Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 1994"

The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach

Abstract: justice. Women, by contrast, were believed to be at a lower stage because they were found to have a sense of agency still tied primarily to their social relationships and to make political and moral decisions based on context-specific principles based on these relationships rather than on the grounds of their own autonomous judgments. Students of gender studies know well just how busy social scientists have been kept by their efforts to come up with ever more sociological "alibis" for the question of why women did not act like men. Gilligan's response was to refuse the terms of the debate altogether. She thus did not develop yet another explanation for why women are "deviant." Instead, she turned the question on its head by asking what was wrong with the theory a theory whose central premises defines 50% of social beings as "abnormal." Gilligan translated this question into research by subjecting the abstraction of universal and discrete agency to comparative research into female behavior evaluated on its own terms The new research revealed women to be more "concrete" in their thinking and more attuned to "fairness" while men acted on "abstract reasoning" and "rules of justice." These research findings transformed female otherness into variation and difference but difference now freed from the normative de-

Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory

Abstract: There has been an explosion of interest in the concept of citizenship among political theorists In 1978, it could be confidently stated that "the concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers" (van Gunsteren 1978, p 9) Fifteen years later, citizenship has become the "buzz word" among thinkers on all points of the political spectrum (Heater 1990, p 293; Vogel and Moran 1991, p x) There are a number of reasons for this renewed interest in citizenship in the 1990s At the level of theory, it is a natural evolution in political discourse because the concept of citizenship seems to integrate the demands ofjustice and community membership-the central concepts of political philosophy in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively Citizenship is intimately linked to ideas of individual entitlement on the one hand and of attachment to a particular community on the other Thus it may help clarify what is really at stake in the debate between liberals and communitarians Interest in citizenship has also been sparked by a number of recent political events and trends throughout the world-increasing voter apathy and long-term welfare dependency in the United States, the resurgence of nationalist movements in Eastern Europe, the stresses created by an increasingly multicultural and multiracial population in Western Europe, the backlash against the welfare state in Thatcher's England, the failure of environmental policies that rely on voluntary citizen cooperation, and so forth These events have made clear that the health and stability of a modern democracy depends, not only on the justice of its 'basic structure' but also on the qualities and attitudes of its citizens:' for example,

A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing a Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State

Abstract: D EPENDENCY HAS BECOME a keyword of U.S. politics. Politicians of diverse views regularly criticize what they term welfare dependency. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas spoke for many conservatives in 1980 when he vilified his sister: "She gets mad when the mailman is late with her welfare check. That's how dependent she is. What's worse is that now her kids feel entitled to the check, too. They have no motivation for doing better or getting out of that situation" (quoted in Tumulty 1991). Liberals usually blame the victim less, but they, too, decry welfare dependency. Democratic Senator Daniel P. Moynihan prefigured today's discourse when he began his 1973 book by claiming that "the issue of welfare is the issue of dependency. It is different from poverty. To be poor is an objective condition; to be dependent, a subjective one as well.... Being poor is often associated with considerable personal qualities; being dependent rarely so. [Dependency] is an incomplete state in life: normal in the child, abnormal in the adult. In a world where completed men and women stand on their own feet, persons who are dependent-as the buried imagery of the word denotes-hang" (Moynihan 1973, 17). Today, "policy experts" from both major parties agree "that [welfare] dependency is bad for people, that it undermines their motivation to support themselves, and isolates and stigmatizes welfare recipients in a way that over a long period feeds into and accentuates the underclass mindset and condition" (Nathan 1986, 248).

Psychological models of the justice motive: Antecedents of distributive and procedural justice.

Abstract: Two psychological theories consider why people care about justice. The social-exchange-based resource model argues that people want to maximize the resources they obtain from social interactions, a goal that they believe is facilitated by following rules of distributive and procedural justice; the identity-based relational model suggests that people attempt to maintain high status within groups and use the justice of their experiences to evaluate their group status. Two studies on reactions to experiences with authorities ― legal and managerial ― examine the influence of these motives on (a) people's evaluations of the distributive and procedural justice of their experiences and (b) affective and behavioral reactions to those experiences

Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad

Abstract: Revising and extending the arguments he put forth in Spheres of Justice, the author frames his ideas about justice, social criticism, and national identity in light of the new political world that has arisen in the past decade.

An Egalitarian Law of Peoples

Abstract: L'A. examine la theorie du «droit des gens» de Rawls qui, dans ses derniers ouvrages, n'a aucune composante distributive egalitaire. L'A. rappelle les principes de l'egalitarisme et s'interroge sur leur applicabilite pragmatique, avant de discuter la position de Rawls sur la justice distributive internationale et sa controverse avec Nozick

Organizational justice: The search for fairness in the workplace.

Abstract: Some managers conduct inconsistant performance reviews, pay inequitable salaries, and dismiss employees arbitrarily. Concerns about justice are pervasive in the workplace: they arise whenever rules are made, interpreted, or applied to organizational activities and practices. In this analysis, the authors create a model for measuring justice in an organization, and show how to anticipate the responses that will follow if injustices persist. They examine contemporary organizational issues and introduce a new theory of the nature of justice in organizations.

'Sustainable development': is it a useful concept?

Abstract: It is argued that 'sustainable development' has been defined in such a way as to be either morally repugnant or logically redundant. 'Strong' sustainability, overriding all other considerations, is morally unacceptable as well as totally impractical; and 'weak' sustainability, in which compensation is made for resources consumed, offers nothing beyond traditional economic welfare maximisation. The 'sustainability' requirement that human well-being should never be allowed to decline is shown to be irrational. Welfare economics can accommodate distributional considerations, and, suitably defined, the concept of welfare can include the subjective effects of changes in - as well as the levels of - well-being. Hence there is no reason why welfare maximisation should not remain an overriding policy objective. Nor can sustainability be regarded as a 'constraint' on welfare maximisation unless there is a clear conflict between the two - which has yet to be demonstrated. This is not to deny the importance of intergenerational justice, nor the need for economic incentives to correct market imperfections if the environment is to be managed in a socially optimal manner. Apart from a few small developing countries heavily dependent on minerals or other finite primary products, the measurement of some wider concept of 'sustainable' GNP is a waste of time and such estimates as have been made are virtually worthless.

Actuarial Justice: the Emerging New Criminal Law

Abstract: This chapter argues that there is a paradigm shift taking place in the criminal process. It explores the intellectual, political, and social contexts of actuarial justice. This falls far short of a causal explanation, but by linking actuarial justice to emerging practices elsewhere we can identify some of the forces that are facilitating the growth of actuarial justice. Possibly the clearest indication of actuarial justice is found in the new theory of incapacitation, which has perhaps become the predominant model of punishment. An important movement in contemporary jurisprudence with possible links to actuarial justice is law and economics. Economic thinking has a powerful influence on contemporary scholarship in a variety of substantive law fields, especially torts, contracts, environmental law and anti-trust, and in turn this has influenced the courts. But if the emergence of the term underclass reinforces the salience of actuarial justice, the links to practice are even more significant.

The Puzzling (In)Dependence of Courts: A Comparative Approach

Abstract: As law professors, we make our living off the courts. We study them.1 We use them to justify our salaries. Naturally, we stress their importance. Concurrently, we also stress their independence from the electoral marketplace. "An independent and honorable judiciary is indispensable to justice in our society," our American Bar Association proclaims.2 And "all freedom-loving nations are faithful, after their fashion, to the principle of judicial independence," we scholars too often reply.3 We exaggerate badly, of course, and that exaggeration is the source of the puzzle at hand. Basic comparative research shows that independent judiciaries (defined here as courts where politicians do not manipulate

Geography and Social Justice

Abstract: List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowlegements. 1. Introduction: The Return of Social Justice. Scientific and Moral Perspectives. Ethics, Morality and Social Justice in Geography. The Changing World. The Text. Part I: Theory:. 2. Elements of Justice. The Concept of Justice. Ethics and Morality. Rights. Membership. Space. Time. Inequality and Difference. 3. Theories of Social Justice:. (i) Mainstream. Egalitarianism. Utilitarianism. Libertarianism. Contractarianism. 4. Theories of Social Justice: (ii) Reaction. Marxism. Communitarianism. Feminism. 5. Returning to Equality: Justice as Equalization. Social Justice as Equalization. Minimum Standards. From Needs to Well--being. Producing Well--being. Measuring inequality and Equalization. Returning to Geography. Part II: Case Studies:. 6. Inequality in the United States City: What Price the American Dream?. The Question of Scale. Inequality in Atlanta, Georgia. The Political Economy of Disequalization in Atlanta. Some other Cities. The Enduring American Dilemma. Epilogue. 7. Inequality in the East European City. The City under Socialism. Equalization and Disequalization in Moscow. Some other Cities. Distribution under socialism. Social Justice after Socialism. Epilogue. 8. South Africa after Apartheid. The aparthied legacy. The Land Question. Redistribution for Equalization. Social Justice after Apartheid. Epilogue. 9. Territory, Community and Home. Community Destruction in South Africa. Erasing the Jewish Ghetto. Resettlement in Palestine. Displacement by Market Forces. Loss of Place. Epilogue. 10. Conclusion: Returning to Social Justice. Market (in)justice. Egalitarian Social Justice. The Possibility of Universals. Social Justice and Geography. Bibliography. Further Reading. Index.

The Disabled God: Toward a Liberatory Theology of Disability

Abstract: Draws on themes of the disability-rights movement to identify people with disabilities as members of a socially disadvantaged minority group rather than as individuals who need to adjust. Highlights the hidden history of people with disabilities in church and society. Proclaiming the emancipatory presence of the disabled God, the author maintains the vital importance of the relationship between Christology and social change. Eiesland contends that in the Eucharist, Christians encounter the disabled God and may participate in new imaginations of wholeness and new embodiments of justice.

International relations theory : new normative approaches

Abstract: Part 1 Cosmopolitan and communitarian international relations theory: cosmopolitan theory communitarian theory the intellectual context of contemporary international political philosophy. Part 2 Contemporary theory - force and justice: the moral basis of state autonomy the ethics of force international justice. Part 3 New challenges: critical and post-modern international theory.

A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles

Abstract: Towards a Rereading of "Romans" Readers in "Romans" and the Meaning of Self-Mastery Gentile Culture and God's Impartial Justice Warning a Greek and Debating a Fellow Jew Paul's Dialogue with a Fellow Jew Paul on Sin and Works of the Law God's Merciful Justice in Christ's Faithfulness One God and One Father Abraham The Gentile Share in Christ's Obedience and Life A Warning and a Promise to Gentiles Faithfulness as Adaptability - An Ethic of Community for Gentiles.

Political Obligation and the Natural Duties of Justice

Abstract: L'A. discute la theorie de Rawls selon laquelle l'individu a un devoir politique par sa simple vertu d'homme, un «devoir naturel de justice» le poussant an particulier a suivre les institutions justes. L'A. vise a montrer l'insuffisance de ses arguments et propose de combler ce manque par une nouvelle comprehension du principe de loyaute que Rawls rejetait explicitement dans sa «Theorie de la Justice»

A Modern Guide to Macroeconomics: An Introduction to Competing Schools of Thought

Abstract: This study of modern macroeconomics aims to do justice not only to fiscalism, monetarism and rational expectations, but also to real business-cycle theory, post-Keynesianism and the Austrian theory of business cycles. The material is enhanced by interviews with leading macroeconomists.

Insight and solidarity : a study in the discourse ethics of Jürgen Habermas

Abstract: Discourse ethics represents an exciting new development in neo-Kantian moral theory. William Rehg offers an insightful introduction to its complex theorization by its major proponent, Jurgen Habermas, and demonstrates how discourse ethics allows one to overcome the principal criticisms that have been leveled against neo-Kantianism. Addressing both "communitarian" critics who argue that universalist conceptions of justice sever moral deliberation from community traditions, and feminist advocates of the "ethics of care" who stress the moral significance of caring for other individuals, Rehg shows that discourse ethics combines impartiality with solidarity. He provides a systematic reconstruction of Habermas's theory and explores its relationship to the work of such contemporary philosophers as Charles Taylor. His book articulates a bold alternative to the split between "right" and "good" theories of justice and should interest philosophers, social and legal scholars, and political scientists.

Political liberalism, justice, and gender

Abstract: In 1977, Jane English pointed out that "by making the parties in the original position heads of families rather than individuals, Rawls makes the family opaque to claims of justice." Since then, a number of feminists have written on issues having to do with gender and the family in Rawls's A Theory ofJustice. 1 I argued in two earlier articles, and then in Justice, Gender, and the Family, that the absence of a discussion of justice in families and justice and gender was a significant problem, for reasons both internal and external to the theory.' I also argued, however, that Rawls's theory of justice had very great potential to address these issues. And I have tried to make some suggestions as to what a feminist extension of Rawls's ideas might include. I shall turn to these later in this article. In the introduction to Political Liberalism, Rawls mentions, as one of a number of "major matters" omitted from Theory, "the justice of and in the family." He reminds us that he did, however, "assume that in some form the family is just."3 It is not at all clear that, in Political Liberalism, he still holds to this assumption, or even to the requirement that families ought to be thought of in terms ofjustice. In publications

The Social Contract from Hobbes to Rawls

Abstract: Preface 1.The social contract and its critics: an overview, David Boucher and Paul Kelly 2.Hobbes' contractarianism: A comparative analysis, Murray Forsyth 3.John Locke: Social contract versus political anthropology, Jeremy Waldron 4.Locke's contract in perspective, Martyn P.Thompson 5.History, reason and experience: Hume's arguments against contract theories, Dario Castiglione 6.Rousseau, social contract and the modern Leviathan, Jeremy Jennings 7.Kant's social contract theory, Howard Williams 8.Hegel's critique of the theory of the social contract, Bruce Haddock 9.Marx and the social contract, Lawrence Wilde 10.Contractarianism in international political theory, John Charvet 11.Women, gender and contract:Feminist interpretations, Diane Coole 12.Gauthier and the contractual basis of morality, Margaret Moore 13.Justifying Justice: Contractarianism, communitarianism and the foundations of contemporary liberalism, Paul Kelly 14.'Economic justice': Contractarianism and Rawls' difference principle, Rex Martin

Theories of Justice and Street-Level Discretion

Abstract: As we continue our study of policy implementation we are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of exploring the frameworks through which public administrators view the world. Visions of social justice may be an important part of those frameworks. This article explores the principles of justice held by two groups of street-level bureaucrats and the overt relationship between those principles and their actions. Street-level bureaucrats are the final implementors of public policy. Their jobs are inherently discretionary and the actions they take (or fail to take) affect people in significant ways. As such this is an important group on which to focus. Do street-level bureaucrats exercise their discretion in order to produce what they believe to be just outcomes? Are there differences from one organizational arena to the next? This article explores these questions through an analysis of stories of justice and injustice told by two groups of street-level bureaucrats, schoolteachers and employees of the California Employment Development Department. These two groups work in very different organizational contexts with different cultural attitudes toward the use of discretion. My claim is that an organization's culture of discretion either enhances or inhibits the ability of street-level bureaucrats to orchestrate outcomes that are compatible with their visions of justice, thereby determining the significance of exploring street-level bureaucrats'justice judgments as we study the implementation process.

Family justice and social justice

Abstract: L'A. etudie la critique feministe de certains points developpes dans le second ouvrage de J. Rawls intitule «Political Liberalism», a savoir l'affirmation selon laquelle la justice familiale est une condition necessaire a la justice sociale. S. M. Okin montre que c'est la distinction entre le politique et le non-politique qui pose probleme

Political Ideas and Concepts: An Introduction

Abstract: Introduction - Politics, Government and the State - Sovereignty, the Nation and Supranationalism - Power, Authority and Legitimacy - Law, Order and Justice - Rights, Obligations and Citizenship - Democracy, Representation and the Public Interest - Human Nature, the Individual and Society - Freedom, Tolerance and Liberation - Equality, Social Justice and Welfare - Property, Planning and the Market - Reaction, Reform and Revolution

Reparation and Retribution: Are They Reconcilable?

Abstract: The recent history of criminal justice contains an apparent anomaly: the simultaneous renaissance of retributive and reparative models of justice. This article will explore the genesis and competing claims of these two models, how it is that their fortunes have coincided, and with what consequences. Many writing in this field have felt driven to champion the claims of one or the other.’ Some of these writings read like missionary tracts whose proselytising purposes tend to obstruct measured analysis. Yet the greatest possibilities for illuminative debate have arisen where rival champions have entered into battle with one another to expose the inadequacies or undesirability of the other’s model.* The consequence, however, is that positions have become polarised. Retributive and reparative justice are posed as antinomies whose claims rival one another and whose goals must be in conflict. The most radical writers propose a major paradigm shift in which reparation would take priority over punishment as the goal of the criminal justice ~ y s t e m . ~ From the opposing camp, adherents of retributivism generally argue that reparation is merely incidental to the main purpose of punishment. According to this latter view, the place of reparation within the criminal justice system serves pragmatic purposes but is conceptually anomalous. More recently, welcome attempts to bridge the gap traditionally posed between reparation and retributivism have been mooted by those who question the usefulness of this dichotomised approach to penal theory .4

The Possibility of Popular Justice: A Case Study of Community Mediation in the United States

Abstract: ""The Possibility of Popular Justice" is essential reading for scholars and practitioners of community mediation and should be very high on the list of anyone seriously concerned with dispute resolution in general. The book offers many rewards for the advanced student of law and society studies." --Law and Politics Book Review"These immensely important articles--fifteen in all--take several academic perspectives on the [San Francisco Community Boards] program's diverse history, impact, and implications for 'popular justice.' These articles will richly inform the program, polemical, and political perspectives of anyone working on 'alternative programs' of any sort." -- IARCA Journal"Few collections are so well integrated, analytically penetrating, or as readable as this fascinating account. It is a 'must read' for anyone interested in community mediation." --William M. O'Barr, Duke University"You do not have to be involved in mediation to appreciate this book. The authors use the case as a launching pad to evaluate the possibilities and 'impossibilities' of building community in complex urban areas and pursuing popular justice in the shadow of state law." --Deborah M. Kolb, Harvard Law School and Simmons CollegeSally Engle Merry is Professor of Anthropology, Wellesley College. Neal Milner is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Program on Conflict Resolution, University of Hawaii.

Truth Commissions for Chile and El Salvador: A Report and Assessment

Abstract: In the Americas, Chile and El Salvador have provided the most recent experiments with truth commissions. The Chilean Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Salvadoran Commission on the Truth were formed in dissimilar political circumstances as means to recover the truth about decades of political violence, and to recommend reforms aimed to prevent its recurrence. A review of the work of the truth commissions is warranted because the human rights calamities in these two countries nearly came to symbolize the human rights situation in the Americas. More pertinently, the Chilean and Salvadoran experiences commend the concept of the truth commission to perform what should now be regarded as a critical human rights task in transitional situations: the internationally supervised recovery of the truth in the cause of justice and the protection and promotion of human rights. In this article I argue for the customary utilization of truth commissions, perhaps as part of the work of the recently established United Nations office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, by way of an assessment of the Chilean and Salvadoran experiences.' First, I examine the mandates of the two commissions and indicate how the different political environments in which the Chilean Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Salvadoran Commission on the Truth were created account for important differences between the two commissions-indeed, they constitute distinct,

Envy-freeness and distributive justice

Abstract: The criterion of envy-freeness, according to which no agent should prefer any of his neighbours' allocation to his own, has become a central part of the economic theory of distributive justice. It essentially corresponds to the need to express an ideal of equality in societies where preferences and endowments are heterogeneous. This paper surveys various formulations of the idea of envy-freeness, starting with the simple distribution model, then adding the possibility for agents to have different native talent endowments, and finally moving to models with production. Many classical results are displayed, but emphasis is also put on recent developments, mainly the ideas of "minimizing envy" and of "absence of domination". Five major difficulties facing envy-freeness are identified and listed as directions of future research. Copyright 1994 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd

Cultural economics and cultural policies.

Abstract: Editorial Foreword A. Peacock, I. Rizzo. Section I: Definitions and Measurement. 1. Art: the Economic Point of View B. Frey. 2. The Arts Industry: Problems of Measurement G. Brosio. 3. The Funding Process in a Comparative Perspective: Some Methodological Issues M. Trimarchi. Section II: Analytical Issues. 4. A Microeconomic Analysis of Patronage and Sponsorship I. Mazza. 5. Imperfect Information and Cultural Goods: Producers' and Consumers' Inertia G. Pignataro. 6. A Work-Preference Model of Artist Behaviour D. Throsby. 7. The Economic Dilemma of Heritage Preservation G. Mossetto. Section III: Policy Issues. 8. Justice, Efficiency and Copyright in Cultural Goods P. Burrows. 9. Rights Allocation in the Contemporary Art Market: Copyright, `Droit de suite', Right to Exhibit W. Santagata. 10. Regulation in the Cultural Sector E. Giardina, I. Rizzo. 11. Achieving Public Policy Objectives in the Arts and Heritage R. Towse. 12. The Design and Operation of Public Funding of the Arts: an Economist's View A. Peacock.

Sex and justice

Abstract: L'A. s'interroge sur l'equilibre constant des sexes en biologie et genetique, et etend sa problematique a l'existence d'une justice de partage equitable

The Judicialization of Politics—A World-wide Phenomenon: Introduction

Abstract: To judicialize, according to the best of sources, is "to treat judicially, arrive at a judgement or decision upon." In this connection judicially should mean, either, (1) in "the way of legal judgement, or in the office or capacity of judge; in, by, or in relation to, the administration of justice; by legal process; by sentence of a court of justice," or, (2) after "the manner of a judge; with judicial knowledge and skill" (OED Vol. vIII, 1989: 297). Thus, the judicialization of politics should normally mean, either