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Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 1993"


Book
06 Apr 1993
TL;DR: The Duluth Model has inspired activists all over the world, and its principles are being followed in programs in several countries as discussed by the authors, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States.
Abstract: Pence and Paymar are right on target again. Their analysis of battering is excellent and their approach...is straightforward, useful and clear. [The book] tells you what to do with abusive men and how to do it well. [The authors] challenge practitioners to do their work in a manner that is compassionate yet never colluding. Accountability and safety to battered women and creating a process of change for abusive men are central to its success.--Susan Schechter, author of "Women and Male Violence" "Drawing upon years of experience...Pence and Paymar have written a practical and conceptually sound curriculum for batterers' groups. This book offers an effective guide to both the beginning facilitator and the experienced clinician for engaging batterers in the lifelong process of changing their intimate relationships, from those based on coercive control to those based on equality. [They] accomplish this task without compromising their commitment to advocacy with battered women." --Anne L. Ganley, PhD, Domestic Violence Program Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center Presents the most comprehensive and successful methods for working with men who batter. Mixing discussion, self-analysis and opportunities for learning new behaviors, this well-mapped-out intervention strategy helps counselors hold men accountable while teaching non-abusive behaviors." --Fernando Merderos, Executive Director of Common Purpose, Boston, MA "Education Groups for Men Who Batter" is a curriculum and a methodology which unequivocally identifies the exercise of violent and coercive tactics against women in intimate relationships as intentional, strategic behavior....[It] is an essential training tool for all actors in the justice and human services systems. Only when tactics of control are seen as intentional intimate terrorism can these systems construct responses effectively to end the violence." --Barbara J. Hart, Esq., Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence Presents the leading approach to undoing men's abuse of women...The Duluth Model has pioneered an approach based on the experiences of abused women and consequently tailored to their circumstances. It tackles the social dimensions of woman abuse more directly and decisively than any of the psychological or skill-building approaches circulating in the field." -- Edward W. Gondolf, author of "Men Who Batter, Battered Women as Survivors," and "Psychiatric Response to Family Violence" "The Duluth Model has inspired activists all over the world, and its principles are being followed in programs in several countries. We predict that this book will become the standard text for those who work with men who batter." --Rebecca Emerson Dobash and Russell P. Dobash authors of "Violence Against Wives; Women, Violence and Social Change"; and "Women Viewing Violence"

1,215 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a justice model of applicants' reactions to employment-selection systems is proposed as a basis for organizing previous findings and guiding future research, which also includes the interaction of procedural and distributive justice and the relationship of fairness reactions to individual and organizational outcomes.
Abstract: A justice model of applicants' reactions to employment-selection systems is proposed as a basis for organizing previous findings and guiding future research. Organizational justice literature is briefly reviewed, and key findings are used to provide a framework for the proposed model and to support hypotheses. The procedural justice of selection systems is examined in terms of 10 procedural rules, wherein the satisfaction and violation of these rules provide the basis for fairness reactions. Distributive justice of hiring decisions is examined with respect to equity, equality, and needs. The model also includes the interaction of procedural and distributive justice and the relationship of fairness reactions to individual and organizational outcomes.

1,074 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study concerned strategy implementation in multinational organizations and concluded that subsidiary top managers' perception that their head offices exercised procedural justice positively was not supported by the evidence.
Abstract: This study concerned strategy implementation in multinational organizations. In previous research, subsidiary top managers' perception that their head offices exercised procedural justice positivel...

510 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Stella M. Čapek1
TL;DR: The Carver Terrace neighborhood of Texarkana, Texas, was identified as a Superfund site in 1984 and the residents' ability to mobilize for social change was intimately linked to their adoption of an environmental justice frame as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Drawing on a social constructionist perspective, this paper: (1) identifies some of the most salient dimensions of the “environmental justice” frame as it has emerged from local community struggles over toxic contamination in the United States; and (2) provides an empirical illustration of the emergence and application of this concept in a particular contaminated community, the Carver Terrace neighborhood of Texarkana, Texas. Carver Terrace, an African-American community consisting mostly of homeowners, recently organized to win a federal buyout and relocation after being declared a Superfund site in 1984. Using case study evidence, the paper argues that the residents' ability to mobilize for social change was intimately linked to their adoption of an “environmental justice” frame. The intent of the conceptual discussion of environmental justice and the case study is to clarify the meaning of a term used with increasing frequency and some ambiguity in both popular and academic discourses. This paper documents the process by which the environmental justice frame is constructed in an interplay between the local community and national levels of the antitoxics movement.

421 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This article provided a theoretical framework and empirical assessment of the structural context of juvenile court processing in the United States and derived a macro-level theory on inequality and official social control that poses the question: How does structural context influence formal petitioning, predisposition detention, and placement of juveniles?
Abstract: Although there is a rich body of theory on crime causation, development of general sociological theory on criminal justice has been sparse. A major reason is that the criminal justice literature is dominated by a focus on individual level case processing, in particular how “extralegal” factors such as race, social class, and gender influence court decision making. This chapter addresses the lack of a macrolevel focus on juvenile justice by providing a theoretical framework and empirical assessment of the structural context of juvenile court processing in the United States. It derives a macrolevel theory on inequality and official social control that poses the question: How does structural context – especially racial inequality and the concentration of “underclass” poverty – influence formal petitioning, predisposition detention, and placement of juveniles? The chapter lays the groundwork for a better understanding of the relationship between larger societal forces of increasing poverty and inequality and formal systems of juvenile social control.

290 citations


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The Legacy of US Social Science Social Justice Methodology and Justice Evaluation in Multicultural Societies Professional Ethics as discussed by the authors Evaluation in Advanced Capitalist Society Trends Evaluation as an Institution and Profession Government and Evaluation Higher Education An Example Evaluation as a Discipline The Legacy of U.S. Social Science
Abstract: Introduction Evaluation in Advanced Capitalist Society Trends Evaluation as an Institution and Profession Government and Evaluation Higher Education An Example Evaluation as a Discipline The Legacy of US Social Science Social Justice Methodology and Justice Evaluation in Multicultural Societies Professional Ethics

261 citations


Book
01 Feb 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define race through the minority experience and define the Minority OCrime ProblemO (MOPO) as "the problem of minority experience in the criminal justice system".
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments Part One: Minorities and Crime 1. Defining Race through the Minority Experience 2. The Minority OCrime ProblemO 3. Explanations of Minority Crime Part Two: The Response to Minority Crime 4. Law and Its Enforcement against Minorities 5. Unequal Justice: A Question of Color 6. Warehousing Minorities: Corrections Notes Bibliography Index

209 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a collection of essays based on the Locke Lectures that Nagel delivered at Oxford University in 1990 addresses the conflict between the claims of the group and those of the individual.
Abstract: This collection of essays, based on the Locke Lectures that Nagel delivered at Oxford University in 1990, addresses the conflict between the claims of the group and those of the individual. Nagel attempts to clarify the nature of the conflict - one of the most fundamental problems in moral and political theory - and concludes that its reconciliation is the essential task of any legitimate political system.

207 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override, unless that involves some sacrifice, and the sacrifice in question must be that we give up whatever marginal benefits our country would receive from overriding these rights when they prove inconvenient.
Abstract: 'Individuals have rights, and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights)." 'Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override.'2 'There would be no point in the boast that we respect individual rights unless that involved some sacrifice, and the sacrifice in question must be that we give up whatever marginal benefits our country would receive from overriding these rights when they prove inconvenient.'3 These are familiar propositions of political philosophy. What do they imply about institutions? Should we embody our rights in legalistic formulae and proclaim them in a formal Bill of Rights? Or should we leave them to evolve informally in dialogue among citizens, representatives and officials? How are we to stop rights from being violated? Should we rely on a general spirit of watchfulness in the community, attempting to raise what Mill called 'a strong barrier of moral conviction' to protect our liberty?4 Or should we also entrust some specific branch of government-the courts, for example-with the task of detecting violations and with the authority to overrule any other agency that commits them?

203 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Friedan's The Feminine Mystique as mentioned in this paperriedman et al. argued that women and men found personal identity and fulfillment through individual achievement, most notably through careers, and that full-time domesticity stunted women and denied their basic human need to grow.
Abstract: In 1963 Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, an instant best seller. Friedan argued, often brilliantly, that American women, especially suburban women, suffered from deep discontent. In the postwar era, she wrote, journalists, educators, advertisers, and social scientists had pulled women into the home with an ideological stranglehold, the "feminine mystique." This repressive "image" held that women could "find fulfillment only in sexual passivity, male domination, and nurturing maternal love." It denied "women careers or any commitment outside the home" and "narrowed woman's world down to the home, cut her role back to housewife." In Friedan's formulation, the writers and editors of mass-circulation magazines, especially women's magazines, were the "Frankensteins" who had created this "feminine monster." In her defense of women, Friedan did not choose a typical liberal feminist language of rights, equality, or even justice. Influenced by the new human potential psychology, she argued instead that full-time domesticity stunted women and denied their "basic human need to grow." For Friedan, women and men found personal identity and fulfillment through individual achievement, most notably through careers. Without such growth, she claimed, women would remain unfulfilled and unhappy, and children would suffer at the hands of neurotic mothers.' The Feminine Mystique had an indisputable impact. Hundreds of women have testified that the book changed their lives, and historical accounts often credit it

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that evangelical/fundamentalist Protestants are more inclined to attribute crime to offenders' dispositional characteristics than to situational factors, and they are expected to be more punitive than members of other groups.
Abstract: The increased punitiveness in the criminal justice system, stimulated at least to some extent by public opinion, has coincided with the revival of Protestant evangelicalism and fundamentalism and with their followers' active involvement in politics and policy debates. Previous research on the determinants of preferred justice policies in the public either ignored religion or relied on a simple distinction among Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. The present study argues that evangelical/fundamentalist Protestants are more inclined to attribute crime to offenders' dispositional characteristics than to situational factors. Consequently they are expected to be more punitive than members of other groups. Survey data from a sample of adults in a southwestern city reveal greater punitiveness among evangelical/fundamentalist Protestants on four of five policy issues, including support for the death penalty both for adults and for juveniles.

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take recent debates about the moral status of animals as a basis for reviewing the discourse of human rights and argue that both liberal rights theory and it socialist critique fail adequately to theorize these aspects of human vulnerability.
Abstract: In this challenging book, Ted Benton takes recent debates about the moral status of animals as a basis for reviewing the discourse of 'human rights'. Liberal-individualist views of human rights and the advocates of animal rights tend to think of individuals, whether humans or animals, in isolation from their social position. This makes them vulnerable to criticisms from the left which emphasise the importance of social relationships to individual well-being. Benton's argument supports the important assumption, underpinning the cause for animal rights, that humans and other species of animal have much in common, both in the conditions for their well-being and their vulnerability and harm. Both liberal rights theory and it socialist critique fail adequately to theorize these aspects of human vulnerability. Nevertheless, it is argued that, enriched by feminist and ecological insights, a socialist view of rights has much to offer. Lucid and wide-ranging in its argument, Natural Relations enables the outline of an ecological socialist view of rights and justice to begin to take their shape.

MonographDOI
31 Dec 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, Yack argues that community is a conflict-ridden fact of everyday life, as well as an ideal of social harmony and integration, and proposes a new interpretation of Aristotelian thought.
Abstract: A bold new interpretation of Aristotelian thought is central to Bernard Yack's provocative new book. He shows that for Aristotle, community is a conflict-ridden fact of everyday life, as well as an ideal of social harmony and integration. From political justice and the rule of law to class struggle and moral conflict, Yack maintains that Aristotle intended to explain the conditions of everyday political life, not just, as most commentators assume, to represent the hypothetical achievements of an idealistic "best regime." By showing how Aristotelian ideas can provide new insight into our own political life, Yack makes a valuable contribution to contemporary discourse and debate. His work will excite interest among a wide range of social, moral, and political theorists.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative analysis of national courts with respect to the application of international law is presented, showing that the existence of a similar pattern of behaviour in most jurisdictions, and the reasons that prompt most national courts to adopt an apprehensive approach towards international norms and the circumstances in which such an approach could be revised.
Abstract: Justice Powell remarked twenty years ago that '[u]ntil international tribunals command a wider constituency, the courts of the various countries afford the best means for the development of a respected body of international law.' Few would challenge this statement which underlines the promise of world-wide development and enforcement of international law by national courts. But can national courts really live up to this challenge? Apparently, there are weighty factors that inhibit national courts from the rigorous application and enforcement of international law. This is particularly the case when the application of international norms is sought in an attempt to constrain the activities of the national court's executive. The somewhat idyllic statement of Justice Powell is the starting point for this article. Sharing his aspiration, this article endeavours to explore its limitations. Only by understanding the factors that hinder national courts from becoming the enforcement agencies of international law will it be possible to assess the real potential of national courts in the international arena and the means to realize i t The first part of the article is an inquiry into die practice of national courts with respect to the application of international law. This comparative analysis demonstrates the existence of 'a similar pattern of behaviour in most jurisdictions. It provides the background for assessing the reasons that prompt most national courts to adopt an apprehensive approach towards international norms, and die circumstances in which such an approach could be revised. In light of this general study, the second part of die article examines more closely the jurisprudence of die Israeli Supreme Court in this context The claim I shall make in the second part is that die continuation of die

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The Economics of Colletive Choice (ECC) as mentioned in this paper is a seminal work in the field of collective choice economics, which is a mix of applied welfare economics and public choice analysis and does not presuppose a knowledge of intermediate microeconomics.
Abstract: The study of government policy and public decision-making has experienced a renaissance in recent years as economists and political scientists have come together to form the new field of collective, or public, choice. The Economics of Colletive Choice is a breakthrough text in this field. It is the first to approach the public policy process with a sophisticated understanding of both economics and government and to present these ideas with a grace and accessibility entirely appropriate to undergraduates. Collective choice economics as presented by Professor Stevens is a mix of applied welfare economics and public choice analysis and does not presuppose a knowledge of intermediate microeconomics. Professor Stevens credits both the conservative insight that government intervention is often worse than what it is intended to cure and the liberal view that efficiency and justice are sometimes best served by intervention. This approach allows students to find their own balance between these ideological views. This unique book is designed as a core text for courses on public choice and public policy analysis. It will also find wide use in courses on public administration or public affairs and as a supplementary text in courses on public sector economics and public finance.

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: O'Reilley as mentioned in this paper argues that the kind of environment created in the classroom determines a whole series of choices students make in the future, especially about issues of peace and justice.
Abstract: "Is it possible to teach English so that people stop killing each other?" When a professor dropped this question into a colloquium for young college teachers in 1967, at the height of the Vietnam War, most people shuffled their feet. For Mary Rose O'Reilley it was a question that would not go away; "The Peaceable Classroom" records one attempt to answer it. Out of her own experience, primarily as a college English teacher, she writes about certain moral connections between school and the outside world, making clear that the kind of environment created in the classroom determines a whole series of choices students make in the future, especially about issues of peace and justice. Animated throughout by the spirit of the personal essayist, "The Peaceable Classroom" first defines a pedagogy of nonviolence and then analyzes certain contemporary approaches to rhetoric and literary studies in light of nonviolent theory. The pedagogy of Ken Macrorie, Peter Elbow, and the National Writing Project is examined. The author emphasizes that many techniques taken for granted in contemporary writing pedagogy -- such as freewriting and journaling -- are not just educational fads, but rather ways of shaping a different human being. "Finding voice," then, is not only an aspect of writing process, but a spiritual event as well. To find voice, and to mediate personal voice in a community of others, is one of the central dialectics of the peaceable classroom. The author urges teachers to foster critical encounters with the intellectual and spiritual traditions of humankind and to reclaim the revolutionary power of literature to change things.


Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: This paper examined Adam Smith's disparagement of politics and religion to illuminate the subtlety of his rhetoric, the depth of his thought, and the ultimate shortcomings of his project, concluding the demise of communism in light of the Marxian emancipation of economics from politics.
Abstract: In launching modern economics, Adam Smith paved the way for laissez-faire capitalism, Marxism, and contemporary social science. This book scrutinizes Smith's disparagement of politics and religion to illuminate the subtlety of his rhetoric, the depth of his thought, and the ultimate shortcomings of his project. The author analyzes Smith's ideas on government, justice, human psychology, and international relations, stressing Smith's efforts to elevate wealth at the expense of citizenship and to replace normative political philosophy with historical theorizing and empirical modeling that emphasize economic causes. The book also provides the most comprehensive interpretation available of Smith's views on religion, examining the discrepancies between The Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments. The concluding chapter appraises the demise of communism in light of the Marxian emancipation of economics from politics and religion.

Book
16 Dec 1993


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated how average citizens in the United States and Japan think about and judge various kinds of wrongdoing, how they determine who is responsible when things go wrong, and how they prefer to punish offenders.
Abstract: It is a fundamental human impulse to seek restitution or retribution when a wrong is done, yet individuals and societies assess responsibility and allocate punishment for wrongdoing in different ways. This book investigates how average citizens in the United States and Japan think about and judge various kinds of wrongdoing, how they determine who is responsible when things go wrong, and how they prefer to punish offenders. Drawing on the results of surveys they conducted in Detroit, Michigan, and Yokohama and Kanazawa, Japan, the authors compare both individual and cultural reactions to wrongdoing. They find that decisions about justice are influenced by whether or not there seems to be a social relationship between the offender and victim: the American tendency is to see actors in isolation while the Japanese tendency is to see them in relation to others. The Japanese, who emphasize the importance of role obligations and social ties, mete out punishment with the goal of restoring the offender to the social network. Americans, who acknowledge fewer \"ties that bind\" and have firmer convictions that evil resides in individuals, punish wrongdoers by isolating them from the community. The authors explore the implications of \"justice among friends\" versus \"justice toward strangers\" as approaches to the righting of wrongs in modern society. Their findings will be of interest to students of social psychology, the sociology of law, and Japanese studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a workshop on Alternative Dispute Resolution: Civil Justice and its Alternatives, which deals more generally with those devices whether judicial or not that have emerged as alternatives to the ordinary or traditional types of procedures.
Abstract: I shall start with a few words about the topic of this workshop. Its official title is 'Dispute Resolution: Civil Justice and its Alternatives'. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is usually given a strictly technical meaning, which refers to those devices which are intended to solve disputes, mainly out of court, or by non-judicial devices. This, however, is not the only meaning the conveners of this conference had in mind. Quite properly, they made it clear that what they had in mind was to deal more generally with those devices whether judicial or not that have emerged as alternatives to the ordinary or traditional types of procedures. Thus, class actions, for instance, would be part of the topic they envisaged dealing with, as well as access to justice generally, including access to information in the hands of potential litigants (thus, discovery devices as developed, in particular, in the USA). I will follow, in part at least, this broader approach, and will try to analyse the topic, within the framework of the world-wide access to justice movement, indeed, as an important feature of such a movement.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Docherty provides the basic outlines of a postmodernist theory, the kind of theory which the text in fact has practiced throughout." All thought since the Enlightenment, he tells us, has been based on logic, which in its operations is indistinguishable from ideology.
Abstract: Toward the end of After Theory, Docherty provides "the basic outlines of a postmodernist theory, the kind of theory which the text in fact has practiced throughout." All thought since the Enlightenment, he tells us, has been based on logic, which in its operations is indistinguishable from ideology. Neither one requires or permits "real critical thinking"; "it is the system ... which does the thinking and which provides the answers." This view implies that theories cannot be challenged by reference to facts; that what we may see as philosophical or ideological differences are infallibly generated from assumptions by "rigorously policed or disciplined" conventions; and that rationality, "a system of oppression," is "terroristic" (pp. 207-09). The alternative is a postmodern alterity and heterogeneity. "Since this thinking orjudging has no criteria ... it becomes difficult to understand" (p. 11). Such views are commonplace in the thirty-odd books now produced annually with the word "postmodern" in the title. Lacking a jurisdiction competent to hear their claims, postmodernists find themselves subjected to peremptory judgment by rationalists-a perfect example of the differend, as conceived by Lyotard: "A case of differend between two parties takes place when the 'regulation' of the conflict that opposes them is done in the idiom of one of the parties while the wrong suffered by the other is not signified in that idiom" (The Differend, p. 9). By this high standard of justice, it is unfair to criticize postmodernism in a rational idiom. But by the same token, postmodernists have no right, Lyotard would say, to deprive rationalists of any means to argue their own case. This differend cannot be adjudicated, but it can be complicated by showing that it is a tangle of differences, not a clearcut opposition. Objections to theory, for example, take varied forms. Rationalists hold that some theories are demonstrably wrong. Many have argued that theories of some things are bound to be wrong. That was what Kant held concerning the aesthetic; in Gadamer, the sphere of the untheorizable is extended. Most species of the genre of postmodernism hold that all theories are bound to be wrong. But here discriminations prove useful. The antitheorisms of Wittgenstein, Rorty, Dreyfus, Derrida, and Lyotard are distinct. In the case of Docherty, the rejection of theory appears to arise from the following syllogism: (1) Scientific theories are paradigmatic of rational thought. (2) Marxism, a rigorously scientific theory, has proven false. (3) Therefore, all theories are false (p.

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Barlett as discussed by the authors used Dodge County, Georgia, as a case study and revealed consumerism, individualism, and short-term decision making as the greatest threats to the family farm.
Abstract: Using Dodge County, Georgia, as a case study, Peggy Barlett reveals consumerism, individualism, and short-term decision making as the greatest threats to the family farm. "This book is of value not only to students of agriculture and rural sociology but also to city dwellers attempting to understand the lure and frustration of family farming."-- Choice "An excellent, well-written study that substantially expands our understanding of connections between the micro level of households and the macro level of cultural trends."-- American Journal of Sociology |Covering the period from January 1820 to December 1823, this volume continues the annotated edition of the papers of Chief Justice John Marshall.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between certain religious beliefs associated with fundamentalist and evangelical Protestantism and support for capital punishment for both adults and juveniles, and found that these beliefs generally do have positive direct effects on support for the death penalty.

01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Longman as discussed by the authors argued that in a time of federal budget deficits and a fast-growing elderly population, the day is approaching when benefit programs must have eligibility criteria based on economic circumstances.
Abstract: Not all analysts agree that some benefit programs for the elderly should be means tested while others should be universal once a certain age is reached . Some contend that in a time of federal budget deficits and a fast -growing elderly population , the day is approaching when benefit programs must have eligibility criteria based on economic circumstances . Representing that viewpoint is Phillip Longman, research director at Americans for Generational Equity, a Washingtonbased advocacy group . He is currently writing a book for HoughtonMifflin on the idea of generational equity. Reprinted here are excerpts from an article he published in The Atlantic Monthly in June 1985.