Showing papers on "Economic Justice published in 2022"

Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools

Abstract: This book encourages the reader to bear witness to the lived experiences of Black girls within educational and juvenile justice systems. It is a thought-provoking and timely read that demands collective action. This book has strongly influenced the ways in which I hope to partner with school and judicial systems to advocate for equitable policies, procedures, resources, and practices that promote the futures of marginalized youth.

Reconsidering Reparations

Abstract: Christopher Columbus’s voyage changed the world forever because the era of racial slavery and colonialism that it started built the world in the first place. The irreversible environmental damage of history’s first planet-sized political and economic system is responsible for our present climate crisis. Reparations call for us to make the world over again: this time, justly. The project of reparations and racial justice in the twenty-first century must take climate justice head on. The book develops arguments about the role of racial capitalism in global politics, addresses other views of reparations, and summarizes perspectives on environmental racism.

Reforming the police through procedural justice training: A multicity randomized trial at crime hot spots

Abstract: Significance Our study is a randomized trial in policing confirming that intensive training in procedural justice (PJ) can lead to more procedurally just behavior and less disrespectful treatment of people at high-crime places. The fact that the PJ intervention reduced arrests by police officers, positively influenced residents’ perceptions of police harassment and violence, and also reduced crime provides important guidance for police reform in a period of strong criticism of policing. This randomized trial points to the potential for PJ training not simply to encourage fair and respectful policing but also to improve evaluations of the police and crime prevention effectiveness.

The rise of citational justice: how scholars are making references fairer

Abstract: An emerging movement aims to push researchers to pay more heed to inequities in scholarly citations. An emerging movement aims to push researchers to pay more heed to inequities in scholarly citations.

Applying energy justice into the energy transition

Abstract: Energy justice has become a leading interdisciplinary energy research topic over the last decade. There has been a realisation that the energy sector was missing an overall raison d'être, and that is to have justice permeating throughout the sector. This expert insight opens the door to a more practical element that is needed within this energy justice research. It focuses on how energy justice can be applied and implemented into the energy transition. All energy researchers can connect with the topic of justice, and as such, it should be the same when thinking of the energy sector. Normatively all researchers and practitioners should have a common goal and vision of how the energy sector should develop over the coming decades. This common goal and vision is not just brought on due to technological change that has created the energy transition but also the provision of a more fair, equal, equitable and inclusive transition (i.e., justice). National legal systems define what this justice will be and these institutions will create what in essence are the ‘rules of the game’ for the energy sector. This expert insight explores how these institutions act, enforce and create those rules of the game when they resolve disputes that arise. In solving these disputes between different parties, law creates the rules of the game as they interpret how law is applied in practice to different stakeholders. The legal system allocates different stakeholders rights and obligations, and ultimately decides on a hierarchy of these rights. This expert insight provides a brief overview of analysis from 100 legal cases from across the world and demonstrates which forms of justice and human rights are being implemented in the energy transition today. This represents a starting point, and the aim is that society needs to go far beyond this in order to ensure we meet in an accelerated way our future climate goals and ambitions for a sustainable world.

Applying energy justice into the energy transition

Abstract: Energy justice has become a leading interdisciplinary energy research topic over the last decade. There has been a realisation that the energy sector was missing an overall raison d'etre, and that is to have justice permeating throughout the sector. This expert insight opens the door to a more practical element that is needed within this energy justice research. It focuses on how energy justice can be applied and implemented into the energy transition. All energy researchers can connect with the topic of justice, and as such, it should be the same when thinking of the energy sector. Normatively all researchers and practitioners should have a common goal and vision of how the energy sector should develop over the coming decades. This common goal and vision is not just brought on due to technological change that has created the energy transition but also the provision of a more fair, equal, equitable and inclusive transition (i.e., justice). National legal systems define what this justice will be and these institutions will create what in essence are the ‘rules of the game’ for the energy sector. This expert insight explores how these institutions act, enforce and create those rules of the game when they resolve disputes that arise. In solving these disputes between different parties, law creates the rules of the game as they interpret how law is applied in practice to different stakeholders. The legal system allocates different stakeholders rights and obligations, and ultimately decides on a hierarchy of these rights. This expert insight provides a brief overview of analysis from 100 legal cases from across the world and demonstrates which forms of justice and human rights are being implemented in the energy transition today. This represents a starting point, and the aim is that society needs to go far beyond this in order to ensure we meet in an accelerated way our future climate goals and ambitions for a sustainable world.

Positive Youth Justice

Abstract: This topical book outlines a model of positive youth justice: Children First, Offenders Second (CFOS), which promotes child-friendly, diversionary, inclusionary, engaging, promotional practice and legitimate partnership between children and adults to serve as a blueprint for other local authorities and countries.

Juvenile-justice policy in England and Wales

Abstract: The mid- to late 1960s saw a sustained attempt by a Labour government, radical social scientists, progressive Home Office civil servants, and members of the social-work profession to transform the juvenile-justice system in England and Wales. The reforms of the 1960s aimed to recast the image of the young offender as a victim of social deprivation and the psychological problems which such deprivation engendered. The 1970 Heath administration offered a new, harder version of Conservatism to match the starker economic realities which followed the economic boom of the 1960s. ‘Radical non-intervention’ told workers in the juvenile-justice system that in their attempts to act in what they presumed to be a young offender’s best interest they could actually be disadvantaging them further. In the decade between 1970 and 1980, policy, theory, and practice in the juvenile-justice system in England and Wales was transformed.

Just transition principles and criteria for food systems and beyond

Abstract: In this article, we propose a framework of principles and criteria for just transitions in food systems. Climate mitigation activities are urgently needed in food systems, but can have damaging social, environmental, economic, and health impacts. Consequently, food system transitions can cause significant side effects across and beyond food systems, aggravating existing inequalities and unsustainabilities, causing new ones, or hampering equal engagement in the transition itself. Thus, justice questions stand at the core of assessing decarbonization pathways and policies and must link to other sectors as well: Who bears the costs and who enjoys the benefits of the transitions? Can transitions be inclusive, leaving no one behind? We examine the establishment and purpose of general principles and food system-specific criteria for just transition, present the framework – standards for judging, evaluating, and deliberating justice in food system transitions – and reflect upon the uses of the framework and future developments.

Global extractivisms and transformative alternatives

Abstract: ABSTRACT This article examines global extractivisms and transformative alternatives; addressing: (1) access to and control over resources, (2) governance and recognition, (3) environmental-social harms, and (4) justice. The examination of these themes provides an understanding of the sociospatial links between extractivism and differentiated distribution of benefits and burdens. The study sheds light on the politics of recognition, including the discourses and policies that enable extractive industries to obtain licences to operate in resource-rich territories. The analysis illuminates the inseparability of environmental-social impacts of extractivism, including altered human-nonhuman relations, while opening perspectives to claims for justice and the search for transformative alternatives.

Navigating tensions between rapid and just low-carbon transitions

Abstract: In this Perspective, we suggest that research on just transitions and energy justice needs to better attend to the increasingly important trade-offs arising from issues related to speed and acceleration of low-carbon transitions. We identify and elaborate two important tensions that policymakers face when they want to simultaneously achieve both just and rapid low-carbon transitions. First, the way in which participatory processes may increase justice but slow the speed of action; and second the way in which incumbent mobilization can accelerate transitions but entrench injustices. Such an analysis shifts the focus from mapping justice dimensions to acknowledging the inevitable trade-offs and winners and losers produced by transition processes as a first step to better navigating them.

OUP accepted manuscript

Abstract: Abstract Private philanthropic foundations—nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations with assets provided by donors for socially useful purposes—have become key political actors in global sustainability governance. Their collective efforts amount to over USD 112 billion for the implementation of the United Nations (UNs)’s ambitious plan to deliver on seventeen interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This corresponds to about a quarter of governmental contribution through official development assistance for the same purposes. Many of these foundations implicitly or explicitly aim to foster global justice, through, for example, empowering women, reducing inequalities, and promoting democracy. They thus act as justice agents shaping the substance and practice of justice in global sustainability governance. But what does this direction of private money into supporting global justice norms really mean? This question deserves scrutiny, especially against a context of diverse and contested meanings of justice and because philanthropy—beyond an act of giving—is often an exercise of power. Using critical discourse analysis of texts produced by selected foundations that are key funders of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda, this paper examines how private foundations frame global justice and with what implications for sustainability governance.

Bioethics and the Moral Authority of Experience

Abstract: Abstract While experience often affords important knowledge and insight that is difficult to garner through observation or testimony alone, it also has the potential to generate conflicts of interest and unrepresentative perspectives. We call this tension the paradox of experience. In this paper, we first outline appeals to experience made in debates about access to unproven medical products and disability bioethics, as examples of how experience claims arise in bioethics and some of the challenges raised by these claims. We then motivate the idea that experience can be an asset by appealing to themes in feminist and moral epistemology, distinguishing between epistemic and justice-based appeals. Next, we explain the concern that experience may be a liability by appealing to empirical work on cognitive biases and theoretical work about the problem of partial representation. We conclude with preliminary recommendations for addressing the paradox and offer several questions for future discussion.

Roles of Justice in Bioethics

Abstract: This Element traces the origins and development of bioethics, the principles and values involved in the discipline, and the roles of justice among these principles and values. The main tasks given to the concept of justice have since the late 1970s been nondiscrimination in research, prioritization in medical practice, and redistribution in healthcare. The Element argues that in a world challenged by planet-wide political and environmental threats this is not sufficient. The nature and meaning of justice has to be rethought. The Element does this by dissecting current bioethical approaches in the light of theories of justice as partly clashing interpretations of equality. The overall findings are twofold. Seen against the background of global concerns, justice in bioethics has become a silent guardian of economic sustainability. Seen against the same background, we should set our aims higher. Justice can, and must, be put to better use than it presently is. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Science must overcome its racist legacy: Nature’s guest editors speak

Abstract: We are leading Nature on a journey to help decolonize research and forge a path towards restorative justice and reconciliation. We are leading Nature on a journey to help decolonize research and forge a path towards restorative justice and reconciliation.

Racial justice allyship requires civil courage: A behavioral prescription for moral growth and change.

Abstract: In racialized societies, race divides people, prioritizes some groups over others, and directly impacts opportunities and outcomes in life. These missed opportunities and altered outcomes can be rectified only through the deliberate dismantling of explicit, implicit, and systemic patterns of injustice. Racial problems cannot be corrected merely by the good wishes of individuals-purposeful actions and interventions are required. To create equitable systems, civil courage is vital. Civil courage differs from other forms of courage, as it is directed at social change. People who demonstrate civil courage are aware of the negative consequences and social costs but choose to persist based on a moral imperative. After defining allyship and providing contemporary and historical examples of civil courage, this paper explains the difficulties and impediments inherent in implementing racial justice. To enable growth and change, we introduce ten practical exercises based on cognitive-behavioral approaches to help individuals increase their awareness and ability to demonstrate racial justice allyship in alignment with valued behaviors. We explain how these exercises can be utilized to change thinking patterns, why the exercises can be difficult, and how psychologists and others might make use of them to expand the capacity for civil courage in the service of racial justice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Towards a CO2-neutral steel industry: Justice aspects of CO2 capture and storage, biomass- and green hydrogen-based emission reductions

Abstract: A rapid transition towards a CO2-neutral steel industry is required to limit climate change. Such a transition raises questions of justice, as it entails positive and negative impacts unevenly distributed across societal stakeholders. To enable stakeholders to address such concerns, this paper assesses the justice implications of three options that reduce emissions: CO2 capture and storage (CCS) on steel (up to 70%), bio-based steelmaking (up to 50%), and green hydrogen-based steel production (up to 100%). We select justice indicators from the energy, climate, labour and environmental justice literature and assess these indicators qualitatively for each of the technological routes based on literature and desk research. We find context-dependent differences in justness between the different technological routes. The impact on stakeholders varies across regions. There are justice concerns for local communities because of economic dependence on, and environmental impact of the industry. Communities elsewhere are impacted through the siting of infrastructure and feedstock production. CCS and bio-based steelmaking routes can help retain industry and associated economic benefits on location, while hydrogen-based steelmaking may deal better with environmental concerns. We conclude that, besides techno-economic and environmental information, transparency on sector-specific justice implications of transforming steel industries is essential for decision-making on technological routes.

‘It’s a Hard Balance to Find’: The Perspectives of Youth Justice Practitioners in England on the Place of ‘Risk’ in an Emerging ‘Child-First’ World

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a shift in youth justice central policy narratives in England and Wales away from risk assessment and management and towards child first. However, this shift is meeting with a number of challenges on the ground. The reasons for this have been conceptualised as resistance and reticence, contradiction and bifurcation and confusion about competing narratives emerging from different UK government departments about how to meet the statutory requirement to ‘prevent’ youth offending. The article emphasises the importance of meaningfully engaging with youth justice practitioners in debates about how to meet this challenge.

How narratives of racial progress create barriers to diversity, equity, and inclusion in organizations.

Abstract: Despite statements in support of racial justice, many organizations fail to make good on their commitments to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). In this review, we describe the role of the narrative of racial progress—which conceives of society as rapidly and automatically ascending toward racial equity—in these failures. Specifically, the narrative (1) envisions organizations as race neutral, (2) creates barriers to complex cross-race discussions about equity, (3) creates momentum for less effective policy change, and (4) reduces urgency around DEI goals. Thus, an effective DEI strategy will involve organizational leaders overcoming this narrative by acknowledging past DEI failures and, most critically, implementing immediate and evidence-based structural changes that are essential for creating a more just and equitable workplace.

Data justice

Abstract: The concept of data justice has been used to denote a shift in understanding of what is at stake with datafication beyond digital rights. This essay speaks to different interpretations of the substance of data justice (ontology), who it applies to (scope), and how it should be upheld (procedure).

Deepening democracy for the governance toward just transitions in agri-food systems

Abstract: In this paper, we explore the relation between democracy and justice in governing agri-food transitions. We argue that a deeper understanding of democracy is needed to foster just transitions. First, we present a multi-dimensional understanding of justice in transitions and relate it to scholarship on democratizing transitions. Then, we argue that three paradigm shifts are required to overcome current unsustainable dynamics: (1) from expert toward pluralist understandings of knowledge; (2) from economic materialism toward post-growth strategies; and (3) from anthropocentrism toward reconnecting human-nature relationships. We explicate what these paradigm shifts entail for democratizing transitions from distributive, procedural, recognition and restorative justice perspectives. Finally, we highlight six challenges to institutionalizing deep democratic governance. These entail balancing tensions between: multiple justice dimensions, democracy and urgency, top-down and bottom-up directionalities, local and global scales, realism and idealism, and roles of incumbent scientific systems. This requires thoroughly rethinking transition studies’ normative and democratic ambitions.