Ecotoxicology

About: Ecotoxicology is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2105 publications have been published within this topic receiving 47181 citations.

Handbook of Ecotoxicology

Abstract: Introduction, D.J. Hoffman, B.A. Rattner, G.A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr. QUANTIFYING AND MEASURING ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS Aquatic Toxicology Test Methods, W.J. Adams and C. Rowland Model Aquatic Ecosystems in Ecotoxicological Research: Considerations of Design, Implementation, and Analysis, J.H. Kennedy, T.W. La Point, P. Balci, J.Stanley, and Z.B. Johnson Wildlife Toxicity Testing, D.J. Hoffman Sediment Toxicity Testing: Issues and Methods, G.A. Burton, Jr., D.L. Denton, K. Ho, and D.S. Ireland Toxicological Significance of Soil Ingestion by Wild and Domestic Animals, W.N. Beyer, and G.F. Fries Wildlife and the Remediation of Contaminated Soils: Extending the Analysis of Ecological Risks to Habitat Restoration, G. Linder, G. Henderson, and E. Ingham Phytotoxicity, S.J. Klaine, M.A. Lewis and S.L. Knuteson Landscape Ecotoxicology, K. Holl and J. Cairns, Jr. Using Biomonitoring Data for Stewardship of Natural Resources, R.P. Breckenridge and T.M. Bartish Bioindicators of Contaminant Exposure and Effect in Aquatic and Terrestrial Monitoring, M. J. Melancon CONTAMINANT SOURCES AND EFFECTS Wildlife Toxicology of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides, E.F. Hill Organochlorine Pesticides, L.J. Blus Petroleum and Individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, P.H. Albers Lead in the Environment, O.H. Pattee and D.J. Pain Ecotoxicology of Mercury, J.G. Wiener, D.P. Krabbenhoft, G.H. Heinz, and A.M. Scheuhammer Ecotoxicology of Selenium, H.M. Ohlendorf Sources, Pathways and Effects of PCBs, Dioxins, and Dibenzofurans, C. P. Rice, P. O'Keefe, and T. Kubiak Receiving Water Impacts Associated with Urban Wet Weather Flows, R.E. Pitt Nuclear and Thermal, L. Meyers-Schone and S.S. Talmage Global Effects of Deforestation, R.A. Houghton Pathogens and Disease, F.A. Leighton Environmental Factors Affecting Contaminant Toxicity in Aquatic and Terrestrial Vertebrates, B.A. Rattner and A.G. Heath CASE HISTORIES AND ECOSYSTEM SURVEYS The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Reactor Accident: Ecotoxicological Update, R. Eisler Pesticides and International Migratory Bird Conservation, M.J. Hooper, P. Mineau, B. Woodbridge, and M.E. Zaccagnini Effects of Mining Lead on Birds: A Case History at Coeur d'Alene Basin, Idaho, C.J. Henny White Phosphorus at Eagle River Flats, Alaska: A Case History of Waterfowl Mortality, D.W. Sparling A Mining Impacted Stream: Exposure and Effects of Lead and Other Trace Elements on Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) Nesting in the Upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado, C.M. Custer, T.W. Custer, A.S. Archuleta, L.C. Coppock, C.D. Swartz, and J.W. Bickham The Hudson River - PCB Case Study, J.P. McCarty Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment for Aquatic, Wetland, and Terrestrial Habitats along Clark Fork River, Montana, G. Linder, D.F. Woodard, and G. Pascoe METHODS FOR MAKING ESTIMATES, PREDICTABILITY, AND RISK ASSESMENT IN ECOTOXICOLOGY Global Disposition of Contaminants, R.M. Harrison, S. Harrad, and J. Lead Bioaccumulation and Bioconcentration in Aquatic Organisms, M.G. Barron Structure Activity Relationships for Predicting Ecological Effects of Chemicals, J.D. Walker and T.W. Schultz Predictive Ecotoxicology, J. Cairns, Jr. and B.R. Niederlehner Population Modeling, J.R. Sauer and G.W. Pendleton Ecological Risk Assessment: U.S. EPA's Current Guidelines and Future Directions, S.B. Norton, W. van der Schalie, A. Sergeant, L. Blake-Hedges, R. Wentsel, V. Serveiss, S.M. Marcy, P. Cirone, D. Rodier, R. Orr, and S. Wharton Ecological Risk Assessment Example: Waterfowl and Shorebirds Feeding in Ephemeral Pools at Kesterson Resevoir, California, E.R. Byron, H.M. Ohlendorf, G.M. Santolo, S.M. Benson, P.T. Zawislanski, T.K. Tokunaga, and M. Delamore Restoration Ecology and Ecotoxicology, J. Cairns, Jr. SPECIAL ISSUES IN ECOTOXICOLOGY Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Endocrine Active Agents, T.S. Gross, B.S. Arnold, M.S. Sepulveda and K. McDonald A review of the role of contaminants in amphibian declines, D.W. Sparling Genetic Effects of Contaminant Exposure and Potential Impacts on Animal Populations, L.R. Shugart, C. Theodorakis, A.M. Bickham, and J. Bickham The Role of Ecotoxicology in Industrial Ecology and Natural Capitalism, J. Cairns Jr. Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Farmland Wildlife, N.W. Sotherton and J. Holland Trace Element and Nutrition Interactions in Fish and Wildlife, S.J. Hamilton and D.J. Hoffman Animal Species Endangerment: The Role of Environmental Pollution, O.H. Pattee, V.L.Wegner, and D.L. Bounds INDEX

Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds.

Abstract: Organotin compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. The high biological activity of some compounds toward aquatic organisms lead to deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. Here, the aquatic ecotoxicology of organotins is reviewed based on a multidisciplinary approach involving environmental chemical, toxicological, and ecological aspects. Basic results were obtained both with field and laboratory studies, and some of the most important recent results and conclusions are critically reviewed. The contamination of and fate in aquatic systems is reported and linked with effects at different levels of biological organization. Major emphasis is placed on the development of a concept of ecotoxicology that encompasses not only effect assessment alone, but also integrates environmental chemistry with aquatic toxicology. Thereby, the influence of speciation for bioavailability, basic modes of toxic action, and aquatic toxicity are discussed. This case study on organotins allows to a certain extent generalizations to ecotoxicology in general.

The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs

Abstract: This paper introduces a special issue on the ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry of nanoparticles (NPs), and nanomaterials (NMs), in the journal Ecotoxicology. There are many types of NMs and the scientific community is making observations on NP ecotoxicity to inform the wider debate about the risks and benefits of these materials. Natural NPs have existed in the environment since the beginning of Earth’s history, and natural sources can be found in volcanic dust, most natural waters, soils and sediments. Natural NPs are generated by a wide variety of geological and biological processes, and while there is evidence that some natural NPs can be toxic, organisms have also evolved in an environment containing natural NPs. There are concerns that natural nano-scale process could be influenced by the presence of pollution. Manufactured NPs show some complex colloid and aggregation chemistry, which is likely to be affected by particle shape, size, surface area and surface charge, as well as the adsorption properties of the material. Abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, water hardness and the presence of organic matter will alter aggregation chemistry; and are expected to influence toxicity. The physico-chemistry is essential to understanding of the fate and behaviour of NPs in the environment, as well as uptake and distribution within organisms, and the interactions of NPs with other pollutants. Data on biological effects show that NPs can be toxic to bacteria, algae, invertebrates and fish species, as well as mammals. However, much of the ecotoxicological data is limited to species used in regulatory testing and freshwater organism. Data on bacteria, terrestrial species, marine species and higher plants is particularly lacking. Detailed investigations of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) remain to be performed on species from the major phyla, although there are some data on fish. The environmental risk assessment of NMs could be performed using the existing tiered approach and regulatory framework, but with modifications to methodology including chemical characterisation of the materials being used. There are many challenges ahead, and controversies (e.g., reference substances for ecotoxicology), but knowledge transfer from mammalian toxicology, colloid chemistry, as well as material and geological sciences, will enable ecotoxicology studies to move forward in this new multi-disciplinary field.

Ecotoxicology of Mercury

Abstract: James G. Wiener, David P. Krabbenhoft, Gary H. Heinz, and Anton M. ScheuhammerCONTENTS16.1 Introduction 409 16.2 Evolution of the Environmental Mercury Problem 410 16.3 Global-Scale Environmental Cycling and Fate 413 16.4 Mercury Speciation and Environmental Concentrations 415

DarT: The embryo test with the Zebrafish Danio rerio--a general model in ecotoxicology and toxicology.

Abstract: The acute fish test is an animal test whose ecotoxicological relevance is worthy of discussion. The primary aim of protection in ecotoxicology is the population and not the individual. Furthermore the concentration of pollutants in the environment is normally not in the lethal range. Therefore the acute fish test covers solely the situation after chemical spills. Nevertheless, acute fish toxicity data still belong to the base set used for the assessment of chemicals. The embryo test with the zebrafish Danio rerio (DarT) is recommended as a substitute for the acute fish test. For validation an international laboratory comparison test was carried out. A summary of the results is presented in this paper. Based on the promising results of testing chemicals and waste water the test design was validated by the DIN-working group "7.6 Fischei-Test". A normed test guideline for testing waste water with fish is available. The test duration is short (48 h) and within the test different toxicological endpoints can be examined. Endpoints from the embryo test are suitable for QSAR-studies. Besides the use in ecotoxicology the introduction as a toxicological model was investigated. Disturbance of pigmentation and effects on the frequency of heart-beat were examined. A further important application is testing of teratogenic chemicals. Based on the results DarT could be a screening test within preclinical studies.