Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 1984"

Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality

Abstract: * Complex Equality * Membership * Security and Welfare * Money and Commodities * Office * Hard Work * Free Time * Education * Kinship and Love * Divine Grace * Recognition * Political Power * Tyrannies and Just Societies

The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self

Abstract: O gLITICAL PHILOSOPHY seems often to reside at a distance from the world. Principles are one thing, politics another, and even our best efforts to "live up" to our ideals typically founder on the gap between theory and practice.' But if political philosophy is unrealizable in one sense, it is unavoidable in another. This is the sense in which philosophy inhabits the world from the start; our practices and institutions are embodiments of theory. To engage in a political practice is already to stand in relation to theory.2 For all our uncertainties about ultimate questions of political philosophy-of justice and value and the nature of the good life-the one thing we know is that we live some answer all the time. In this essay I will try to explore the answer we live now, in contemporary America. What is the political philosophy implicit in our practices and institutions? How does it stand, as philosophy? And how do tensions in the philosophy find expression in our present political condition? It may be objected that it is a mistake to look for a single philosophy, that we live no "answer," only answers. But a plurality of answers is itself a kind of answer. And the political theory that affirms this plurality is the theory I propose to explore.

A discourse on inequality

Abstract: In "A Discourse on Inequality", Rousseau sets out to demonstrate how the growth of civilization corrupts man's natural happiness and freedom by creating artificial inequalities of wealth, power and social privilege. Contending that primitive man was equal to his fellows, Rousseau believed that as societies become more sophisticated, the strongest and most intelligent members of the community gain an unnatural advantage over their weaker brethren, and that constitutions set up to rectify these imbalances through peace and justice in fact do nothing but perpetuate them. Rousseau's political and social arguments in the "Discourse" were a hugely influential denunciation of the social conditions of his time and one of the most revolutionary documents of the eighteenth-century.

The Organizational Context of Legal Control

Abstract: This article examines interorganizational variation in determinants of police arrest decisions. Drawing on Wilson, we identify four types of police agencies by cross-classifying levels of bureaucratization with professionalism. Evidence from the analysis indicates that factors influencing arrest decisions are conditional on the organizational contexts in which such decisions occur. In different types of police agencies, officers respond to similar situations differently. Hence, “global” decision-making models are we incomplete than incorrect. We argue that consideration of the contexts within which discretion is exercised is necessary for advancing our understanding of decision-making in justice system agencies.

Just world beliefs and attitudes towards the poor.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the demographic correlates of just world beliefs and their relationship to poverty. There were predictable differences in just world beliefs between people of different political opinions, faiths and occupations. Also just world beliefs were associated with negative attitudes towards the poor.

State apparatus : structures and language of legitimacy

Abstract: Originally published in 1984, State Apparatus contributes to the debate on the theory of the state through posing questions regarding the state’s form, function, and apparatus. The book begins by setting out the theoretical and methodological problems and reviewing the various Conservative, Liberal and Marxist theories in light of these. It discusses state activity, using specific case studies to clearly illustrate key points, such as the development of welfare systems in North America and Western Europe. It also explores the use of language under the state, the role of the legal apparatus within a capitalist system, and the "local state". The book concludes with a discussion of democracy and the crisis of legitimacy, and the issue of justice and the state. State Apparatus is a detailed and comprehensive text, ideal for those with an interest in the history, theory, form, and function of the state.

The Multidimensionality of Justice

Abstract: When people say, “I only want what’s fair,” what do they mean? Philosophers and scientists since the time of Hammurabi, Moses, Aristotle, and Mani have tried to answer this question, often producing elegant treatises on the concept of justice, but leaving people’s reliance on the term unaffected. Since the early 1960s, experimental social psychology has taken its turn on this question with similar results. We have fashioned a considerable understanding of how people react to being paid more or less than the going rate, and how they allocate a group reward. Yet, despite this bank of knowledge, conflicts of distributive justice still abound in everyday life, and social scientists who attempt to ameliorate these conflicts often find themselves stymied. One reason is that these conflicts (as well as most experiments) invariably involve a mixture of motives, of which justice is only one. Descriptions of typical experimental operations, however, rarely make mention of motives other than justice, even though subjects in these studies may also be affected by other motives: generosity, fear of retaliation, instrumental exchange, status assertion, to name but a few. As a result, our theories of the perception of justice, and its impact on human social behavior, remain underdeveloped and at times misguided. Although there are many reasons for this state (not the least of which is the youth of our endeavors in this realm), my focus in this chapter will concern two basic ambiguities in the manner in which we use and investigate the concept of justice.

The Islamic conception of justice

Abstract: In The Islamic Conception of Justice, Majid Khadduri, one of the world's preeminent authorities on Islamic justice and jurisprudence, presents his extensive study and reflection on Islamic political, legal, ethical, and social philosophy. This book is both a magisterial historical synthesis and an illumination of the beliefs and practices of modern Islam. Throughout, Khadduri discusses not only the meaning of justice in general but also how justice has undergone significant changes in the modern age. The final chapter deals with the impact of Western notions of justice, with especial emphasis on the recurrence of fundamentalist movements such as the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Pakistan, and other Islamic lands.

Risk sharing and social justice

Abstract: Much political behaviour can be interpreted as the pursuit of more or less naked self-interest. Occasionally, though, individuals do apparently exhibit some concern for their fellow human beings. The result is a less cold and dismal world – and one in which moral philosophers can find a role. Our focus here, however, is more on practical problems than philosophical ones. We shall be less concerned with questions of what moralists should demand of people than with questions of how such demands could be enforced upon people. Specifically, we will be asking how it is possible to evoke from people support for policies aiding those less fortunate than themselves. We propose to address this question by exploring the sources of support for the most broadly-based institution presently available for promoting social justice, the welfare state.

Ethics: Theory and Practice

Abstract: I. ETHICAL THEORY: FOUR APPROACHES TO ETHICS. 1. The Nature of Ethics. The Classical View of Ethics: Plato, Crito. A Contemporary View of Ethics: Edward Wastemarck, "Ethical Relativity," A Second Contemporary View of Ethics: A.J. Ayer, "Emotivism." A Contemporary Version of The Classical View: James Rachels, "Can Ethics Provide Answers?" 2. Natural Law Ethics. The Classical Version of Natural Law Ethic: Saint Thomas Aquinas, Treatise on Law and Justice. A Contemporary Version of Natural Law Ethics: Germain Grisez, "Ethical Arguments." 3. Kantian Ethics. The Classical Version of Kantian Ethics: Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. A Contemporary Version of Kantian Ethics: R.M. Hare, "Moral Reasoning." 4. Utilitarian Ethics. The Classical Version of Utilitarian Ethics: J.S. Mill, Utilitarianism. A Contemporary Version of Utilitarian Ethics: Richard B. Brandt, "Toward a Credible Form of Utilitarianism." 5. Social Contract Ethics. The Classical Version of Social Contract Ethics: thomas Hobbes, Leviathan. A Contemporary Version of Social Contract Ethics: John Rawls: A Theory of Justice. II. ETHICS IN PRACTICE: CONTEMPORARY MORAL ISSUES. 6. Applying Moral Theory: The Issue of Torture. Michael Levin, "The Case for Torture." Henry Shue, "Torture." 7. The Ethics of Nuclear War. John R. Connery, "Morality of Nuclear Armament." John C. Ford, "The Hydrogen Bombing of Cities." Manuel Velasquez, "The Morality of Using Nuclear Weapons." Douglas Lackey, "Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence." Christopher W. Morris, "The Ethics of Nuclear Deterrence: A Contractarian Account." 8. The Ethics of Suicide. Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr., "Suicide and Causing One's Own Death." Alan Donagan, "Duties of Human Beings to Themselves." Richard B. Brandt, "The Morality and Rationality of Suicide." 9. Ethical Issues in Abortion. Michael Tooley, "Abortion and Infantcide." Mary Anne Warren, "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion." Richard Werner, "Abortion: The Moral Status of the Unborn." Judith Jarvis Thomson, "A Defense of Abortion." John Finnis, "The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion." R.M. Hare, "Abortion and the Golden Rule." 10. The Ethics of Euthanasia. James Rachels, "Active and Passive Euthanasia." Tom L. Beauchamp, "A Reply to Rachels on Active and Passive Euthanasia." J. Gay-Williams, "The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia." Bertram and Elsie Bandman, "Rights, Justice, and Euthanasia." 11. Sexual Ethics. Thomas Nagel, "Sexual Perversion." Robert Solomon, "Sex and Perversion." Alan H. Golman, "Plain Sex." Donald Levy, "Perversion and the Unnatural as Moral Categories." John M. Finnis, "Natural Law and Unnatural Acts." Burton M. Leiser, "Homosexuality and the Unnaturalness Argument." Raymond A. Belliotti, "A Philosophical Analysis of Sexual Ethics." 12. Aid for the Needy. Peter Singer, "Famine, Affluence, and Morality." Garrett Hardin, "Carrying Capacity as an Ethical Concept." Alan Gewirth, "Starvation and Human Rights." James P. Sterba, "Human Rights: A Social Contract Perspective." Joseph M. Boyle, "The Concept of Health and the Right to Health Care." 13. Racism and Sexism. Thomas E. Hill, Jr., "Servility and Self-Respect." Joyce Trebilcot, "Sex Roles: The Argument from Nature." James W. Nickel, "Preferential Policies in Hiring and Admissions: A Jurisprudential Approach." George Sher, "Justifying Reverse Discrimination in Employment." 14. Capital Punishment. Steven Goldberg, "Does Capital Punishment Deter?" David A. Conway, "Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Some Considerations in Dialogue Form." Jeffie G. Murphy, "Marxism and Retribution." Richard B. Brandt, "A Utilitarian Theory of Criminal Punishment." 15. Ethics and the Environment. William T. Blackstone, "Ethics and Ecology." Ronald M. Green, "Intergenerational Distributive Justice and Environmental Responsibility." Joel Feinberg, "The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations." Peter Singer, "Not for Humans Only: The Place of Nonhumans and Environmental Issues." Martin Benjamin, "Ethics and Animal Consciousness."

Equality and Liberty: A Defense of Radical Egalitarianism

Abstract: Probably no issue is more confounding in the social policy arena or more closely argued among political philosophers than the question of the relationship between equality and liberty: are they compatible in a just society? In a systematic discussion that expands our understanding of what constitutes liberty, equality, and, especially, justice, Professor Nielsen puts forth a vigorous defense of an uncompromising egalitarianism based on a commitment to the belief that the interests of everyone matter, and matter equally.

World Criminal Justice Systems : A Survey

Abstract: This comparative text provides an understanding of major foreign criminal justice systems by discussing and comparing the systems of six of the world's more industrialized countries: England, France, Sweden, Russia, China and Japan - each representative of a different type of legal system - as well as a chapter on Islamic law that uses Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey as main examples. Political, historical, organizational, procedural, and critical issues confronting the justice systems are explained and analyzed. Each chapter contains material on government, police, judiciary, law, corrections, juvenile justice, and other critical issues. Each chapter introduces a country and then covers 'concepts to know', government, police, judiciary, law, corrections, and juvenile justice.

Emerging Issues in the Social Psychology of Justice

Abstract: An increasing number of public policy issues arise in the context of competing claims about whatprocesses constitute fair ways of making allocation decisions and whatpatterns represent fair distributions of resources and benefits. Aslaissez faire capitalism has given way to the managed economy, a growing level of controversy about how the economy is to be both fairly and efficiently managed has developed. Although competing interests have always existed, the intensity of conflict has been heightened by expanded claims of entitlement based on increasing demands for the recognition of certain rights. In short, more and more areas subject to legislative, executive, and judicial discretion are framed in terms of questions about justice. Divergent perceptions of what is fair are both a common occurrence and a threat to the tractability of public policy decisions

Private Justice: Towards Integrated Theorising in the Sociology of Law

Abstract: This book, first published in 1983, looks at discipline in industry and shows how private justice is integrally bound up with formal law. It is a timely examination of the forms of social control that exist ostensibly outside the formal legal system but on which it crucially depends. Private Justice: Towards Integrated Theorising in the Sociology of Law will be of interest to students of law, sociology, and criminology. Dr. Stuart Henry is currently Professor and Director of the School of Public Affairs at San Diego State University where he has been since 2006. Since leaving Trent Polytechnic (now Nottingham Trent University) in 1983 he has held positions in the United States at Eastern Michigan University, Wayne State University, and the University of Texas at Arlington. He is the author or editor of 30 books and over 100 articles on crime, deviance and social control.

Louis D. Brandeis : justice for the people

Abstract: Traces the life and career of the great Supreme Court justice and discusses his involvement with labor unions, trust busting, women's suffrage, unemployment legislation, and Zionism.

The Public in Practice and Theory

Abstract: a fine sense of and strict allegiance to what is due or right.... 34. Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, pp. 353-354. 35. See David K. Hart, "The Honorable Bureaucrat in a Philistine Regime," Administration and Society 15 (May 1983), pp. 43-48. 36. Rawls, Theory of Justice, p. 363. 37. See Rawls, ibid., chapter 6, "Duty and Obligation," and his discussion of "civil disobedience" and "conscientious refusal." Unfortunately, there is virtually no discussion about the obligations of public administrators in such situations. 38. Perhaps the most ennobling (but overlooked) example was the conduct of the Danish bureaucracy toward the Jews when the Nazis tried to send them to the camps. See Aage Bertelsen, October '43, M. Lindholm and W. Agtby, trans. (New York: Putnam, 1954) and Harold Flender, Rescue in Denmark (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963). 39. Too many misinterpret Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776) because they have not understood The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759). See A. L. Macfie, "Adam Smith's Moral Sentiments as Foundation for His Wealth of Nations," in A. L. Macfie, ed., The Individual in Society (London: George Allen & Un-