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Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 2000"


Journal Article
TL;DR: The Law of Peoples as discussed by the authors is an ideal normative framework for international law that accommodates a measure of realism and rejects the idea of a world-state, but it is not a model for the realistic utopia sketched in The Law of Nations.
Abstract: The Law of Peoples John Rawls Harvard 1999 John Rawls, the great political philosopher, has turned his reflections to questions of international justice, much as his philosophical ancestor Kant did toward the end of his career. Indeed, Kant's conception of a "pacific federation" of states in Perpetual Peace is Rawls's acknowledged model for the "realistic utopia" sketched in The Law of Peoples, which expands upon his 1993 essay by the same title (without, however, revising its basic argument). Despite differing philosophical constraints and geopolitical conditions, both Kant and Rawls aim to develop an ideal normative framework for international law that accommodates a measure of realism and rejects the idea of a world-state. Unfortunately, in its uncritical acceptance of so-called "decent hierarchical societies" even at the level of ideal theory, the normative claim of Rawls's Law of Peoples is undermined. This philosophical appeasement, meant to secure perpetual peace in our time through a moderately demanding Law of Peoples that liberal and "decent" hierarchical societies alike can endorse, departs fundamentally from Kant's cosmopolitanism. For Kant, the "First Definitive Article of a Perpetual Peace-as opposed to a temporary interruption of hostilities-is that each member state of the foedus pacif cum must have a republican form of government, which is partly founded upon "the principle of legal equality for everyone (as citizens)." By contrast, Rawls weakens his ideal of international justice to buy the assent of hierarchical societies, which by definition lack equality among citizens, at the price of sacrificing a theoretical basis for justifying reforms of the practices and institutions of these hierarchical societies above a minimal level of decency. Rawls's complex argument begins by extending the original position, in which principles of justice for the basic structure of society are chosen under epistemic constraints that ensure fairness, from a single liberal society to what he calls the Society of Liberal Peoples. In a second step, though still within ideal theory, he argues that the substantive principles comprising the Law of Peoples are also acceptable to decent hierarchical societies, which possess decent consultation hierarchies and common good conceptions of justice. Despite being inegalitarian, decent hierarchical societies do respect basic human rights, allow some dissent, and at least consult with representatives of groups whose members are denied full citizenship rights. …

1,137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a theory of decision making that attempts to elucidate the roles of fairness, self-interest, and selfdeception in the allocation of economic rewards.
Abstract: Everyone has observed people invoking fairness arguments in defense of their opinions or actions, and it is not uncommon for such arguments to be wielded on both sides of an issue about which views conflict. For example, during a televised debate Representative Charles B. Rangel said, “I think [Affirmative Action] has to involve a search for fairness,” whereas commentator Avi Nelson opined that “you promote more unfairness than fairness when you depart from the basic criterion, which is that individuals should be treated as individuals” (Annenberg/CPB Collection, 1984). On the 1986 tax reform legislation, Senator Robert Packwood stated: “Taxes are about more than money and they’re about more than economics. They’re about fairness, and this bill is fair,” whereas Senator Carl M. Levin argued: “For our economy, this is the wrong bill at the wrong time ... making deficit reduction more difficult and less fair” (Los Angeles Times, September 28, 1986 pp. A1, A8). Such cases contribute to the frequent conclusion that justice is merely a ploy, a vacuous concept used opportunistically by selfinterested and self-serving agents. If fairness arguments were sheer subterfuge, however, it would be difficult to account for their use at all, let alone their frequent use or earnest consideration by others. That they have at least occasional impact on outcomes may be inferred from the very fact that they are advanced. Those who take justice seriously also claim more direct evidence of its effects on legal proceedings, government regulatory and taxation policies, wage and benefit structures in the workplace, results of bargaining experiments in the laboratory, and even pricing policies in the market (e.g., Daniel Kahneman et al., 1986b; R. Mark Isaac et al., 1991; H. Peyton Young, 1994; Linda Babcock et al., 1995). On the other hand, the ostensibly self-serving manipulation of fairness arguments also presents a problem for proponents of justice and defenders of its importance in social interaction. If people value equity so highly that they make personal sacrifices for its sake, how is it that they also apparently distort it for their own selfish ends? Although most studies of bargaining behavior suggest nontrivial deviations from narrow self-interest (e.g., Werner Güth et al., 1982; Alvin E. Roth et al., 1991), some of these same studies reject the “fairness hypothesis” that fairness alone accounts for this behavior (e.g., Gary E. Bolton, 1991; Robert Forsythe et al., 1994). This paper proposes and tests a theory of decision making that attempts to elucidate the roles of fairness, self-interest, and selfdeception in the allocation of economic rewards. Fairness is treated as a genuine value, but there also exists an incentive and a potential for changing beliefs about it. This suggests an explanation for why arguments about it are advanced and considered, but sometimes conflict, as in the affirmative action and taxation examples cited earlier. In addition to the standard “material utility” from the agent’s own allocation of a good, the theory integrates concepts of fairness and cognitive dissonance into the objective function. When the decision maker has * Department of Economics, Loyola Marymount University, 7900 Loyola Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90045. The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments and suggestions of two anonymous referees of this Review and of Reinhard Selten, Werner Güth, Gabriel Fuentes, Gary Biglaiser, and of seminar participants at the University of Bonn, the University of Arizona, Humboldt University, and the 1997 Economic Science Association meetings. I also thank Tim Cason, John Conlisk, Joseph Earley, Zaki Eusufzai, Gabriel Fuentes, and Petra Konow for their advice or assistance conducting the experiments, and the LMU Research Committee and College of Liberal Arts for financial support. Any remaining errors are, of course, my own. 1 Material utility is what is meant when (narrow) selfinterest or selfishness are mentioned in this paper. Of course, if fairness is assumed to be a goal of the agent, one may argue that it is in his or her self-interest to be, to some

824 citations


Book
24 Apr 2000
TL;DR: The meaning of genetic causation, by Elliott Sober, and the morality of inclusion and policy implications are examined.
Abstract: This book, written by four internationally renowned bioethicists and first published in 2000, was the first systematic treatment of the fundamental ethical issues underlying the application of genetic technologies to human beings. Probing the implications of the remarkable advances in genetics, the authors ask how should these affect our understanding of distributive justice, equality of opportunity, the rights and obligations as parents, the meaning of disability, and the role of the concept of human nature in ethical theory and practice. The book offers a historical context to contemporary debate over the use of these technologies by examining the eugenics movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The questions raised in this book will be of interest to any reflective reader concerned about science and society and the rapid development of biotechnology, as well as to professionals in such areas as philosophy, bioethics, medical ethics, health management, law, and political science.

588 citations


Book
07 Dec 2000
TL;DR: The Five Strongest Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court as discussed by the authors are two of the most famous truth commissions in the world, and have been used extensively in the history of the world.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Confronting Past Crimes: Transitional Justice and the Phenomenon of Truth Commissions 3. Why a Truth Commission? 4. The Five Strongest Truth Commissions 5. Other Illustrative Truth Commissions 6. What is the Truth? 7. The Truth About Women and Men 8. Truth and Justice: A Careful but Critical Relationship 9. Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court 10. Naming Names of Perpetrators 11. Healing from the Past 12. Truth and Reparations 13. Reconciliation and Reforms 14. Leaving the Past Alone 15. When, How, and Who: Basic Questions of Methodology and Operations 16. Reflections: Looking Forward

452 citations


Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Onora O'Neill explores and argues for an account of justice that is fundamentally cosmopolitan rather than civic, yet takes serious account of institutions and boundaries, and of human diversity and vulnerability.
Abstract: In this collection of essays Onora O'Neill explores and argues for an account of justice that is fundamentally cosmopolitan rather than civic, yet takes serious account of institutions and boundaries, and of human diversity and vulnerability. Starting from conceptions that are central to any account of justice - those of reason, action, judgement, coercion, obligations and rights - she discusses whether and how culturally or politically specific concepts and views, which limit the claims and scope of justice, can be avoided. She then examines the demands and scope of just institutions, arguing that there are good reasons for taking the claims of distant strangers seriously, but that doing so points not to a world without boundaries but to one of porous boundaries and dispersed power. Bounds of Justice will be of interest to a wide range of readers in philosophy, politics and international relations.

383 citations


Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The case of Quebec Muslim Minorities in Liberal Democracies: Justice and the Limits of Toleration Multiple Political Memberships, Overlapping National Identities, and the Dimensions of Citizenship Citizenship and the Challenge of Aboriginal Self-Government: Is Deep Diversity Desirable? Democracy and Respect for Difference: The Case of Fiji Conclusion as mentioned in this paper
Abstract: Introduction: Contextual Political Theory, Comparative Perspectives, and Justice as Evenhandedness Complex Justice, Cultural Difference, and Political Community Liberalism and Culture Distinguishing Between Difference and Domination: Reflections on the Relation Between Pluralism and Equality Cultural Adaptation and the Integration of Immigrants: The Case of Quebec Muslim Minorities in Liberal Democracies: Justice and the Limits of Toleration Multiple Political Memberships, Overlapping National Identities, and the Dimensions of Citizenship Citizenship and the Challenge of Aboriginal Self-Government: Is Deep Diversity Desirable? Democracy and Respect for Difference: The Case of Fiji Conclusion

370 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of Hong Kong employees was used to test the hypotheses that power-distance orientation and gender moderate the relationships between justice perceptions and the evaluation of authorities (trust in supervisor) and the organization (contract fulfillment).

286 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks as discussed by the authors is a book that rekindles a broad public debate on reparations, which is not new, nor is public debate about it.
Abstract: Because of its visibility, Randall Robinson's new book, "The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks," may rekindle a broad public debate on reparations. The issue is not new, nor is public debate about it.

272 citations


BookDOI
31 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Zerner and Schroeder as discussed by the authors proposed a broader vision of justice and nature conservation in the Tropics, focusing on resource extraction and environmental justice in the tropical regions of the world.
Abstract: I: Across the TerrainIntroduction: Toward a Broader Vision of Justice and Nature Conservation, by Charles Zerner1. Contested Communities, Malignant Markets, and Gilded Governance: Justice, Resource Extraction, and Conservation in the, by Michael J. Watts2. Beyond Distributive Justice: Resource Extraction and Environmental Justice in the Tropics, by Richard A. SchroederII: On Location: Case Studies3. Justice for Whom? Contemporary Images of Amazonia, by Candace Slater4. Outrage in Rubber and Oil: Extractivism, Indigenous Peoples, and Justice in the Upper Amazon, by Soren Hvalkof5. Land, Justice, and the Politics of Conservation in Tanzania, by Roderick P. Neumann6. Rebellion, Representation, and Enfranchisement in the Forest Villages of Makacoulibantang, Eastern Senegal, by Jesse C. Ribot7. The Damar Agroforests of Krui, Indonesia: Justice for Forest Farmers, by Genevi ve Michon, Hubert de Foresta, Kusworo, and Patrice Levang8. Tropical Forests Forever? A Contextual Ecology of Bentian Rattan Agroforestry Systems, by Stephanie Gorson Fried9. Global Markets, Local Injustice in Southeast Asian Seas: The Live Fish Trade and Local Fishers in the Togean Islands of Sulawesi, by Celia Lowe10. Exploitation of Gaharu, and Forest Conservation Efforts in the Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, by Frank Momberg, Rajindra Puri, and Timothy Jessup11. The Meaning of the Manatee: An Examination of Community-Based Ecotourism Discourse and Practice in Gales Point, Belize, by Jill M. Belsky12. Profits, Prunus, and the Prostate: International Trade in Tropical Bark, by Anthony Balfour Cunningham and Michelle Cuninngham13. A Tale of Two Villages: Culture, Conservation, and Ecocolonialism in Samoa, by Paul Alan Cox14. One in Ten Thousand? The Cameroon Case of Ancistrocladus korupensis, by Sarah A. Laird, A. B. Cunningham, and Estherine Lisinge15. The Fate of the Collections: Social Justice and the Annexation of Plant Genetic Resources, by Bronwyn Parry

272 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: This paper examined how undergraduate students who became social justice allies during college understood their development, including precollege egalitarian values, gaining information about social justice issues, engagement in meaning-making processes, developing confidence, and the presentation of opportunities to act as social justice advocates.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine how undergraduate students who became social justice allies during college understood their development. Six traditionally-aged, heterosexual, White students, 3 women and 3 men, who first acted as allies while in college were interviewed using an open-ended interview protocol. Critical factors included precollege egalitarian values, gaining information about social justice issues, engagement in meaningmaking processes, developing confidence, and the presentation of opportunities to act as social justice allies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that educators and community leaders should channel the vast resources of volunteerism toward social change for a more just society and discuss ways that service-learning endeavors contribute to this process.
Abstract: The authors synthesize what has been learned from the two-issue series of American Behavioral Scientist on universities' responses to troubled times. They argue that educators and community leaders should channel the vast resources of volunteerism toward social change for a more just society and discuss ways that service-learning endeavors contribute to this process. They contrast the current state of higher education with a vision of a transformed institution they think preferable to the status quo and then focus on the difference between charity and social justice. Through service learning, acts of charity—which typically end up reproducing the status quo—can facilitate the politicization of students and help them to become active promoters of a more just society. Six questions are posed to assess the extent to which community-based education or research endeavors engage in charity or facilitate social justice.

Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Carens as discussed by the authors argues that old standards of neutrality and even justice as fairness tend to generate undesirable outcomes, such as having Sundays as a "common pause day" clearly violates neutrality in a society where Sunday is not a day of worship for many.
Abstract: With Culture, Citizenship and Community: A Contextualist Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness, Joseph Carens has entered the ranks of those distinguished liberal theorists who seek to rework liberal theory and practice in order to save what is best about liberalism while modifying some of its received doctrines in order better to meet new challenges. Like Isaiah Berlin and other great renegade liberals, Carens puts pressure on liberalism's paradoxes. In certain contexts, in particular in the Canadian context, liberalism must make room for measures that are themelves illiberal, he says (7). Liberals must diversify their conception of citizenship in order to further the goals of liberal citizenship. Sometimes the goals of neutrality, like fairness, are best pursued by way of non-neutral practices and procedures. In particular, Carens argues, liberalism's new multicultural contexts ensure that old standards of neutrality and even justice as fairness tend to generate undesirable outcomes. For example, having Sundays as a "common pause day" clearly violates neutrality in a society where Sunday is not a day of worship for many. Neutrality would require that we abolish the common pause day or choose a day for common pause, like Wednesday, that has no particular significance for anyone. Then all are treated equally and, from the perspective of neutrality, also fairly. But this outcome leaves no one better off. We can do better by aspiring to fairness rather than to formal equality, Carens argues, and fairness in this instance requires "evenhandedness in the form of comparable support" (13). That would mean allowing time off for those who worship on other days and allowing those who close their businesses on another day for religious reasons to be open on Sundays. The requirements of evenhandedness are not always clear. Arguments need to be made, contexts have to be investigated. But the principle of evenhandedness, invoked by many minority communities seeking to make room for themselves in Christian societies, directs us to attend to different sorts of considerations than are privileged by the principle of neutrality (12-13).

Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Smith as discussed by the authors explores the interface between geography, ethics, and morality and explores the moral significance of concepts of landscape, location and place, proximity, distance and community, space and territory, justice, and nature.
Abstract: This book explores the interface between geography, ethics and morality. It considers questions that have haunted the past, are subjects of controversy in the present, and which affect the future. Does distance diminish responsibility? Should we interfere with the lives of those we do not know? Is there a distinction between private and public space? Which values and morals, if any, are absolute, and which cultural, communal or personal? And are universal rights consistent with respect for difference? David Smith shows how these questions play themselves out in politics, planning, development, social and personal relations, the exploitation of resources, and competition for territory. After introducing the essential elements of moral philosophy from Plato to postmodernism, he examines the moral significance of concepts of landscape, location and place, proximity, distance and community, space and territory, justice, and nature. He is concerned above all with the morality people practice, to see how this varies according to geographical context, and to assess the inevitability of its outcomes. His argument is seamlessly interwoven with everyday observation and vividly described case studies: the latter include genocide and rescue during the Holocaust, the conflicts over space between Israeland Palestine and within Israel itself, and the social tensions and aspirations in post-apartheid South Africa. The meaning, possibility and limits of social justice lie at the heart of the book. That geographical context is vital to the understanding of moral practice and ethical theory is its central proposition. The book is clearly and engagingly written. The author has a student readership in mind, but his book will appeal widely to geographers and others involved in planning, development, politics, social theory, and the analysis of the contemporary world.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fraser as mentioned in this paper presents a critical reflection on the post-socialist condition in the context of post-war economic analysis, focusing on the role of women in economic decision-making.
Abstract: (2000). Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition, by Nancy Fraser. Feminist Economics: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 149-153.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of the sense of justice as it is displayed in ordinary situated disputes is proposed, which accounts for a plurality of legitimate forms of evaluation which are used in the process of critique and justification, and it escapes a relativism of values by demonstrating that all these forms satisfy a set of common requirements.
Abstract: The paper offers a modelling of the sense of justice as it is displayed in ordinary situated disputes. While this model accounts for a plurality of legitimate forms of evaluation which are used in the process of critique and justification, it escapes a relativism of values by demonstrating that all these forms satisfy a set of common requirements. The reasonable character of the everyday sense of justice is also anchored in a reality test involving the engagement of objects which qualify for a certain form of evaluation. The paper discusses this model in relation to competing theories of justice, and models of social action and interaction.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors argued that service-learning advocates spend excessive energy debating whether service learning should follow a "charity" model, a "citizenship" model or even a "justice-advocacy" model and too little energy on how to make service learning applicable to a wider range of disciplines.
Abstract: "Dare the school build a new social order?," George Counts (1932) once asked in the title of his call to educational justice-advocacy. "Yes," Benjamin Barber (1999) once responded to a similar question at a service-learning conference, "but not so bluntly." Barber agreed that the service-learning movement, to achieve its oft-stated goals of social improvement, needed to have something of an activist or advocacy edge, but he argued that such a stance could not be pursued too openly nor aggressively, for fear of losing service-learning's institutional support and academic integrity. Edward Zlotkowski (1996) expresses a similar fear that excessive attention to the ideological aims of justice-advocacy and inculcating moral and civic values in youth will harm the ability to institutionalize service-learning among a broad range of faculty, many of whom look to service-learning as a tool to enhancing classroom learning, pure and simple, without associated concerns for "justice-advocacy" or "inculcating civic morality" (especially those in the less political disciplines, such as biology or engineering). Zlotkowski (1996) argues that service-learning advocates spend excessive energy debating whether service-learning should follow a "charity" model, a "citizenship" model, or even a "justice-advocacy" model, and too little energy on how to make service-learning applicable to a wider range of disciplines. "Unless service-learning advocates become far more comfortable seeing 'enhanced learning' as the horse pulling the cart of 'moral and civic values,' and not vice versa," he fears, "service-learning will continue to remain less visible--and less important--to the higher education community than is good for its own survival" (p. 4). Zlotkowski (1996) further posits that service-learning advocates face some fundamental choices: Do they represent a movement of socially and morally concerned activists operating from an academic base or a movement of socially, morally, and pedagogically concerned academicians? What ultimately takes priority in their discussions and writings: the suitability of moral and civic concepts such as 'charity,' 'citizenship,' and 'justice,' or the pedagogical rationales that allow engineers and dancers as well as sociologists and political scientists to see service-learning as directly relevant to their work? (p. 7) I share Zlotkowski's conclusion that a politically-charged service-learning movement is unlikely to attract the support of a wide range of faculty or to find enduring institutional support. However, considering the depth of the social and political challenge that confronts us, the high purpose of the university to set forth a vision of human improvement, and the educative benefits that will result, it is still vital to push for an activist-oriented, service-learning movement. We must push as hard as possible, while it is possible, for we indeed may expect just what Zlotkowski predicts: an ultimate repeating of the "periodic mortality" that has ended similar social change movements of the past (e.g., the 1900's, the 1930s, the 1960s). The dominant academic culture simply will not adopt the "social activist" bent of much of the service-learning movement, Zlotkowski correctly notes. "I know my faculty colleagues well enough to assert that marching across campus beating even a big drum will not induce most of them to drop what they're doing to join a parade" (1996, p. 26). This is all too true; as before, this kind of reform movement will surely pass. But the most must be made of it while it lasts. A vital task is to push the extant service-learning movement into ever more activist political engagement and courageous social stands. The question should be how to build on the service-learning movement to catalyze a broad educational and social reform movement, how to reassert the role of the university as a source of social critique and progress, and how to educate citizen-students who are able and willing to critically engage a society deeply in need of reform. …


BookDOI
31 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Moral Foundations of the South African TRC: Truth as Acknowledgment and Justice as Recognition by Andre du Toit et al. as mentioned in this paper The moral foundations of the Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Third Way by Alex Boraine 141.
Abstract: Acknowledgments vii I. Truth Commissions and the Provision of Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation by Robert I. Rotbtrg 3 II. The Moral Foundations of Truth Commissions by Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson 22 III. Restoring Decency to Barbaric Societies by Rajeev Bhargava 45 IV Moral Ambition Within and Beyond Political Constraints: Reflections on Restorative Justice by Elizabeth Kiss 68 V Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice, and Civil Society by David A Crockcr 99 VI. The Moral Foundations of the South African TRC: Truth as Acknowledgment and Justice as Recognition by Andre du Toit 122 VII. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Third Way by Alex Boraine 141 VIII. The Uses of Truth Commissions: Lessons for the World by Dumisa B. Ntsebexa 158 IX. Amnesty, Truth, and Reconciliation: Reflections on the South African Amnesty Process by Ronald C. Slye 170 X. Amnesty's Justice by Kent Greenawalt 189 XI. Trials, Commissions, and Investigating Committees: The Elusive Search for Norms of Due Process by Sanford Levinson 211 XII. The Hope for Healing: What Can Truth Commissions Do? by Martha Minow 235 XIII. Doing History, Doing Justice: The Narrative of the Historian and of the Truth Commission by Charles S. Mater 261 XIV Constructing a Report: Writing Up the "Truth" by Charles Villa-Yicencio and Wilhelm Yerwoerd 279 The Contributors 295 Index 299

Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Youth on Trial as mentioned in this paper is the fruit of the MacArthur Foundation Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice (MFFJ), where a wide range of leaders in developmental psychology and law combine their expertise to investigate the current limitations on our youth policy.
Abstract: It is often said that a teen "old enough to do the crime is old enough to do the time", but are teens really mature and capable enough to participate fully and fairly in adult criminal court? In this book - the fruit of the MacArthur Foundation Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice - a wide range of leaders in developmental psychology and law combine their expertise to investigate the current limitations on our youth policy. The first part of the book establishes a developmental perspective on juvenile justice; the second and third parts then apply this perspective to issues of adolescents' capacities as trial defendants and to questions of legal culpability. Underlying the entire work is the assumption that an enlightened juvenile justice system cannot ignore the developmental psychological realities of adolescence. Not only a state-of-the-art assessment of the conceptual and empirical issues in the forensic assessment of youth, "Youth on Trial" is also a call to reintroduce sound, humane public policy into our justice system.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the implications of various philosophical theories of justice for the way in which a welfare economist might appraise a particular distribution of health within a community and distinguish theories which place constraints on admissible outcomes (the health opportunity set), from theories which require the social welfare function (or maximand) to have particular properties.
Abstract: Equity in health has to be distinguished from equity in access to health care, or equity in the distribution of health care resources. We take as a working definition of health for our purposes the number of quality adjusted life years that a person may expect to enjoy over his or her lifetime. Although we mostly follow the economists' custom of regarding equity as synonymous with reducing inequalities in health, we also consider the much richer variety of concepts employed by philosophers when discussing distributive justice. Here however we have distinguished notions of justice which are essentially procedural from those which are substantive, concentrating mainly on the latter. What we have sought to do is to identify the implications of various philosophical theories of justice for the way in which a welfare economist might appraise a particular distribution of health within a community. To do this we distinguish theories which place constraints on admissible outcomes (the health opportunity set), from theories which require the social welfare function (or maximand) to have particular properties. This classification is summarised in the Table 1, which is the key exhibit around which the analysis and exposition is organised.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop the premise that the often ambiguous and emotionally charged nature of justice-related events compels organizational actors to engage in social talk and arrive at a shared, socially constructed interpretation of justice using the concept of social contagion as a guide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated husbands' and wives' perceptions of fairness of the domestic division of labour using data from a recent national Australian survey, and found that 59 per cent of women report that the division of labor in the home is fair even though they also report responsibility for the bulk of the work.
Abstract: This paper investigates husbands' and wives' perceptions of fairness of the domestic division of labour Using data from a recent national Australian survey, the paper shows that 59 per cent of women report that the division of labour in the home is fair even though they also report responsibility for the bulk of the work. On the other hand, 68 per cent of men report that the division of household labour is fair. Drawing on Thompson's distributive justice framework, the paper analyses the factors underlying these patterns in relation to perceptions of fairness of childcare and housework. The results show that, for both men and women, the key factor determining perceptions of fairness is the division of tasks between men and women. The amount of time spent on domestic labour is also significant, but is less important than who does what around the home. There is little support for other hypotheses relating to gender role attitudes,lime spent in paid work and financial power. The conclusion examines these findings in light of the distributive justice framework and considers their implications for understanding perceptions of fairness in households.

Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: A Politics of Language in the United States? Part I: The Issues and the Context 1. Language Policies in Conflict: An Overview 2. Making Sense of Language Policy Conflict 3. Language Politics Part II: The Arguments 4. Identity Politics and Ethnolinguistic Inequality 5. Language Policy and National Unity: The Search for the Common Good Part III: Critique and Reform 7. Flaws at Every Turn: A Critique of Assimilationist, Pluralist, and Confederationist Alternatives 8. Pluralistic Integration: Toward Greater Justice and a
Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction: A Politics of Language in the United States? Part I: The Issues and the Context 1. Language Policies in Conflict: An Overview 2. Making Sense of Language Policy Conflict 3. The Social Foundations of U.S. Language Politics Part II: The Arguments 4. Historical Perspectives on U.S. Identity Politics and Ethnolinguistic Inequality 5. Language Policy and Equality: The Search for Justice 6. Language Policy and National Unity: The Search for the Common Good Part III: Critique and Reform 7. Flaws at Every Turn: A Critique of Assimilationist, Pluralist, and Confederationist Alternatives 8. Pluralistic Integration: Toward Greater Justice and a More Common Good Notes References Index

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that the standard for assessing people's circumstances to determine what they owe and are owed according to distributive justice should be the welfare or well-being level that they can attain, given their circumstances.
Abstract: Some theories of justice hold that individuals placed in fortunate circumstances through no merit or choice of their own are morally obligated to aid individuals placed in unfortunate circumstances through no fault or choice of their own. In these theories what are usually regarded as obligations of benevolence are reinterpreted as strict obligations of justice. A closely related view is that the institutions of a society should be arranged in a way that gives priority to helping people placed in unfortunate circumstances through no fault or choice of their own. Any theory of this type needs a way of assessing individuals’ circumstances to determine who is fortunate and who is unfortunate. I shall argue that the standard for assessing people's circumstances to determine what they owe and are owed according to distributive justice should be the welfare or well-being level that they can attain, given their circumstances. This claim, that the ‘currency of justice’ should be welfare, has attracted criticisms that some have thought decisive. My counterclaim is that if we adopt an objective account of welfare and properly accommodate concerns about individual responsibility, the criticisms can be drained of their force.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors diagnose a robust level of administrative rivalty among EU preparatory committees operating within the Council infrastructure, which can have deleterious effects and unintended consequences for the decision-making process.
Abstract: Decision-making in the European Union (EU) takes place in a rich normative environment and context of interaction where compromise is part of the organizational culture. A prominent example is the Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) which has evolved a distinct style of making decisions. The main features include: diffuse reciprocity, thick trust, mutual responsiveness, a consensus-reflex, and a culture of compromise. These features, or ‘methods of community,’ suggest a need to refine theories of EU decision-making to take into account the sociality and normative environment in which interests are defined and defended. This article also diagnoses a robust level of administrative rivalty among EU preparatory committees operating within the Council’s infrastructure, which can have deleterious effects and unintended consequences for the decision-making process. The rivalry is especially pronounced over the competencies for pillars two (Common Foreign and Security Policy) and three (Justice and H...

Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: A certified actual innocence when justice goes wrong and how to make it right that has been created by as mentioned in this paper is available online or download by registering in our site below. Go to the TECHNICAL WRITING for an EXPANDED type of this ACTUAL INNOCENCE when JUSTICE GOES WRONG and HOW TO MAKE IT RIGHT, ALONG WITH A CORRECTly Formatted VERSION of the INSTANCE MANUAL PAGE ABOVE.
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Book
Peter King1
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the judicial process of the eighteenth-century landed elite in England is presented, including victims' reactions, pretrial practices, policing, magistrates hearings, trials, sentencing, pardoning and punishment.
Abstract: The criminal law has often been seen as central to the rule of the eighteenth-century landed elite in England. This book presents a detailed analysis of the judicial processs - of victims' reactions, pretrial practices, policing, magistrates hearings, trials, sentencing, pardoning and punishment - using property offenders as its main focus. The period 1740-1820 - the final era before the coming of the new police and the repeal of the capital code - emerges as the great age of discretionary justice, and the book explores the impact of the vast discretionary powers held by many social groups. It reassesses both the relationship between crime rates and the economic deprivation, and the many ways that vulnerability to prosecution varied widely across the lifecycle, in the light of the highly selective nature of pretrial negotiations. More centrally, by asking at every stage - who used the law, for what purposes, in whose interests and with what social effects - it opens up a number of new perspectives on the role of the law in eighteenth-century social relations. The law emerges as less the instrument of particular elite groups and more as an arena of struggle, of negotiation, and of compromise. Its rituals were less controllable and its merciful moments less manageable and less exclusively available to the gentry elite than has been previously suggested. Justice was vulnerable to power, but was also mobilised to constrain it. Despite the key functions that the propertied fulfilled, courtroom crowds, the counter-theatre of the condemned, and the decisions of the victims from a very wide range of backgrounds had a role to play, and the criteria on which decisions were based were shaped as much by the broad and more humane discourse which Fielding called the 'good mind' as by the instrumental needs of the propertied elites.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the bearing of theories of social justice on the analysis and evaluation of income distribution and related features of economic inequality and found that people's attitudes toward or reactions to actual income distributions can be significantly influenced by the correspondence between their ideas of what is normatively tolerable and what they actually see in the society around them.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the bearing of theories of social justice on the analysis and evaluation of income distribution and related features of economic inequality. The assessment of income distribution involves both descriptive and prescriptive issues and the ideas of the way social justice influence both. The connection is immediate in the case of normative analysis, because the concepts of social justice can be central to ethical norms for assessing the optimality or acceptability of the distributions of income. But the connections with descriptive and predictive issues can be, ultimately, no less important. People's attitudes toward, or reactions to, actual income distributions can be significantly influenced by the correspondence—or the lack thereof—between (1) their ideas of what is normatively tolerable and (2) what they actually see in the society around them. The ideas of social justice can sway actual behavior and actions. In assessing the likelihood of discontent or protest or disapproval or the political feasibility of particular policies, which are primarily descriptive and predictive issues (rather than prescriptive ones), it can be useful, indeed crucial, to have some understanding of the ideas of justice that command respect in the society in question. A complete theory of justice need not insist on a complete ranking of all possible alternatives. The resilient presence of competing grounds of justice has strong implications on the discipline of inequality evaluation in general and of the assessment of income distribution in particular.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Haque et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a public accountability framework for Asian, African, and Latin American countries to adopt the ideas, principles, and institutions of accountability representing the liberal democratic mode of governance found in advanced capitalist nations.
Abstract: Introduction The public accountability of public governance1 has been a major concern in all societies and civilizations, although there are variations in the criteria, means, and agents of such accountability based on the nature of the polity ranging from traditional to modern, conservative to liberal, capitalist to socialist. Even the connotations of accountability often differ among societies depending on their unique sociohistorical formations, ideological inclinations, and cultural beliefs (see Haque, 1994). The liberal notion of accountability that emerged in advanced capitalist nations could be inconceivable in traditional India, imperial Japan, or communist China. However, during the post-colonial period, most Asian, African, and Latin American countries began to adopt the ideas, principles, and institutions of accountability representing the liberal democratic mode of governance found in advanced capitalist nations (Haque, 1994). In other words, despite the previous cross-national diversity in the modes of public governance and public accountability, the post-colonial period witnessed the convergence, at least in appearance, of these varying patterns of accountability into a common liberaldemocratic model. One of the most crucial features of this liberal-democratic framework is the existence of certain basic mechanisms of accountability such as legislative committee, parliamentary debate, public hearing, ministerial control, ombudsman, and media scrutiny. Despite the previous critique of these liberal-democratic means of public accountability — especially with regard to their ineffectiveness caused by overcentralized bureaucracy, complex state apparatus, incapable political leaders, and uninformed public (O’Loughlin, 1990) — such democratic means have been quite useful to ensure government accountability in terms of delivering goods and services, addressing public needs and demands, maintaining neutrality and representation, ascertaining citizens’ entitlements, and guaranteeing equality and justice. However, in recent years, there has emerged a unique set of challenges to