Showing papers on "Efficient energy use published in 1969"

Energy Management Handbook

Abstract: Introduction Background The Value of Energy Management The Energy Management Profession Some Suggested Principles of Energy Management Effective Energy Management Energy Management Program Organizational Structure Energy Policy Planning Audit Planning Educational Planning Strategic Planning Reporting Ownership Energy Auditing Energy Auditing Services Basic Components of an Energy Audit Specialized Audit Tools Industrial Audits Commercial Audits Residential Audits Indoor Air Quality Economic Analysis Objective General Characteristics of Capital Investments Sources of Funds Tax Considerations Time Value of Money Concepts Project Measures of Worth Special Topics Summary & Additional Example Applications Boilers and Fired Systems Analysis of Boilers & Fired Systems Key Elements for Maximum Efficiency Condensing Boilers Fuel Considerations Steam and Condensate Systems Thermal Properties of Steam Estimating Steam Usage & Its Value Steam Traps & Their Application Condensate Recovery Cogeneration Cogeneration System Design & Analysis Computer Programs U.S. Cogeneration Legislation: PURPA Evaluating Cogeneration Opportunities: Case Examples Waste-Heat Recovery Waste-Heat Survey Classifying Waste-Heat Quality Storage of Waste Heat Quantifying Waste Heat Matching Waste Heat Source & Sink Waste-Heat Exchangers Commercial Options in Waste-Heat-Recovery Equipment Emerging Technologies for Waste Heat Recovery Building Envelope Principles of Envelope Analysis Metal Elements in Envelope Components Roofs Floors Fenestration Infiltration Summarizing Envelope Performance with the Building Load Coefficient Thermal "Weight" Envelope Analysis for Existing Buildings Envelope Analysis for New Buildings Envelope Standards for New & Existing Construction HVAC Systems Surveying Existing Conditions Human Thermal Comfort Interactions with HVAC ECO Projects HVAC System Types Central Cooling Equipment, Heat Rejection Equipment & Distribution Impact of Part-Load Operation & Occupancy HVAC System Electrical Distribution Energy Humidification Systems Example HVAC Energy Conservation Opportunities Reducing System Loads Estimating HVAC Energy Consumption Motors, Drives & Electric Energy Management Power Supply Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on Performance of Motors Effect of Performance-General Motors Glossary of Frequently Occurring Motor Terms Power Factor Special High Efficiency Motor Designs Electrical Motor Performance at Part Load Determining Electric Motor Operating Loads Power Meter Approximate Motor Load from Slip Measurement Approximate Motor Load from Amperage Readings Electric Motor Efficiency Comparing Motors Sensitivity of Load to Motor RPM Efficiency Losses of Drive Loads Variable Frequency Drives Motor Power Consumption When Throttling Theoretical Power Consumption Motormaster Energy Management Control Systems Energy Management Control Systems Networks Hardware Software EMCS Design Considerations Equipment Connected to EMCS Control Strategies Specification for EMCS Procurement Commissioning EMCS Lighting Lighting Fundamentals Process to Improve Lighting Efficiency Maintenance Emerging Technology Special Considerations Daylighting Common Retrofits Energy Systems Maintenance Developing the Maintenance Program Why Perform Energy, Facility & Process Systems Maintenance? Developing & Implementing a Preventive Maintenance Plan Industrial Insulation Fundamentals of Thermal Insulation Design Theory Insulation Materials Insulation Selection Insulation Thickness Determination Insulation Economics Use of Alternative Energy Solar Energy Wind Energy Biomass Energy Emerging Technologies Indoor Air Quality Introduction: Why IAQ Is Important to CEMs IAQ Fundamentals The Energy Management / IAQ Balance Summary & Conclusions Topics for Additional Study Electric & Gas Utility Rates for Commercial & Industrial Consumers Utility Costs Rate Structures Innovative Rate Type Calculation of a Monthly Bill Conducting a Load Study Effects of Deregulation on Customer Rates Thermal Energy Storage Storage Systems Storage Mediums System Capacity Economic Summary Codes, Standards and Legislation The American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009 The Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 The Energy Policy Act of 1992 National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978 ISO 50001 Energy Management Standard Codes & Standards Measurement & Verification Natural Gas Purchasing Preface Natural Gas as a Fuel Buying Natural Gas New Frontiers for the Gas Industry Control Systems Why Automate Control? Why Optimization? Technology Classifications Control Modes Input/Output Devices Valves & Dampers Instrument Accuracy, Repeatability & Drift Basic Control Block Diagrams Key Fundamentals of Successfully Applied Automatic Controls Expected Life of Control Equipment Control Applications for Saving Energy Basic Energy-Saving Control Applications Advanced Energy-Saving Control Applications Facilities Operations Control Applications Control System Application Pitfalls to Avoid Costs & Benefits of Automatic Control Estimating Savings from Applied Automatic Control Sustainability & High Performance Green Buildings Sustainability Concepts Historican Review LEED(TM) Energy Star(R) Portfolio Manager ASHRAE Green Guide ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides / AEDG ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2009 for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings The Green Building Initiative & Green Globes Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Electric Deregulation An Historical Perspective of the Electric Power Industry The Transmission System & FERC's Role in Promoting Competition in Wholesale Power Stranded Costs Status of State Electric Industry Restructuring Activity Trading Energy: Marketers & Brokers The Impact of Retail Wheeling The Ten-Step Program to Successful Utility Deregulation Pricing Options for Electric Supply Aggregation In-House vs. Outsourcing Energy Services Financing and Performance Contracting Financial Arrangements: A Simple Example Financial Arrangements: Details & Terminology Applying Financial Arrangements: A Case Study "Pros" & "Cons" of Each Financial Arrangement Other Considerations for Performance Contracting Host & ESCO Strategies: Both Sides of the Story Commissioning Commissioning for Energy Management Commissioning Definitions *Commissioning Measures Commissioning New Buildings for Energy Management Commissioning Process in Existing Buildings Ensuring Optimum Building Performance Measurement & Verification of Energy Savings History of M&V Performance Contracts Overview of Measurement & Verification Methods M&V Methods: Existing Buildings Cost/Benefit of M&V System Considerations in Applying M&V

Energy technology development.

Abstract: Conventional wisdom about the relationship between energy use and development is provided along with a projection of energy consumption (E) into the 21st century. In modern economies it is suggested that the traditional link between energy and gross domestic product (GDP) growth should not be taken for granted; technology has the potential to help developing countries leapfrog in the path to development with preservation of the environment. 25% of the worlds population live in countries with E = 199 GJ/capita in 1980 vs. 17-32 GJ/capita in developing countries with 75% of the population. With development 883 giga joules (GJ)/capita would be required. The World Energy Conference (WEC) and the INternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) have estimated future energy demand based on demographic and economic trends and matched the demand with energy supplies. The goal was to switch to more abundant energy resources and preserve energy growth. The estimates showed increases for developing countries to 35-38 GJ/capita and a lower level of amenities than in developed countries. Another estimate was generated in a study on Energy for a Sustainable World (ESW) by Goldemberg et al. Which increases amenities for Third World countries to the European level of the 1970s; E = 101 GJ/capita and world levels would be stabilized since 1980 at 325 PJ/capita. The increase in living standards would be accomplished by 1) a shift from traditional inefficiently used noncommercial fuels to modern energy fuels (electricity liquid and gas fuels and processed solid fuels) and 2) the introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Studies have shown that energy consumption increases initially peaks and then declines but new technology can reduce high peak values. There is support for the position that economic activity is leaning toward services and not heavy industry that there is a shift to the use of less energy-intensive materials and that greater attention is going to be given to efficient energy use. Technology must be used to curtail the emission of CO2 in order to reduce the greenhouse effect. There could be a shift from fossil fuels to solar energy wind energy photovoltaics and solar thermal and biomass burning. Sugarcane may be used to replace gasoline for cars.

Dynamic Effective Resource Allocation Based on Cloud Computing Learning Model

Abstract: In cloud computing field, a service-provider offers large number of resources for customers with a relatively low cost. However, any resource allocation model has to consider computational resources as well as network resources to accurately reflect practical demands. In order to rationally allocate the limited resources to users and improve resource utilization and energy efficiency of cloud systems as much as possible, a dynamic effective resource allocation algorithm based on cloud computing learning model is proposed. According to the dynamic effective resources allocation, Quality of Service Standards Framework is adopted to obtain cloud service management mechanism. In addition, the resources auction strategy and dynamic bilateral game strategy are also adopted to effectively leverage the interest-relationship between the user and the cloud provider so as to assign resources to these users with bigger demand. In the computation of cloud system and resources allocation of storage tasks, the cloud-based learning model is used to balance the demand of energy and resources so as to achieve optimal system efficiency. Simulation experiment results show that our proposed algorithm can assign more reasonably resource and energy for system computation and storage tasks and the performance of the algorithm is superior to other comparison algorithms on the utilization of resource and energy