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Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 1997"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between organizational justice and organizational retaliation behavior and found a relation between distributive justice and retaliation only when there was low interactional and procedural justice, and the 2-way interaction of distributive and interactional justice was observed only at a low level of procedural justice.
Abstract: The authors investigated the relationship between organizational justice and organizational retaliation behavior—adverse reactions to perceived unfairness by disgruntled employees toward their employer—in a sample of 240 manufacturing employees. Distributive, procedural, and interactional justice interacted to predict organizational retaliation behavior. A relation between distributive justice and retaliation was found only when there was low interactional and procedural justice. The 2-way interaction of distributive and procedural justice was observed only at a low level of interactional justice, and the 2-way interaction of distributive and interactional justice was observed only at a low level of procedural justice.

2,134 citations


Book
13 Mar 1997
TL;DR: The Psychology of Social Justice Relative Deprivation Is Justice Important To Peoples Feelings And Attitudes? Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Retributive Justice Behaviorial Reactions To Justice And Injustice Psychological Versus Behavioral Responses to Injustice Behavioral Reactions to injustice Why Do People Care About Justice? The Nature of the Justice Motive When Does Justice Matter? Social Structural Influences Culture as discussed by the authors
Abstract: Introduction The Psychology of Social Justice Relative Deprivation Is Justice Important To Peoples Feelings And Attitudes? Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Retributive Justice Behaviorial Reactions To Justice And Injustice Psychological Versus Behavioral Responses to Injustice Behavioral Reactions to Injustice Why Do People Care About Justice? The Nature of the Justice Motive When Does Justice Matter? Social Structural Influences Culture

669 citations


Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, Ignatieff charts the rise of the new moral interventionists who believe that other people's misery concerns us all, introduces the new ethnic warriors who have escalated post-modern war to an unprecedented level of savagery and draws conclusions about the ambiguous ethics of engagement and the limited force of moral justice in a world of war.
Abstract: Ignatieff charts the rise of the new moral interventionists who believe that other people's misery concerns us all, introduces the new ethnic warriors who have escalated post-modern war to an unprecedented level of savagery and draws conclusions about the ambiguous ethics of engagement and the limited force of moral justice in a world of war.

560 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the assets that cities and metropolitan regions provide in an era of globalization and develop an alternative perspective on the city based on the idea that contemporary urban life is founded on the heterogeneity of economic, social, cultural and institutional assets.
Abstract: As debates on globalization have progressed from an earlier phase in which commentators saw the intensification of world-scale flows and processes as the negation of local identities and autonomies, the city has been ‘rediscovered’ as the powerhouse of the globalized economy. Against the view that questions, for example, the continued specificity of the urban in an era increasingly mediated by locationally liberating, advanced telecommunications and rapid transport networks, some strands of urban research assert that cities are becoming more important as the key creative, control and cultural centres within globalizing economic, cultural and social dynamics. Building on these strands, this paper evaluates the assets that cities and metropolitan regions provide in an era of globalization. It attempts to develop an alternative perspective on the city based on the idea that contemporary urban life is founded on the heterogeneity of economic, social, cultural and institutional assets, and concludes by using this perspective to develop implications for urban policy and the quest for social and territorial justice.

484 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a replication of a quasi-experiment by Skarlicki and Latham (1996), this article investigated the effect of training union leaders in the administration of organizational justice principles on union members' perceptions of their leaders' fairness and the subsequent citizenship behavior toward their union.
Abstract: In a replication of a quasi-experiment by Skarlicki and Latham (1996), we investigated the effect of training union leaders (N= 25) in the administration of organizational justice principles on union members' (N= 177) perceptions of their leaders' fairness and the members' subsequent citizenship behavior toward their union. Despite the fact that the union members were also shareholders of the company, the results were replicated. Union leader training increased members' perceptions of their leaders' fairness as well as union members' citizenship behavior directed both toward the union as an organization (OCBO) and fellow union members (OCBI). Organizational justice was found to partially mediate the effect of the training on OCBO, but not OCBI.

287 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1997-Theoria
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take that simple thought to animate concerns about what we ought to be doing to preserve conditions that will make life worth living (or indeed liveable at all) in the future, and especially in the time after those currently alive will have died (future generations).
Abstract: As temporary custodians of the planet, those who are alive at any given time can do a better or worse job of handing it on to their successors. I take that simple thought to animate concerns about what we ought to be doing to preserve conditions that will make life worth living (or indeed liveable at all) in the future, and especially in the time after those currently alive will have died (‘future generations’). There are widespread suspicions that we are not doing enough for future generations, but how do we determine what is enough? Putting the question in that way leads us, I suggest, towards a formulation of it in terms of intergenerational justice.

251 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: The Social Justice and Political Change (SJP) survey as mentioned in this paper investigated public opinion in seven newly emerging post-Communist countries and five of the world's most influential capitalist democracies, with special sensitivity to divergencies in the newly united Germany.
Abstract: Analysis and debate about economic and political justice rarely involves research on the views of the common person. Scholars often make assumptions about what common people think is fair, but for the most part they confine their thinking to a single country and argue on rational or moral grounds, with little supporting empirical data. "Social Justice and Political Change", involves the collaboration of thirty social scientists in twelve countries, and represents broad-ranging comparative research.The book grows out of a collaborative study of public opinion about social justice. Though conceived prior to the revolutions that swept Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, the ISJP did not put its survey into the field until the summer of 1991, in a new climate of open international exchange in social research. Employing common methods of data collection and, within the limits of translation, identical survey instruments, the ISJP investigated public opinion in seven newly emerging post-Communist countries and five of the world's most influential capitalist democracies, with special sensitivity to divergencies in the newly united Germany.Among the themes addressed by the volume's distinguished contributors are the views and beliefs of citizens in the post-Communist states on the transition to market economies and parliamentary democracy; the role of ideology in legitimating inequality; the structural determination of beliefs about justice; the processes that shape individual level evaluations; and the major implications of public opinion and mass participation in the democratic process.

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the use of race, class, and gender imagery in the decision-making process of a sexual assault case judge and found that race and classifiers are linked to organizational practices such as the convictability standard and that these contribute to macro-level patterns of race and gender differences.
Abstract: Using ethnographic data, I examine prosecutors' discourse on case convictability (the likelihood of a guilty verdict at trial) in sexual assault cases. The analysis shows how prosecutors construct discordant locales through their categorization of victims, defendants, jurors, and their communities and the location of crime incidents. It demonstrates how prosecutors use discordant locales to justify case rejection. By ascribing stereotypical characteristics of a neighborhood to victims, defendants, and jurors, prosecutors construct distinct groups with different cultures who live in geographically separate spaces and have different schemes through which they interpret the everyday world. To construct discordant locale categorizations, prosecutors employ race, class, and gender imagery. Through this imagery they construct multiple normative standards of moral character of persons and of places. I argue that through the categorizations of place as discordant locales, prosecutors inadvertently reproduce race, class, and gender ideologies in legal decisionmaking. I conclude with policy suggestions for expanding and equalizing citizens' access to justice. What categories do prosecutors use to assess sexual assault cases? What are the ramifications of using case convictability as a decisionmaking standard? How do race, class, and gender become salient in prosecutors' decisions?' In this article I attempt to answer these questions by analyzing ethnographic data about prosecutors' work in a sexual assault unit. In the process I show how micro-level processes such as categorization are linked to organizational practices such as the convictability standard and that these contribute to macro-level patterns of race, class, and gender differences. In the course of everyday work, legal agents categorize places and persons to inform and account for their decisionmaking. Categories describe locations, actors, and actions (Sacks 1972). For example, they may describe a suspect as a "child molester," the location of an incident as "four-corner hustlers' territory," or a defendant's actions as "self-defense." Legal agents' choice of descriptions is purposeful activity, selected to accomplish particular tasks, such as establishing the credibility of a defendant or arguing for an out-of-home placement for a juvenile offender. The chosen category implies a set of supplemental features that are typically associated with the category (e.g., "welfare mother" may imply "poor black woman without motivation"). Thus, categorical descriptions are the basis for ascribing other characteristics, activities, and motives to the persons and places under consideration (Sacks 1972; Watson 1978, 1983; Atkinson & Drew 1979; Maynard 1984; Jayyusi 1984; Benson & Hughes 1983). Categorization work involves the intertwining of description and evaluation (Matoesian 1993; Holstein 1993; Loseke 1992; Miller & Holstein 1991; Jayyusi 1984). Judgments are made through challenge and negotiation over whether descriptions "fit" "normative requirements of categorical incumbency" (Matoesian 1993:26). For example, do this woman's actions leading up to an assault give her the moral authority (i.e., her behavior corresponds with typical features of the cautious woman) to call herself a "victim" (Frohmann 1991; Matoesian 1993)? Or do that woman's behaviors qualify her as a "battered woman" and therefore entitle her to entry into a battered women's shelter (Loseke 1992)? Previous research has demonstrated how descriptive practices have been used in legal processing. Person descriptions have been used to constitute moral character for purposes of negotiating plea bargains (Maynard 1984); to determine an organizationally relevant response to a juvenile's behavior (Emerson 1969); and to assess the credibility of a rape account (Frohmann 1991; Matoesian 1993, 1995). Place descriptions have been invoked by police (Sacks 1972; Bittner 1967; Rubinstein 1973; Skolnick & Fyfe 1993) and prosecutors (Stanko 1981-82; Frohmann 1991) to identify trouble and suspicion, suspects (Sacks 1972), and motives and identity (Atkinson & Drew 1979). …

239 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Thomas Nagel1

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the use of national courts to pursue retrospective justice and the construction of viable democracies is discussed, focusing on the experiences of eight countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland and South Africa.
Abstract: This study focuses on the relationship between the use of national courts to pursue retrospective justice and the construction of viable democracies. Included are essays on the experiences of eight countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland and South Africa.

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: A Global Ethic for Global Politics and Economics by Hans Kung, one of the world's preeminent Christian theologians, explores these issues in a visionary and cautionary look at the coming global society.
Abstract: As the twentieth century draws to a close and the rush to globalization gathers momentum, political and economic considerations are crowding out vital ethical questions about the shape of our future. Now, Hans Kung, one of the world's preeminent Christian theologians, explores these issues in a visionary and cautionary look at the coming global society. How can the new world order of the twenty first century avoid the horrors of the twentieth? Will nations form a real community or continue to aggressively pursue their own interests? Will the Machiavellian approaches of the past prevail over idealism and a more humanitarian politics? What role can religion play in a world increasingly dominated by transnational corporations? Kung tackles these and many other questions with the insight and moral authority that comes from a lifetime's devotion to the search for justice and human dignity. Arguing against both an amoral realpolitik and an immoral resurgence of laissez faire economics, Kung defines a comprehensive ethic founded on the bedrock of mutual respect and humane treatment of all beings that would encompass the ecological, legal, technological, and social patterns that are reshaping civilization. If we are going to have a global economy, a global technology, a global media, Kung argues, we must also have a global ethic to which all nations, and peoples of the most varied backgrounds and beliefs, can commit themselves. "The world," he says, "is not going to be held together by the Internet." For anyone concerned about the world we are creating, A Global Ethic for Global Politics and Economics offers equal measures of informed analysis, compassionate foresight, and wise counsel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The author argues that the potential to transform ourselves and society lies in occupation and points to the urgency of changing the ways in which education, health, welfare and other institutions are organized to enable us to focus on occupation in the authors' quest for economic security, personal development, and justice.
Abstract: The author takes the broad view that occupation is the active process of living, not limited to categories of work. Drawing on her two recent ethnographic studies of occupational therapy in mental health day programmes, she poses three questions: 1. What are the key features of the active process of occupation? 2. How does the social organization of occupation confer power on some occupations, but not on others? 3. How might (ought?) occupation be used for personal or social transformation? To support her argument that the potential to transform ourselves and society lies in occupation, four key features of the active process of occupation are highlighted: learning; organizing time and place; discovering meaning; and, exercising choice and control. The conclusion points to the urgency of changing the ways in which education, health, welfare and other institutions are organized to enable us to focus on occupation in our quest for economic security, personal development, and justice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of the business leader is key to develop the culture of an enterprise as discussed by the authors, and the role of business leaders is key in the development of the enterprise culture in the national and global context, the author from Indonesia points with admiration to Konosuke Matsushita, who already in the 1930s set up the seven ethical principles for healthy business growth.
Abstract: The role of the business leader is key to develop the culture of an enterprise. To exemplify its importance in the national and global context, the Muslim author from Indonesia points with admiration to Konosuke Matsushita, founder of Matsushita Electric Corporation, who already in the 1930s set up the seven ethical principles for healthy business growth, which also are commended by the Islamic imperative. Due to the current dynamic business environment, Muslims find themselves confronted with serious dilemmas and need guidance from a clearly developed Islamic business ethics. For this purpose the author offers, first, the essentials of such an ethics: the utmost importance of all sort of productive work and the distribution of wealth in society; the vocation of trade; the fundamental principles of freedom and justice for business conduct; the prescription of certain manners such as leniency, service-motive, and consciousness of Allah; and mutual consultation. He, then, presents his personal view on leadership in business. It involves three basic ingredients: an inspiring vision of high and achievable standards; a value system based on the principles of freedom and justice and promoting fairness, business integrity, and efficiency; and courage to face tough decisions while putting one’s complete trust in Allah.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Whren as mentioned in this paper is more than a missed opportunity for the Court to rein in some police practices that strike at the heart of the ideas of freedom and equal treatment; Whren represents a clear step in the other direction-toward authoritarianism, toward racist policing, and toward a view of minorities as criminals, rather than citizens.
Abstract: Under a Constitution that restrains the government vis-a-vis the individual and that puts some limits on what the authorities may do in the pursuit of the guilty, the power of the police to stop any particular driver, at almost any time, it seems oddly out of place. And with the words "equal justice under law" carved into the stone of the Supreme Court itself, one might think that the use of police power in one of its rawest forms against members of particular racial or ethnic groups might prompt the Court to show some interest in curbing such abuses. The defendant-petitioners presented both of these arguments-the almost arbitrary power over any driver inherent in the "could have" approach, and the racially biased use of traffic stops-to the Court. Yet the Court paid little attention to these obvious implications of its decision. Whren is more than a missed opportunity for the Court to rein in some police practices that strike at the heart of the ideas of freedom and equal treatment; Whren represents a clear step in the other direction-toward authoritarianism, toward racist policing, and toward a view of minorities as criminals, rather than citizens.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jan Abel Olsen1
TL;DR: It is shown how three theories of distributive justice; utilitarianism, egalitarianism and maximum, can provide a clearer understanding of the normative basis of different priority setting regimes in the health service.

Posted Content
TL;DR: The role of political ideology in law making is explored in this paper, where the authors argue that judicial law making has been the vehicle of ideological projects, just as legislative work is such a vehicle, although ideologically oriented legal work is different from ideologically oriented legislative work.
Abstract: This book explores the role of political ideology, in the simple sense of, say, "liberalism" and "conservatism," or "states' rights" and "abolitionism," in law making. I argue that judicial law making has been the vehicle of ideological projects, just as legislative work is such a vehicle, although ideologically oriented legal work is different from ideologically oriented legislative work. It is sometimes plain that judges experience themselves as constrained by the doctrinal materials to reach particular solutions, even if they work in a medium saturated with ideology. But they always aim to generate a particular rhetorical effect through this work: that of the legal necessity of their solutions without regard to ideology. They work for this effect against our knowledge of the ineradicable possibility of strategic behavior in interpretation, by which I mean the externally motivated, ideological choice to work to develop a particular solution rather than another. Adjudication has at least three ideological effects. First, the diffusion of law-making power reduces the power of ideologically organized majorities, whether liberal or conservative, to bring about significant change in any subject-matter area heavily governed by law. It empowers the legal fractions of intelligensias to decide the outcomes of ideological conflict among themselves, outside the legislative process. And it increases the appearance of naturalness, necessity, and relative justice of the status quo, whatever it may be, over what would prevail under a more transparent regime. In each case, adjudication functions to secure both particular ideological and general class interests of the intelligensia in the social and economic status quo. Adjudication also sustains the belief that rights exist. The critique of adjudication has sometimes been implicated in the loss of faith in rights. Finally, our ambivalent belief in the possibility of legal rationality reinforces the notion that there are expert discourses to which a practitioner can pledge faith, not just outside but against ideology.

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss literature and democracy, including the impossibility of justice and the paradox of knowledge and power in the no man's land - ideology, between ethics and politics.
Abstract: Introduction: literature and democracy 1. Left to our own devices: on the impossibility of justice Part I. Fables: 2. Examples of responsibility: Aesop, with philosophy 3. Freedom, the law of another fable: Sade's insurrection Part II. Rhetoric: 4. The point is to (ex)change it: reading capital rhetorically 5. The 'paradox' of knowledge and power: Foucault on the bias Conclusion: no man's land - ideology, between ethics and politics Notes Index.

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The Organizational Logic of the Gendered Legal World and Women Lawyers' Responses Women in Corrections Advancement and Resistance Gendered Organizational logic and Women CO Response Doing Justice, Doing Gender, Today and Tomorrow Occupations, Organizations, and Change as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Introduction Changes in Criminal Justice Organizations, Occupations, and Women's Work Explanations for Gender Inequality in the Workplace The Nature of Police Work and Women's Entry into Law Enforcement Women Officers Encountering the Gendered Police Organization Women Entering the Legal Profession Change and Resistance The Organizational Logic of the Gendered Legal World and Women Lawyers' Responses Women in Corrections Advancement and Resistance Gendered Organizational Logic and Women CO Response Doing Justice, Doing Gender, Today and Tomorrow Occupations, Organizations, and Change

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of surveys of court-users in several Latin American countries in an effort to identify the causes of dissatisfaction with the courts and identify the most fruitful courses of judicial reform in Latin America.

Book
03 Nov 1997
TL;DR: The authors explores the attempts by democractic states to invoke the principles of the "rule of law" as a means of achieving retributive justice, that is convicting wrongdoers and restoring dignity to victims of moral injuries.
Abstract: As new states in the former Eastern bloc begin to reckon with their criminal pasts in the years following a revolutionary change of regimes, a pattern has emerged: in those states where some form of retributive justice has been enacted, there has been much less of a recourse to collective retributive violence. This text explores the attempts by these aspiring democractic states to invoke the principles of the "rule of law" as a means of achieving retributive justice, that is convicting wrongdoers and restoring dignity to victims of moral injuries. It maintains that democratic regimes require a strict form of accountability that holds leaders responsible for acts of criminality. This accountability is embodied in the principles of the rule of law, and retribution is at the moral centre of these principles.


Book
01 Nov 1997
TL;DR: In this paper positive economics -the impartial spectator jurisprudence and the theory of natural price: Adam Smith, moral philosophy and science, moral sentiments and political economy, the impartial spectator and natural price - markets as a social phenomena natural jur-prudence, natural liberty, justice and the common good: natural price and commutative jsutice.
Abstract: Part I Positive economics - the impartial spectator jurisprudence and the theory of natural price: Adam Smith, moral philosophy and science the theory of moral sentiments and political economy the impartial spectator and natural price - markets as a social phenomena natural jurisprudence and the theory of value. Part II Normative economics - natural liberty, justice and the common good: natural price and commutative jsutice -Adam Smith and the just price traditions (with Barry Gordon) distributive jsutice (with Barry Gordon).

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In Caring for Justice, this paper, the authors pointed out that any biological or natural differences between the sexes are often flatly denied, on the grounds that such an acknowledgment will impede women's claims to equal treatment.
Abstract: Over the past decade, mainstream feminist theory has repeatedly and urgently cautioned against arguments which assert the existence of fundamental--or essential--differences between men and women. Any biological or natural differences between the sexes are often flatly denied, on the grounds that such an acknowledgment will impede women's claims to equal treatment. In Caring for Justice, Robin West turns her sensitive, measured eye to the consequences of this widespread refusal to consider how women's lived experiences and perspectives may differ from those of men. Her work calls attention to two critical areas in which an inadequate recognition of women's distinctive experiences has failed jurisprudence. We are in desperate need, she contends, both of a theory of justice which incorporates women's distinctive moral voice on the meaning of justice into our discourse, and of a theory of harm which better acknowledges, compensates, and seeks to prevent the various harms which women, disproportionately and distinctively, suffer. Providing a fresh feminist perspective on traditional jurisprudence, West examines such issues as the nature of justice, the concept of harm, economic theories of value, and the utility of constitutional discourse. She illuminates the adverse repercussions of the anti-essentialist position for jurisprudence, and offers strategies for correcting them. Far from espousing a return to essentialism, West argues an anti- anti-essentialism, which greatly refines our understanding of the similarities and differences between women and men.

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the role of the red-coats and the Scarlet Guards in the American Revolution and the American Civil War, and their role in the present day.
Abstract: Introduction Radical Intellectuals: Red Guards and Literati Rebels Rebels: The Workers General Headquarters Conservatives: The Scarlet Guards A Cry for Justice: The Wind of Economism Renegade Rebels: Regiments and Lian Si Institutionalizing Rebel Gains Conclusion

Book
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of Irish theatre, read in the light of Ireland's self-definition, is provided, arguing between history and its relations with politics and art, and attempting to do justice to the enabling and mirroring preoccupations of Irish drama.
Abstract: This work provides an overview of Irish theatre, read in the light of Ireland's self-definition. Mediating between history and its relations with politics and art, it attempts to do justice to the enabling and mirroring preoccupations of Irish drama.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that foreign minorities' crime involvement is higher than that of the German population, even when crime data are adjusted to take account of demographic differences (age, sex, etc) and even if immigration offenses and nonresident foreigners' crime are disregarded.
Abstract: Research on ethnic minorities' involvement in crime is highly sensitive in Germany Most research is based on official statistics, which indicate that foreign minorities' crime involvement is higher than that of the German population, even when crime data are adjusted to take account of demographic differences (age, sex, etc) and even if immigration offenses and nonresident foreigners' crime are disregarded First-generation guest workers have had crime rates comparable to those of Germans The second and third generations display sharp upward crime trends Processing of foreign offenders by the justice system has received little attention Existing research does not confirm hypotheses of discriminatory treatment in police and criminal court decision making, including in sentencing The proportion of foreigners in the prison population has increased substantially, reaching 25 percent in 1994 In youth correctional facilities, the minority proportion has increased to 50 percent In pretrial detention the