theory and Social Ethics Issues in Social Choice

Abstract: 1 / Philosophy and Ethical Principles.- Rule Utilitarianism and Decision Theory.- Marx and the Utility Approach to the Ethical Foundation of Microeconomics.- Endogenous Changes in Tastes: A Philosophical Discussion.- 2 / Social and Collective Choice Theory.- Nice Decision Schemes.- The Distribution of Rights in Society.- Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries.- Social Decision, Strategic Behavior, and Best Outcomes.- Cyclically Mixed Preferences-A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Transitivity of the Social Preference Relation.- Comparative Distributive Ethics: An Extension of Sen's Examination of the Pure Distribution Problem.- Rawls's Theory of Justice: An Impossibility Result.- Arrow's Impossibility Theorem: Some New Aspects.- Two Proofs of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem on the Possibility of a Strategy-Proof Social Choice Function.- 3 / Special Topics in Social Choice.- Ethics, Institutions and Optimality.- Complexity and Social Decision Rules.- Discrete Optimization and Social Decision Methods.- The Equity Principle in Economic Behavior.- The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.

The economic theory of pollution control

Abstract: Until now, books on the economic theory of pollution control have tended to be pitched either at a very high technical level of exposition, or at a level which is too low to allow recent theoretical developments to be explained. This book covers most of these developments without resorting to mathematical models, thus making the theory accessible to a wider range of economics students and to researchers in disciplines such as engineering, urban, and environmental studies who need a nontechnical introduction to the economic analysis of pollution.Contents: "Introduction: " The nature of environmental economics; the contribution of economic theory to the analysis of pollution control policy; "The Theory of External Cost: " Definitions of common terms; abatement costs and pollution costs; recycling; property rights; "Market Failure: " External costs, efficiency, and justice; property rights and market solutions; idealized markets and the obstacles to market solutions in practice; "Pollution Control Policies: " The objectives of policy; efficiency and justice again; control policies in an idealized setting; effluent charges, regulation, zoning and polluter subsidies; moving towards reality: policy instruments and poor information and uncertainty; target environmental standards and the choice of pollution control policy; the distributive effects of pollution control; "The Way Ahead: " Pollution control policy and the law; problems of law enforcement; international aspects of pollution control; the conflict between pollution control objectives and other economic and social aims as a source of political restriction on protecting the environment; References; Index.

Emigrant Gentlewomen: Genteel Poverty And Female Emigration, 1830 1914

Abstract: First published in 1979. This book examines the distressed gentlewoman stereotype, primarily through a study of the experience of emigration among single middle-class women between 1830 and 1914. Based largely on a study of government and philanthropic emigration projects, it argues that the image of the downtrodden resident governess does inadequate justice to Victorian middle-class women’s responses to the experience of economic and social decline and to insufficient female employment opportunities. This title will be of interest to students of history.

Life and Death With Liberty and Justice: A Contribution to the Euthanasia Debate

Abstract: Examines issues and arguments in the euthanasia debate, looking at such topics as moral responsibilities toward human life, justice, and the definition of death.

Radical Egalitarian Justice: Justice as Equality

Abstract: L'A. veut defendre une conception egalitariste de la Justice tant au niveau de la production que de la distribution. Il expose pour ce faire quatre formulations d'une conception egalitariste radicale de la justice qui bien que toutes insuffisantes en apprehendent malgre tout une partie. Il faut poser deux principes de Justice: chaque personne a droit au systeme de liberte le plus grand, et les inegalites sociales et economiques doivent disparaitre, principes compares aux idees de J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge 1971).

Rights to health care and distributive justice: programmatic worries.

Abstract: Faced with significant class, race, sex, and regional inequalities in the distribution of health care services, especially the inaccessibility of certain important services for the un-or underinsured, many are inclined to assert that a violation of basic rights is involved. This chapter argues that people are justified in claiming a right to health care only if it is derivable from an acceptable, general theory of distributive justice. Those who claim a right to health care often gloss over another important distinction. They may intend only a system-relative claim to health care: Whatever health care services are available to any within the given health care system should be equally accessible to all. The chapter shows how far people are from being able to derive rights to health care from even the most sympathetic theoretical frameworks. It explains John Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness to health care.

The Coming Redefinitions of Crime: An Anarchist Perspective

Abstract: Crime's existence and substance are dependent upon institutionalization of the principle of legality Crime is a denial of a prospectively defined legal right A right is a legally guaranteed future access to a valued resource Crime and penal sanction create a vicious cycle of appropriation Breaking through this cycle requires an understanding of the structural concomitants of appropriation and law An analysis of hierarchy, stratification, differentiation, relational quality, individualism, and commitment to structure demonstrates that: (1) distributive and participatory inequality are the foundations for appropriation; and (2) individual claims to appropriate are absurd and unjust because the means of production are the collective work of humankind An exploration of the assumptions of the principle of legality leads to the inference that any response to human conflict that respects individual authenticity and sovereignty, human diversity, competency, and shared responsibility can only be articulated retrospectively With an increased awareness that each person is unique, diverse, separate and at once unified in the need to search for meaning, understanding, bonding and solidarity, the concept of justice is evolving A needs-based conception (to each according to need, taking into account the resources available to all) is replacing a rights-based and deserts-based conception of justice Though crime, law, and their institutional supports have increased, symbiotic human relationships are also increasingly being crafted from the human sentiments of commiseration and solidarity If these developments continue to gather momentum, a system of retrospective justice, of needs-based justice, of anarchy, will continuously evolve

Fate and Honor, Family and Village: Demographic and Cultural Change in Rural Italy Since 1800

Abstract: The Italian peasantry has often been described as tragic, backward, hopeless, downtrodden, static, and passive. In "Fate and Honor, Family and Village," Rudolph Bell argues against the characterizationmore by reconstructing the complete demographic history of four country villages since 1800. He analyzes births, marriages, and deaths in terms of four concepts that capture mroe accurately and sympathetically the essence of the Italian peasant life: "fortuna "(fate), "onore" (honor, dignity), "famiglia" (family), and "campanilismo" (village). "Fortuna "is the cultural wellspring of Italian peasant society, the world view from which all social life flows. The concept of "fortuna "does not refer to philosophical questions, predestination, or value judgments. Rather, fortuna is the sum total of all explanations of outcomes perceived to be beyond human control. Thus, in Bell's view, high mortality does not lead peasants to a resigned acceptance of their fate; instead, they rely on honor, reciprocal exchanges of favors, and marriage to forge new links in their familial and social networks. With thorough documentation in graphs and tables, the author evaluates peasant reactions to time, work, family, space, migration, and protest to portray rural Italians as active, flexible, and shrewd, participating fully in shaping their destinies. Bell asserts that the real problem of the Mezzogiorno is not one of resistance to technology, of high birth rates, or even of illiteracy. It is one of solving technical questions in ways that foster dependency. The historical and sociological practice of treating peasant culture as backward, secondary, and circumscribed only encourages disruption and ultimately blocks the road to economic and political justice in a postmodern world.

A Spirituality Named Compassion: Uniting Mystical Awareness with Social Justice

Abstract: In A SPIRITUALITY NAMED COMPASSION, Matthew Fox, the popular and controversial author, establishes a spirituality for the future that promises personal, social, and global healing. Using his own experiences with the pain and lifestyle changes that resulted from an accident, Fox has written an uplifting book on the issues of ecological justice, the suffering of Earth, and the rights of her nonhuman citizens.Fox defines compassion as 'creativity put to the service of justice' and argues that we can achieve compassion for both humanity and the environment as we recognise the interconnectedness of all things. Working towards the creation of a gentler, ecological, and feminine Christianity, Fox marries mysticism and social justice, emphasising that as we enter a new millennium, society needs to realise that spirituality's purpose is to guide us on a path that leads to a genuine love of all our relations and a love for our shared interdependence.

Justice William O. Douglas on the first amendment

Abstract: 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to r i^ t in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.

In Self-Defence

Abstract: It is not just good fortune—not even the kind of good fortune that comes by natural selection or divine grace—that the functional role of our mental states, both (motivationally) in the production of behaviour and (cognitively) in the processing of sensory stimulation, is, by and large, appropriate to their psychological character. We cannot envisage someone in whom, throughout his life-history, role and character systematically conflict, someone whose behaviour is seldom or never rationally appropriate to the attitudes that cause it and whose sensory intake is seldom or never evidentially appropriate to the beliefs it causes. Why not? If, as many physicalists would like, we construed psychological character as functional role, this question would answer itself. But the answer would not do justice to our concept of mind. It would oblige us, counter to our intuitions, to ascribe mental states to any purely physical system which embodied the right functions.

From plea negotiation to coercive justice: notes on the respecification of a concept

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide an adequate conceptualization of the phenomena indiscriminately referred to as "plea bargaining" or "plea negotiation." I shall move inductively from the problems associated with existing definitions in order to devise one that meets as many objections as possible. My purpose is to explore the full scope of the phenomenon at issue and ensure that the artificialities of language have not unwittingly imposed a premature cloture upon the scope of the subject.'

The Mounties as Vigilantes: Perceptions of Community and the Transformation of Law in the Yukon, 1885-1897

Abstract: When the North West Mounted Police were dispatched to the Yukon district in the 1890's, they confronted a population of largely American or Americanized miners who were relying on the "miners' meeting"-a fully autonomous, highly democratic and egalitarian institution-as the basis for law and government in the gold camps (Zaslow, 1969: 183-184). Given the prevailing image of the undisciplined and disorderly American frontiersman (Reid, 1977a: 37; Gough, 1975: 278) coupled with the distrust of American democratic institutions which characterized Canadian opinion (Brown, 1967), it is hardly surprising that the arrival of the Mounties was widely viewed as posing a confrontation between Canadian law and American frontier lawlessness. In the popular imagination of both Canadians and Americans, the Mounties of the Yukon became a symbol of justice, peace, and order in the district, their presence serving as the only barrier to dangerous and potentially violent anarchy. The facts of the case, however, appear otherwise. The evidence suggests that before the summer of 1897, when the Klondike rush began in earnest and the character of Yukon

Allocation by and output of a tax-administering agency

Abstract: Tax administering agencies are expected to reduce discrepancies between taxpayers' declared liabilities and their true liabillities. The near-term objectives seem to be the production o f justice a...