Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 1996"

Justice, nature, and the geography of difference

Abstract: Thoughts for a Prologue. Introduction. Part I: Orientations. 1. Militant Particularism and Global Ambition. 2. Dialectics. 3. A Cautionary Tale on Internal Relations. 4. The Dialectics of Discourse. 5. Historical Agency and the Loci of Social Change. Part II: The Nature of Environment. Prologue. 6. The Domination of Nature and its Discontents. 7. Valuing Nature. 8. The Dialectics of Social and Environmental Change. Part III: Space, Time and Place. Prologue. 9. The Social Construction of Space and Time. 10. The Currency of Space-Time. 11. From Space to Place and Back Again. Part IV: Justice, Difference and Politics. Prologue. 12. Class Relations, Social Justice and the Political Geography of Difference. 13. The Environment of Justice. 14. Possible Urban Worlds. Thoughts for an Epilogue. Bibliography. Index.

Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition

Abstract: Refuting the argument to choose between "the politics of recognition" and the "politics of redistribution," Justice Interruptus integrates the best aspects of both. ********************************************************* ** What does it mean to think critically about politics at a time when inequality is increasing worldwide, when struggles for the recognition of difference are eclipsing struggles for social equality, and when we lack any credible vision of an alternative to the present order? Philosopher Nancy Fraser claims that the key is to overcome the false oppositions of "postsocialist" commonsense. Refuting the view that we must choose between "the politics of recognition" and the "politics of redistribution," Fraser argues for an integrative approach that encompasses the best aspects of both.

Theories of Distributive Justice

Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction The Measurement of Utility and Arrow's Theorem The Measurability and Comparability of Utility The Arrow Impossibility Theorem Reformulation of the Impossibility Theorem with Utility Functions The Connection between Arrovian Social Choice and Distributive Justice Social Choice on Economic Environments Conclusion Axiomatic Bargaining Theory Justice as Rational Prudence The Nash Bargaining Solution Other Axiomatizations of the Nash Solution The Kalai-Smorodinsky and Egalitarian Solutions A Criticism from the Economic Point of View Conclusion Axiomatic Mechanism Theory on Economic Environments Introduction The Domain of Economic Environments Axioms and Theorems on Economic Environments Proofs of Theorems Naming Utility and Goods Conclusion Utilitarianism Introduction Maskin's Theorem The Representation Theorems of Harsanyi and Myerson Utilitarianism from behind the Veil of Ignorance An Implication for the Interpretation of Individual Optimization under Uncertainty Optimal Population Size Conclusion Primary Goods, Fundamental Preferences, and Functionings Countering Utilitarianism Primary Goods, Welfare, and Equality Rawls's Arguments for Maximin (the Difference Principle) The Cohen Criticism Kolm's Fundamental Preferences Functionings and Capability Equality of Functionings or Primary Goods: An Alternative Approach Conclusion Neo-Lockeanism and Self-Ownership Nozick's Theory of Distributive Justice Challenges to Nozick Joint Ownership of the External World Generalizations of Locke on Economic Environments Implementation The Morality of Self-Ownership Conclusion Equality of Welfare versus Equality of Resources Introduction Dworkin on Equality of Welfare Countering Dworkin's Central Argument against Equality of Welfare Dworkin's Definition of Equality of Resources An Axiomatic Approach to Equality of Resources Conclusion Equality of Opportunity for Welfare Relocating Dworkin's Cut, 1 Relocating Dworkin's Cut, 2 Equality of Opportunity: An Example Equality of Opportunity: A Formalization A Discrete Formulation of Equality of Opportunity Examples of the EOp Mechanism Related Approaches to Equality of Opportunity Conclusion Appendix Appendix: Envy-Free Allocations References Index

Crime, Punishment, and the Market for Offenses

Abstract: Crime is a subject of intense emotions, conflicting ideologies. However, economists have generally explained it as a reflection of individual choice and equilibrating market forces. Two major themes of the literature are outlined: the evolution of a 'market model' to explain the diversity of crime across time and space, and the debate about the usefulness of 'positive' versus 'negative' incentives. Systematic analyses generally indicate that crime is affected on the margin by both positive and negative incentives; there are serious limitations to the effectiveness of incapacitation and rehabilitation; and optimal enforcement strategies involve trade-offs between narrow efficiency and equity considerations.

The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them

Abstract: s I sit here writing about anti-intellectualism in American education, a debate is raging in my state, Virginia, over a proposal to "raise standards of learning" by mandating knowledge standards for each grade. The factual knowledge that is specified in the Virginia draft is far more explicit than in any currently existing state guidelines. But prospects for approval in any but watered-down form are dim. According to the Washington Post (March 29, 1995), the draft guidelines "have provoked scathing criticism from teachers' groups, superintendents, parent organizations, education professors, and legislators, both Republican and Democrat. Some say the goals are unrealistically ambitious for the lower grades, [and] promote rote memorization over critical thinking." (Now, at a later date, as I revise this text, I can report that a watered-down compromise was reached.) That American professors of education are more hostile to the teaching of factual knowledge than education professors elsewhere in the world offers another point of entry into the American educational Thoughtworld. But, as the report from the Washington Post indicates, it is not just education profes sors who express hostility to "rote memorization." That attitude also rallies Republicans and Democrats, parents and legislators, and, as I infer from the tenor of the Post article, newspaper reporters as well. There is widespread antiknowledge sentiment in American thought that Richard Hofstadter has labeled "anti-intellectualism." 1 It is a convenient term, but I wonder whether Hofstadter's definition of it[107] does adequate justice to its attractions for a wide spectrum of Americans. Hofstadter defines anti-intellectualism as contempt for "knowledge for its own sake." This definition perhaps misses something essential, namely, that the knowledge most often scorned by Americans tends to be academic knowledge connected with scientific lore and past traditions—the kind taught in lecture halls and recorded mostly in books. Disinterested curiosity is not in itself scorned by Americans— only disinterested curiosity about the contents of lec tures and books. Of course, Hofstadter is right that interested, as distinct from disinterested, practicality is a persistent American trait. We are fondest of knowledge that has utility for economic and moral improvement, a preference I happen to share. Befitting our early image of ourselves as giving mankind a new, Edenic start in history, Americans have valued knowledge that comes directly from experience more than knowledge that comes from books. "Critical thinking" about one's own direct experience is to be preferred to "rote memorization" of the writings of others. Huck Finn is an archetypal American antibook fig ure. He is going to get his education by critically thinking about what he discovers on the river and in the Territory. Nature and experience will be his teachers. Huck's attitudes are not very different from those of Walt Whitman:

Increasing citizenship behavior within a labor union : A test of organizational justice theory

Abstract: A quasi-experiment was used to determine whether training union officers in the skills necessary for implementing principles of organizational justice would increase citizenship behavior on the part of members of a labor union in Canada. The results showed that 3 months after training, the perceptio

The ironies of affirmative action : politics, culture, and justice in America

Abstract: Preface 1: The Ironies of Affirmative Action 2: The Appeal of Color-Blindness 3: American Justice, Acceptable Preference, and the Boundaries of Legitimate Policymaking 4: Crisis Management through Affirmative Action 5: Administrative Pragmatism and the Affirmative Action Solution 6: Affirmative Action as Tradition 7: Creative Destruction in the Nixon Administration 8: Conclusion: Culture, Politics and Affirmative Action Notes

Economic analysis and moral philosophy

Abstract: Introduction 1. Ethics and economics 2. Two examples Part I. Rationality and Morality: 3. Rationality 4. Rationality in positive and normative economics 5. Rationality, norms and morality Part II. Welfare and Consequences: 6. Welfare 7. Efficiency 8. Utilitarianism and consequentialism Part III. Libert, Rights, Equality and Justice: 9. Liberty, rights and libertarianism 10. Equality and egalitarianism 11. Justice and contractualism Part IV. Moral Mathematics: 12. Social choice theory 13. Game theory Part V. Conclusions: 14. Conclusions Appendix: How could ethics matter to economics?

On the origin of objects

Abstract: On the Origin of Objects is the culmination of Brian Cantwell Smith's decade-long investigation into the philosophical and metaphysical foundations of computation, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. Based on a sustained critique of the formal tradition that underlies the reigning views, he presents an argument for an embedded, participatory, "irreductionist," metaphysical alternative. Smith seeks nothing less than to revise our understanding not only of the machines we build but also of the world with which they interact. Smith's ambitious project begins as a search for a comprehensive theory of computation, able to do empirical justice to practice and conceptual justice to the computational theory of mind. A rigorous commitment to these two criteria ultimately leads him to recommend a radical overhaul of our traditional conception of metaphysics. Everything that exists -- objects, properties, life, practice -- lies Smith claims in the "middle distance," an intermediate realm of partial engagement with and partial separation from, the enveloping world. Patterns of separation and engagement are taken to underlie a single notion unifying representation and ontology: that of subjects' "registration" of the world around them. Along the way, Smith offers many fascinating ideas: the distinction between particularity and individuality, the methodological notion of an "inscription error," an argument that there are no individuals within physics, various deconstructions of the type-instance distinction, an analysis of formality as overly disconnected ("discreteness run amok"), a conception of the boundaries of objects as properties of unruly interactions between objects and subjects, an argument for the theoretical centrality of reference preservation, and a theatrical, acrobatic metaphor for the contortions involved in the preservation of reference and resultant stabilization of objects. Sidebars and diagrams throughout the book help clarify and guide Smith's highly original and compelling argument. A Bradford Book

Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice

Abstract: Prisons in the deep South, with chain gangs, shotguns, and bloodhounds, have been immortalized in movies, blues music, and fiction. Mississippi's Parchman State Penitentiary was the grandfather of them all, a hellhole where conditions were brutal. This epic history fills the gap between slavery and the civil rights era, showing how Parchman and Jim Crow justice proved that there could be something worse than slavery. of photos.

Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law

Abstract: This comprehensive, best-selling text provides an in-depth analysis of the theories of delinquency, environmental issues, juvenile justice issues, and the juvenile justice system. Renowned for its exhaustive research base, this book presents cutting-edge, seminal research, as well as up-to-the-minute policy and news-worthy examples. Offering objective, to-the-minute presentation of juvenile delinquency theory and juvenile justice policy issues, the authors examine opposing sides of controversial aspects of delinquency and delinquency programs in a balanced, unbiased way. Rewritten for greater clarity, this thoroughly revised edition also achieves new heights of student accessibility through increased pedagogical aids, including the addition of marginal "InfoTrac College Edition Research" boxes, marginal "Web Link" boxes, MicroCase exercises, "Viewpoint" end-of-chapter InfoTrac College Edition features, and a much stronger, broader package of student resources offered via the book-specific Web site. This edition also provides students a gateway to online and multimedia resources that capture the immediacy of the field through CNN video, CD-ROM, and the Internet.

Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System

Abstract: Introduction 1. Is it violent crime? 2. Tracking racial bias 3. Unanticipated consequences of the justice system 4. The politics of crime 5. Race, 'Applied Science' and public policy: the case of the criminaloid 6. The future: from managerial efficiency to biological necessity Notes Index.

The Role of Justice Judgements in Explaining the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment

Abstract: The organizational literature includes a number of studies examining the relationship between satisfaction and commitment. In all, the discrepant findings characteristic of this research seem to be a function of both the range of independent variables used by researchers to model the satisfaction-commitment relationship and the choice of satisfaction-commitment measures. We argue generally that justice judgments are central to the development of satisfaction and commitment. Specifically, the literature suggests that procedural justice is closely related to "global" evaluations of systems, leaders, and institutions (e.g., commitment); whereas distributive justice is closely linked to evaluations of "specific" personally relevant outcomes (e.g., facet satisfaction). Four competing models linking distributive and procedural justice to employee satisfaction and commitment were tested using confirmatory analytic techniques. Results suggest that, when considering the role of justice judgments, satisfaction and commitment are causally independent. Implications for both managerial practice and further research are discussed.

Gender power, leadership, and governance

Abstract: This groundbreaking collection introduces the concept of gender power as a pervasive but overlooked force within institutions, particularly U.S. politics. It examines the ideological dimensions of masculinity--masculinism--and its pervasive and reinforcing effects. The essays examine gender as a property of institutions, something with deep symbolic meaning, as well as an analytic category importantly distinctive from sex. Theoretically rich, "Gender Power, Leadership and Governance" contributes to understandings of power and leadership as it provides a new perspective on men, women, and their relationships to governance.Essays reveal the multiplicity of ways "compulsory masculinity" is imposed upon female leaders who wish to succeed in a man's world, and analyzes the use of interpersonal means to ensure masculine advantage. For example, only one woman in Congress was able to have a direct effect on any reproductive policy; other women experienced sexual harassment by offensive men, which resulted in their being distracted from performing as leaders.Until now, studies of gender within the field of political science have focused centrally on women. Men have been studied as gendered beings whose thinking has shaped politics in ways advantageous to them, but this volume is unique in crossing multiple levels of analysis and demonstrating the interactive and reinforcing effects of gender power. The book is required reading for political scientists who have frequently been blind to masculinist assumptions and cultural belief systems when gender roles collide with leadership demands for women. It will also appeal to those in public administration and policy, sociology, and business studies."An important book that challenges the ways empirical research is done and the ways social scientists think about gender."--Nancy Hartsock, University of Washington"A very useful book on gender and political leadership that weaves together scholarly research with practical applications and suggestions for change."--Virginia Sapiro, University of Wisconsin, Madison"A very ambitious book, attempting no less than a paradigm shift in social science thinking."--Marcia Lynn Whicker, Rutgers UniversityGeorgia Duerst-Lahti is Associate Dean and Associate Professor of Government, Beloit College. Rita Mae Kelly is Director and Chair of the School of Justice Studies, and Professor of Justice Studies, Political Science, and Women's Studies, Arizona State University.

Social justice in a diverse society

Abstract: Part I. Social justice: justice and equality autonomy and rights. Part II. Social injustice: racism sexism classism homophobia disability and equality. Part III. Applications: immigration, work and welfare family and reproductive issues affirmative action. Part IV. Social transformation: education and the transformation of consciousness violent and non-violent action assimilation and cultural pluralism identity politics and seperatism coalition politics.

Modern theories of justice

Abstract: Modern Theories of Justice By Serge-Christophe Kolm. Cambridge, MA: The M1T Press, 1998. Pp. ix, 525. $42.00. Professor Kolm's books and articles form one of the most important contributions to contemporary social ethics. Even though the main parts of his works were originally published in or have been translated into English, they have not received the attention they deserve. This is sufficient reason to highly recommend his Modern Theories of Justice, which contains a detailed introduction to his other books. Since the late fifties, Professor Kolm has developed a general theory of justice. He has also extensively contributed to the critical evaluation of the various theories, principles, or criteria of justice that influence economists. Professor Kolm presents his theory of justice as resulting from an application of rationality (in the sense of rational justification) to the question of global justice (what should be done in society?), that is, to the definition of the social optimum and of what is right or good in society. Briefly, this social optimum basically consists of first satisfying basic needs and guaranteeing basic rights and second allocating society's resources (including human resources) in an equitable way. The latter principle requires mixing the (somehow competing) moral criteria of equal process freedom (freedom to benefit from the results of one's acts), equal consumption, and equal satisfaction. Process freedom alone justifies free markets and no resource redistribution. Equal consumption, when combined with efficiency, requires superequity (that is, no agent would strictly prefer any convex combination of the allocations received by others to his own allocation). Equal satisfaction requires to leximin welfare levels corresponding to fundamental preferences, a (difficult) concept that allows the social observer, in particularly unjust or unequal situations, to unambiguously identify the worst-off agents, that is, the agents who should be allocated more resources. Among the different ways of mixing process freedom and equal consumption, Professor Kolm elaborated a particularly interesting intermediary case in recent contributions (recall that the whole structure of his theory, including the ideas of the maximin in fundamental preferences, income justice and superequity, unjust inequality measurement, etc., was first developed and presented in the late sixties). The purpose of this intermediary case is to equally share the benefits of possibly unequal productive capacities while letting agents individually benefit from their own consumptive capacities. The solution consists of a fixed-duration income equalization. This criterion is met when all agents in a society face a budget set having the property that by choosing a prespecified labor time (the so-called fixed duration) any agent would earn the same labor income. Professor Kolm's theory of justice also considers several reasons why the first-best social optimum could not be reached (for example, market failures) and proposes solutions to these problems (for example, social contracts, which give foundations to a theory of the state). Finally, a large part of the book is devoted to a critical appraisal of the main ethical theories influencing the development of normative economics (what justifies the title of the book), with a long discussion on utilitarianism and social choice theory. The general picture is quite impressive. Professor Kolm is not only able to discuss a long and diversified series of topics, such as the economics of poverty, the no self in Buddhism or the ideology of the French Revolution, but he also succeeds in building links among all these topics and integrating them into a unified theory. …

Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Defining categories: disputes and lawsuits in North China villages before the communist revolution 3. Informal justice: mediation in North China villages before the communist revolution 4. Formal justice: codified law and magisterial adjudication in the Qing 5. Between informal mediation and formal adjudication: the third realm of Qing justice 6. Two patterns in the Qing civil justice system 7. Extent, cost and strategies of litigation 8. From the perspective of magistrate handbooks 9. Max Weber and the Qing legal and political system Appendixes References Index.

Judging the Security Council

Abstract: Should the International Court of Justice (ICJ) “judicially review” Security Council decisions? The question, once fanciful, is now being asked seriously by litigants in and judges on the World Court, nonpermanent members of the Security Council that consider it an “undemocratic” body acting as “a cloak for a new form of imperialism,” and scholars worried about its recent “quasi-legislative” or “quasi-judicial” acts. The recent throng of commentators and advocates includes students of realpolitik warning the Court against any unrealistic attempt to transform the United Nations collective security scheme into a constitutional structure of checks and balances, and legalists grasping hopefully for hints of Marbury v. Madison in recent World Court pronouncements.

Helots No More: A Case Study of the Justice for Janitors Campaign in Los Angeles

Abstract: This paper analyzes the recent growth of janitorial unionism in LA against the background of the previous history of unionism's rise and decline in the city's building service industry, asking how and why the Justice for Janitors campaign succeeded in LA, and whether its success will last. This case study indicates the continuing relevance of questions about how poor immigrant workers are able to build successful and enduring organizations and about the relationship between immigrant workers and the rise and decline of unions. It concludes that , on one hand, the immigrant presence was neither a necessary nor sufficient condition of success. On the other hand, in this specific case, the JfJ campaign was probably better off with the immigrants than without them.

Justice and power: when will justice concerns encourage the advantaged to support policies which redistribute economic resources and the disadvantaged to willingly obey the law?

Abstract: Two studies are presented which test whether justice can motivate support for government policies and authorities even when such support is not in people's obvious personal or group interest In the first study, White San Francisco Bay area residents' attitudes toward Congressionally-authored affirmative action policies and anti-discrimination laws were investigated In the second study, African-American San Francisco Bay area residents' feelings of obligation to obey the law were investigated The results from both studies show a significant relationship between evaluations of social justice and respondents' political attitudes More importantly, a significant relationship between relational evaluations of Congress and political attitudes is found in both studies This relationship suggests how justice can motivate policy and government support even if such support does not yield direct personal or group benefits Finally, the results from both studies indicate when instrumental and relational concerns will be related to political attitudes If people identified with their particular advantaged or disadvantaged group, instrumental concerns were more strongly related to their political attitudes, but if people identified with a superordinate category that included both potential outgroup members and relevant superordinate authorities, relational concerns were more strongly related to their political attitudes

Property and Justice

Abstract: Property is a legal and social institution governing the use of most things and the allocation of some items of social welfare. As an institution, property is a complex organizing idea. Despite its complexity, property, as an organizing idea, is now very old and is now used worldwide. The oldest written records atttest to it. Few primitive peoples, whose societies have been researched by anthropologists, have turned out to lack any conception of it. In the modern world, any normal person will have heard of it, from childhood onwards. In the modern world, the institution of property is everywhere embodied in law. That is to say, the various organs of government deploy it, officially as part of the mechanism for controlling the use of things and as part of the mechanism for supervising or directing the allocation of wealth. This work examines the legal and philosophical underpinnings of the concept of property and offers a new alaytical framework for understanding property and justices. Bridging the gulf between juristic writing on property and speculations about it appearing in the tradition of western political philosophy, Jim Harris has built from entirely new foundations an analytical framework for understanding the nature of property and its connection with justice. Dr Harris' achievement is a monumental one marrying the subtlety of contemporary political philosophy with the fine detail of technical legislation and difficult litigation in English property law. The result greatly improves our understanding of the philosophical dimension of property and at the same time allows us to stand back from the detail and see the patterns which emerge.

Procedural justice and managers' in-role and extra-role behavior: the case of the multinational

Abstract: Existing procedural justice studies to date offer only pieces of the picture on how procedural justice judgments affect behavior. Besides, these studies have been conducted primarily in the legal context. This paper develops a comprehensive picture of how procedural justice affects managers' in-role and extra-role behavior in the business context. It does so by examining the direct and indirect effects of procedural justice judgments on the in-role and extra-role behavior of multinationals' subsidiary top management in the context of the global resource allocation decision process. Especially, this paper advances and tests a theory which predicts that the attitude of commitment to support decisions provides a bridge between procedural justice and extra-role behavior. Based on an analysis of 119 subsidiary top managers, we offer evidence in support of this theory. Besides its contribution to the procedural justice literature, our study also sheds light on one of the most pressing issues outstanding in the field of international management: how multinationals can motivate subsidiary top managers to implement their global resource allocation decisions. The results suggest that the exercise of procedural justice inspires managers to go beyond the call of duty and engage in innovative actions, spontaneous cooperation, and creative behavior on behalf of the organization in their execution of decisions.

The urbanization of injustice

Abstract: Written by David Harvey 20 years ago, "Social Justice and the City" linked power and justice in the geographical field, and it had an influence in many related disciplines. But during the two decades since its publication, great changes have taken place in political and urban life. Urban areas are now characterized by the omnipresence of the homeless, by huge disparities in wealth, by a growing underclass and by the exponential increase in people suffering from the effects of AIDS and hard drug use. The contributors are from both sides of the Atlantic, including Harvey himself, they analyze these changes and reconsider the character of urbanism and social justice. They push for an intellectual agenda that rallies around the development of socially just urban practices. The contributors include: Marshall Berman on rap and social justice in America; Doreen Massey on space and identity tensions in the city; and Edward Soja on social justice and the new cultural politics.