scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 2001"


Book
15 Nov 2001
TL;DR: In this article, Braithwaite's empirical research demonstrates that active deterrence under the dynamic regulatory pyramid that is a hallmark of the restorative justice system he supports, is far more effective than the passive deterrence that is notable in the stricter "sentencing grid" of current criminal justice systems.
Abstract: Braithwaite's argument against punitive justice systems and for restorative justice systems establishes that there are good theoretical and empirical grounds for anticipating that well designed restorative justice processes will restore victims, offenders, and communities better than existing criminal justice practices. Counterintuitively, he also shows that a restorative justice system may deter, incapacitate, and rehabilitate more effectively than a punitive system. This is particularly true when the restorative justice system is embedded in a responsive regulatory framework that opts for deterrence only after restoration repeatedly fails, and incapacitation only after escalated deterrence fails. Braithwaite's empirical research demonstrates that active deterrence under the dynamic regulatory pyramid that is a hallmark of the restorative justice system he supports, is far more effective than the passive deterrence that is notable in the stricter "sentencing grid" of current criminal justice systems.

1,033 citations



Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the seven loose can(n)ons of organizational justice Jerald Greenberg Index are discussed.Preface List of figures and tables 1. Fairness theory: justice as accountability Robert Folger and Russell Cropanzano 2. Fair fairness: justice judgments as pivotal cognitions in organizational relations E. Allan Lind 3. Interactional (in)justice: the sacred and the profane Robert J. Bies 4. Anticipatory injustice: the consequences of expecting injustice in the workplace Debra L. Shapiro and Bradley L. Kirkman 5.
Abstract: Preface List of figures and tables 1. Fairness theory: justice as accountability Robert Folger and Russell Cropanzano 2. Fairness heuristic theory: justice judgments as pivotal cognitions in organizational relations E. Allan Lind 3. Interactional (in)justice: the sacred and the profane Robert J. Bies 4. Procedurl and distributive justice are more similar than you think: a monistic perspective and a research agenda Russell Cropanzano and Maureen L. Ambrose 5. Anticipatory injustice: the consequences of expecting injustice in the workplace Debra L. Shapiro and Bradley L. Kirkman 6. When do elements of procedural fairness make a difference? a classification to moderating differences Joel Brockner, Grant Ackerman and Gregory Fairchild 7. Ethnic diversity and the viability of organizations: the role of procedural justice in bridging differences Yuen J. Huo and Tom R. Tyler 8. The seven loose can(n)ons of the organizational justice Jerald Greenberg Index.

541 citations


Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was set up to deal with the human rights violations of apartheid during the years 1960-1994 as mentioned in this paper. But, as Wilson shows, the TRC's restorative justice approach to healing the nation did not always serve the needs of communities at a local level.
Abstract: The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was set up to deal with the human rights violations of apartheid during the years 1960–1994. However, as Wilson shows, the TRC's restorative justice approach to healing the nation did not always serve the needs of communities at a local level. Based on extended anthropological fieldwork, this book illustrates the impact of the TRC in urban African communities in Johannesburg. While a religious constituency largely embraced the commission's religious-redemptive language of reconciliation, Wilson argues that the TRC had little effect on popular ideas of justice as retribution. This provocative study deepens our understanding of post-apartheid South Africa and the use of human rights discourse. It ends on a call for more cautious and realistic expectations about what human rights institutions can achieve in democratizing countries.

456 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate whether and, if so, to what extent, people's notions of solidarity and their choices of justice principles are related to the type of welfare state regime they live under, as well as to individual socio-demographic and ideological factors.
Abstract: In this article, we investigate whether and, if so, to what extent, people’s notions of solidarity and their choices of justice principles are related to the type of welfare state regime they live under, as well as to individual socio-demographic and ideological factors. We analyse data from the International Social Survey Program 1996 and the European Values Study 1999, which together cover preferences of citizens from 20 welfare states. Hypotheses pertaining to people’s notions of solidarity and preferences for justice principles in the different welfare state regimes are derived from the work of Esping-Andersen and his critics, as well as from sociological and socialpsychological theories of solidarity and distributive justice. We find important, although not decisive, evidence for the thesis that the actual state of affairs with respect to the welfare state regime under which citizens live determines their views about which level of solidarity should be achieved and which justice principles should be emphasized. However, differences found are often not very pronounced, and we argue that this is a consequence of the fact that values of solidarity and justice are matters of priority to all welfare states. Taking into account the differences which exist between welfare state regimes, we also find important differences between individuals and social groups in their preferred level of solidarity and in their choice of justice principles.

366 citations


Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that it is possible for the state simultaneously to respect deep cultural differences and to protect the hard-won citizenship rights of vulnerable group members, particularly women, and propose a joint governance approach guided by an innovative principle that strives for the reduction of injustice between minority groups and the wider society, together with the enhancement of justice within them.
Abstract: Is it possible for the state simultaneously to respect deep cultural differences and to protect the hard-won citizenship rights of vulnerable group members, particularly women? This 2001 book argues that it is not only theoretically needed, but also institutionally feasible. Rejecting prevalent normative and legal solutions to this 'paradox of multicultural vulnerability', Multicultural Jurisdictions develops a powerful argument for enhancement of the jurisdictional autonomy of religious and cultural minorities while at the same time providing viable legal-institutional solutions to the problem of sanctioned intra-group rights violation. This new 'joint governance' approach is guided by an innovative principle that strives for the reduction of injustice between minority groups and the wider society, together with the enhancement of justice within them. This book will interest students of political and social theory, law, religion, institutional design, as well as cultural and gender studies.

359 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the main and interactive effects of distributive justice and procedural justice accounted for significant, unique variance in employees' psychological distress, consistent with predictions derived from a framework that integrates stress and coping theory with justice theory.

316 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper offers a framework for deciding what values and what praxis considerations the authors should attend to and how they may advance social justice and social action in community psychology.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to articulate a rationale for value-based praxis in community psychology. Although values need to promote personal, collective, and relational wellness at the same time, it is argued that community psychologists pay more attention to personal and relational wellness than to collective wellness. In order to address this imbalance it is important to promote the value of social justice. While praxis requires that we engage in a cycle of reflection, research, and social action, community psychologists devote more resources to the first two phases of praxis than to the last one. This paper offers a framework for deciding what values and what praxis considerations we should attend to and how we may advance social justice and social action in community psychology.

291 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Many people, including many egalitarian political philosophers, profess a belief in equality while enjoying high incomes of which they devotevery little to egalitarian purposes as discussed by the authors, and the article critically examines ways of resolving the putative inconsistency in the stance of these people, in particular, that favouring an egalitarian society has noimplications for behaviour in an unequal one.
Abstract: Many people, including many egalitarian political philosophers, professa belief in equality while enjoying high incomes of which they devotevery little to egalitarian purposes. The article critically examinesways of resolving the putative inconsistency in the stance of thesepeople, in particular, that favouring an egalitarian society has noimplications for behaviour in an unequal one; that what's bad aboutinequality is a social division that philanthropy cannot reduce; thatprivate action cannot ensure that others have good lives; that privateaction can only achieve a ``drop in the ocean''; that private effortis not called for, since justice is a matter for the state to enforce;that private effort cannot remove the fundamental injustice, whichis inequality of power; and that private effort involves an unreasonablylarge psychological burden.

265 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the notion of spatial justice is used as a theoretical underpinning for the formation of a spatially informed ethics of political solidarity against domination and repression in urban spaces.
Abstract: Introduction In an article published almost two decades ago, G H Pirie (1983, page 472) wrote: ``It would be a pity indeed if the busyness of political philosophers was to go completely unnoticed by spatial theorists and applied researchers. Equally, it would be a pity ... if this essay were to stand alone as a review of implications of that busyness.'' In that article, entitled On spatial justice'', Pirie reflected on the desirability and possibility of fashioning a concept of spatial justice from notions of social justice and territorial social justice'' (page 465). The present paper offers yet another reflection on the notion of justice as it relates to space and spatiality, to point to the ways in which various forms of injustice are manifest in the very process of spatialization, and the ways in which an increased awareness of the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality could make space a site of politics in fighting against injustice. As will become clear further through the text, the conceptualizations of both justice and space differ from the ways Pirie once viewed them. The paper is organized in five sections. The first section is a brief review of the geography literature which engages with the notion of justice, and serves to outline the theoretical position assumed in this paper. The second section provides an urban context in which a notion of spatial justice may be conceptualized. The third section is devoted to such a conceptualization. The fourth section presents the case of French urban policy in order to make the arguments more concrete. The concluding section is an attempt to define an ethico-political ground on which emancipatory politics in an urban spatial framework may be defended. The paper is conceptual in nature. Examples, however, are provided to stir the imagination as to the ways in which the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality may be conceived. The examples, therefore , are used to make this relationship more concrete, rather than attempting to provide a thorough discussion of the cases selected. Abstract. I attempt in this paper to conceptualize a notion of spatial justice in order to point to the dialectical relationship between (in)justice and spatiality, and to the role that spatialization plays in the production and reproduction of domination and repression. I argue that the city provides a productive ground for the formation of a spatially informed ethics of political solidarity against domination and repression. A `triad' is articulated to inform such politics, which brings together three notions: the spatial dialectics of injustice, the right to the city, and the right to difference. The notion of spatial justice is employed as a theoretical underpinning to avoid abusive interpretations of Lefebvrian rights in a liberal framework of individual rights. The case of French urban policy is used for illustrative purposes. Finally, the notion of e¨aliberteis introduced as a moral ground on which the triad may be defended.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the human experiences at the heart of social justice work in counseling are highlighted, including the history, counselor attributes, skills, costs, pitfalls, rewards, and ethical issues associated with advocacy counseling.
Abstract: This article accentuates the human experiences at the heart of social justice work in counseling. The history, counselor attributes, skills, costs, pitfalls, rewards, and ethical issues associated with advocacy counseling are highlighted. This article concludes with a discussion of the personal moral imperatives that inspire social activism and the challenge of discovering a personal advocacy style.

Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The role of international actors in national accountability processes is discussed in this paper, where Roht-Arriaza and Sieder discuss the role of the international community in accountability processes.
Abstract: Includes bibliographical references (p. [352]-405) and index. The role of international actors in national accountability processes / Naomi Roht-Arriaza -- Settling accounts with the past in a troubled transition to democracy: the Portuguese case / Antonio Costa Pinto --Justice, politics and memory in the Spanish transition / Paloma Aguilar --Truth, justice, memory, and democratization in the southern cone / Alexandra Barahona de Brito -- War, peace, and memory politics in Central America / Rachel Sieder -- Justice and legitimacy in the South African transition / Richard A. Wilson -- De-communization and political justice in central and eastern Europe / Carmen Gonzlez-Enrquez -- East Germany: incorporation, tainted truth, and the double division / Jan-Werner Muller --In search of identity: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the recreation of Russia / Nanci Adler.

Book
01 Nov 2001
TL;DR: From Scarman to Lawrence: Racism, Crime and Justice 1979-99 as mentioned in this paper, a book about racism, crime, and justice in the UK, with a focus on race and crime.
Abstract: 1. Introduction - From Scarman to Lawrence: Racism, Crime and Justice 1979-99 2. Thinking about Racism, Crime and Justice 3. Victimisation and Racist Victimisation 4. 'Race' and Crime 5. Policing 6. Prosecution and Sentencing 7. Prison and Probation 8. Criminal Justice Practitioners 9. Conclusion Suggestions for Further Reading

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider some reasons for and against viewing states as primary agents of justice, and focus in particular on the importance of recognising the contribution to justice that other agents and agencies can make when states are weak.
Abstract: Accounts of international or global justice often focus primarily on the rights or goods to be enjoyed by all human beings, rather than on the obligations that will realise and secure those rights and goods, or on the agents and agencies for whose action obligations of justice are to be prescriptive. In the background of these approaches to international or global justice there are often implicit assumptions that the primary agents of justice are states, and that all other agents and agencies are secondary agents of justice, whose main contribution to justice will be achieved by conforming to the just requirements of states. This background picture runs into difficulties when states are either unjust or weak. The problems posed by unjust states have been widely noted, but the distinctive problems weak states create are less commonly discussed. In this paper I shall consider some reasons for and against viewing states as primary agents of justice, and will focus in particular on the importance of recognising the contribution to justice that other agents and agencies can make when states are weak.

Book
24 Aug 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the complexity in resource management systems: conceptualizing abstractions and internal relations, beyond "Negotiation", re-thinking conceptual building blocks, reading landscapes, Cartesian Geographies or Places of the Heart.
Abstract: Part I: Introduction (and Disorientation) 1: Worlds Turned Upside Down Part II: Ways of Seeing 2: The Problem of 'Seeing' Part III: Ways of Thinking 3: Complexity in Resource Management Systems: Conceptualizing Abstractions and Internal Relations 4: Beyond 'Negotiation': Rethinking Conceptual Building Blocks 5: Reading Landscapes: Cartesian Geographies or Places of the Heart? 6: Ethics for Resource Managers Part IV: Case Studies 7: Case Studies: A Tool in Research for Resource Management 8: Recognition, Respect and Reconciliation: Changing Relations Between Aborigines and Mining Interests in Australia 9: Dependent Nations or Sovereign Governments? Treaties, Governance and Resources in the USA 10: Indigenous Rights of States' Rights: Hyrdopower in Norway and Quebec Part V: Ways of Doing 11: Diversity and World Order: Professional Practice and Resource Managers 12: Social Impact Assessment 13: Policy Arenas: Reform, Regulation and Monitoring 14: Co-Management of Local Resources Part VI: From Theory to Praxis 15: Sustainability, Equity and Optimism



Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a critical notice of 'ethics and the limits of philosophy' and'morality through thick and thin' in the context of philosophy and politics.
Abstract: 1. Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes, and Liberalism in Philosophy and Politics 2. Individual Responsibility in a Global Age 3. Families, Nations, and Strangers 4. Liberalism, Nationalism, and Egalitarianism 5. The Conflict between Justice and Responsibility 6. Relationships and Responsibilities 7. Conceptions of Cosmopolitanism 8. The Appeal of Political Liberalism 9. Rawls and Utilitarianism 10. Justice and Desert in Liberal Theory 11. Morality Through Thick and Thin: A Critical Notice of 'Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy'

Book
14 May 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, Braithwaite and Strang discuss the need for restorative environments in bureaucracies and corporations, as well as the importance of community conferencing as a special case of conflict transformation.
Abstract: 1. Introduction: restorative justice and civil society John Braithwaite and Heather Strang 2. Transforming security: a South African experiment Clifford Shearing 3. Two Protestant ethics and the spirit of restoration Lawrence Sherman 4. The force of community George Pavlich 5. The crime victim movement as a force in civil society Heather Strang 6. Reparations and restorative justice: responding to the gross violation of human rights Chris Cunneen 7. Restorative justice and civil society in Melanesia: the case of Papua New Guinea Sinclair Dinnen 8. Restorative justice in everyday life: beyond the formal ritual Ted Wachtel and Paul McCold 9. Community conferencing as a special case of conflict transformation John McDonald and David Moore 10. Restorative justice and the need for restorative environments in bureaucracies and corporations James Ritchie and Terry O'Connell 11. 'If your only tool is a hammer, all your problems will look like nails' Sir Charles Pollard 12. Restorative justice and school discipline: mutually exclusive? Lisa Cameron and Margaret Thorsborne 13. The school system: developing its capacity in the regulation of civil society Brenda Morrison 14. Security and justice for all David Bayley.

Book
01 Jun 2001
TL;DR: Nolan as discussed by the authors examined how therapeutic strategies deviate from traditional judiciary proceedings, and how these differences reflect changes afoot in American culture and conceptions of justice, and found that the drug court movement continues to expand and advances with it new understandings of the meaning and practice of justice.
Abstract: Drug courts offer radically new ways to deal with the legal and social problems presented by repeat drug offenders, often dismissing criminal charges as an incentive for participation in therapeutic programs. Since the first drug court opened in 1989 in Florida, close to 600 have been established throughout the United States. Although some observers have questioned their efficacy, no one until now has constructed an overall picture of the drug court phenomenon and its place in an American history of the social control of drugs. Here James Nolan examines not only how therapeutic strategies deviate from traditional judiciary proceedings, but also how these differences reflect changes afoot in American culture and conceptions of justice. Nolan draws upon extensive fieldwork to analyze a new type of courtroom drama in which the judge engages directly and regularly with the defendant-turned-client, lawyers play a reduced and less adversarial role, and treatment providers exert unprecedented influence in determining judicially imposed sanctions. The author considers the intended as well as unexpected consequences of therapeutic jurisprudence: for example, behavior undergoes a pathological reinterpretation, guilt is discredited, and the client's life story and ability to convince the judge of his or her willingness to change take on a new importance. Nolan finds that, fueled in part by the strength of therapeutic sensibilities in American culture, the drug court movement continues to expand and advances with it new understandings of the meaning and practice of justice.

Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: Reconciliation and forgiving the past European purges after the second world war Spain - amnesty and amnesia truth and justice as far as possible - the Latin American experience the post-1989 European cleansing process South Africa: amnesty in return for truth Palestine: collaboration and its consequences - a worst case scenario? third party intervention toward a culture of reconciliation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Reconciliation and forgiving the past European purges after the second world war Spain - amnesty and amnesia truth and justice as far as possible - the Latin American experience the post-1989 European "Cleansing" process South Africa: amnesty in return for truth Palestine: collaboration and its consequences - a worst case scenario? third party intervention toward a culture of reconciliation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined predictors of actual discrimination claiming among terminated workers by investigating a number of variables suggested by organizational justice and social information processing theories and found that social guidance had a major influence on discrimination-claiming.
Abstract: This research examines predictors of actual discrimination claiming among terminated workers by investigating a number of variables suggested by organizational justice and social information processing theories. This study investigated initial decisions to claim in a sample of 439 terminated workers who were surveyed at several unemployment offices. Logistic regression was used to examine how the decision to claim for discrimination was affected by procedural and distributive justice, social guidance, minority status, gender, age, tenure, and education. All of the variables except education and gender were found to be significant. Thus, the results support variables from each of the theories. Social guidance was found to have a major influence on discrimination-claiming. A counter-intuitive finding for minority status was found such that Whites were more likely to claim than minorities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that global equality of opportunity is an inappropriate ideal given the great cultural diversity that exists in the world and argued that it applies only to people who are interconnected in some way and infers from this that it should not be implemented at the global level.
Abstract: This paper defends a global principle of equality of opportunity, which states that it is unfair if some have worse opportunities because of their national or civic identity. It begins by outlining the reasoning underpinning this principle. It then considers three objections to global equality of opportunity. The first argues that global equality of opportunity is an inappropriate ideal given the great cultural diversity that exists in the world. The second maintains that equality of opportunity applies only to people who are interconnected in some way and infers from this that it should not be implemented at the global level. The third, inspired by Rawls's The Law of Peoples, maintains that it is inappropriate to thrust liberal ideals (like global equality of opportunity) on nonliberal peoples. Each of these challenges, I argue, is unpersuasive.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2001-Area
TL;DR: In this article, the notion of childhood changes as part of other social transformations, and the disillusion of public and private spheres are related to contemporary crises of childhood, including visible working children and child violence.
Abstract: This paper traces how the notion of childhood changes as part of other social transformations. Globalization and the disillusion of public and private spheres are related to contemporary crises of childhood. Visible working children and child violence are highlighted as examples of unchildlike behaviour that suggests indeterminacy in the constitution of the global child. Issues of children's rights and new forms of justice are raised as potentially liberatory ways of viewing the crisis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The existence of the welfare state is understood by many mainstream economists as an anomaly, because what the state provides should instead be left to market decisions where, as for other private goods like food, cosmetics, and clothes, individual demand would meet its supply as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: From a mainstream neoclassical economist perspective, most of the things provided by modern welfare states are essentially private goods. Such goods—health care, social insurance and education, for example—can be privately consumed. This means that A, who owns the good, can exclude B from consuming the good in question. So in order for the welfare state to be understood as a bundle of publicly provided private goods, it would not be a suitable candidate for the social dilemma/collective action approach in political science (Ostrom 1998). The reason for this is that this approach, by definition, only relates to public goods, that is, goods where it is not possible for the individual to exclude others from using the good. The existence of the welfare state is understood by many mainstream economists as an anomaly, because what the welfare state provides should instead be left to market decisions where, as for other private goods like food, cosmetics, and clothes, individual demand would meet its supply (Baumol 1965). Moreover, if left to the market, standard economic theory states that the things the welfare state provides would be produced with much greater efficiency than if provided by the government and paid for by taxes. This occurs because competing producers of such private goods would have a strong incentive to rationalize production, while such incentives are of course lacking in a state-monopoly system.

Book
10 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that economics is about human values, which guide, enable, constrain and change economic behaviour, and that in the economy; freedom, justice and care are also balanced to further ends with scarce means.
Abstract: In his Ethics, Aristotle argued that human beings try to further a variety of values by balancing them, stating that people try to find a middle road between excess and deficiency. The author develops and applies this idea to the values of economics, arguing that in the economy; freedom, justice and care are also balanced to further ends with scarce means. Freedom is furthered through market exchange, justice through a redistributive role of the state, and care through mutual gifts of labour and sharing of resources in the economy.The book argues that economics is, and has always been, about human values, which guide, enable, constrain and change economic behaviour.

Book
21 Jun 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, Corrective justice: The practice of principle Part Two: Inclusive Legal Positivism Part Three: Conceptual Analysis, Part Four: Corrective Justice: The Practice of Principle
Abstract: Introduction Part One: Corrective Justice: The practice of principle Part Two: Inclusive Legal Positivism Part Three: Conceptual Analysis

Book
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The Empowerment Approach: A Conceptual FrameworkEstablishing Multifocal Vision: The History of Oppression Establishing multifocal view: The Ecological Perspective and CopingMultifocal vision: Developing Ethclass, Feminist, Cultural, Global, and Critical Perspectives-One Clear Lens, Many FociMaking Beginnings in Individual and Family EmpowerMENT: Processes and Practical SkillsAssessment for Empowerments: Content and ProcessWorking on Problems Together: The Empowering of Individuals and FamiliesEmpowering Special PopulationsThe Em
Abstract: Dreaming Justice and the Beloved Community in the Twenty-First CenturyThe Empowerment Approach: A Conceptual FrameworkEstablishing Multifocal Vision: The History of OppressionEstablishing Multifocal Vision: The Ecological Perspective and CopingMultifocal Vision: Developing Ethclass, Feminist, Cultural, Global, and Critical Perspectives-One Clear Lens, Many FociMaking Beginnings in Individual and Family Empowerment: Processes and Practical SkillsAssessment for Empowerment: Content and ProcessWorking on Problems Together: The Empowerment of Individuals and FamiliesEmpowering Special PopulationsThe Empowerment Group ApproachEmpowerment Groups: Working Together Toward EmpowermentCommunity and Political Empowerment PracticeEmpowerment in Global Perspective: Social and Economic Justice For All