Showing papers on "Efficient energy use published in 1976"
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TL;DR: In this article, a detailed comparison between the per capita energy consumption in the US and Sweden is made, and the most important contributions to the differences in energy use arise from higher efficiencies in transportation, materials processing, and space heating in Sweden.
Abstract: A detailed comparison is made between the per capita energy consumption in the US and Sweden. Sweden uses between 55% and 65% of the per capita energy (depending on the way hydro-electricity is counted) at essentially the same per capita income. It is shown that this difference arises both from differences in the mix of economic activities and from the differences in the energy consumption per unit output of these activities. The most important contributions to the differences in energy use arise from higher efficiencies in transportation, materials processing, and space heating in Sweden. Differences in the mode mix in transportation, particularly the reliance on the automobile in the US, also contribute significantly to the lower Swedish energy use. The more severe Swedish climate substantially increases the need for space heat relative to the US, obscuring dramatic differences in space heating efficiencies. Energy costs have played an important role in creating a more energy efficient economy in Sweden, aided by institutional and cultural factors. The comparison suggests that more efficient energy use will not interfere with and can in fact improve the functions of the United States economy over the long run.
68 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of the IIASA energy group studies on primary energy substitution and transitions and conclude that hydrogen represents the best energy vector in a broad range of boundary conditions and that hydrogen-based energy transportation and distribution systems are the most likely to prevail in the long run.
19 citations
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TL;DR: Aggressive pursuit of energy conservation is a promising road to environmental protection, national economic well-being and reduced dependence on foreign sources as mentioned in this paper ; we can have energy abundance without energy growth.
Abstract: Aggressive pursuit of energy conservation is a promising road to environmental protection, national economic well-being and reduced dependence on foreign sources; we can have energy abundance without energy growth
16 citations
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01 Jan 1976
6 citations
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TL;DR: Fossil Energy Research and Development Program (FERP) as mentioned in this paper is one of the most successful research and development programs in the United States for coal and oil shale technologies, which is based on the fact that no must learn to exploit economically.
5 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the underlying physics determining windmill design for efficient energy extraction is described, and the NASA-ERDA plan to build a 1.5 MW windmill in 1978 is described.
Abstract: The revival of interest in renewable energy sources has led to some ambitious projects for harnessing wind energy-in particular the NASA-ERDA plan to build a 1.5 MW windmill in 1978. The underlying physics determining windmill design for efficient energy extraction is described
3 citations
01 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified areas of greatest energy conservation potential in electric motor use in the industrial and commercial sectors of the economy; assesses and projects the technological potential and economic trends that might influence the use of more efficient electric motors; and outlines possible Government strategies encouraging such use.
Abstract: This final report identifies areas of greatest energy conservation potential in electric motor use in the industrial and commercial sectors of the economy; assesses and projects the technological potential and economic trends that might influence the use of more efficient electric motors; and outlines possible Government strategies encouraging such use. It reports that the 1- to 125-hp polyphase motors were the predominant energy consumers, accounting for about 26 percent of the total electric power generated in the U.S. Estimates of their potential for increased efficiency, coupled with possible replacement rates of lower- to higher-efficiency motors, indicated potential savings by 1990 of 35 billion kWh/year or 60 million barrels of oil.
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TL;DR: The use of conventional technology stresses the conversion of these energy forms into electricity for delivery to the customer as mentioned in this paper, which is not readily storable, is expensive to transmit and is not immediately useful in the vast majority of industrial and domestic energy consuming equipment.
01 Feb 1976
TL;DR: More jobs can be created and money saved by maximizing energy efficiency than by producing more energy as discussed by the authors, and California, without curtailing economic growth or sacrificing jobs, can supply enough nonnuclear energy with mandated conservation, demonstration, and incentive programs.
Abstract: More jobs can be created and money saved by maximizing energy efficiency than by producing more energy. California, without curtailing economic growth or sacrificing jobs, can supply enough nonnuclear energy with mandated conservation, demonstration, and incentive programs. Projected increases in demand, historically based on declining rates and increasing substitution of electricity for other fuels, are no longer appropriate. Options include raising the efficiency of equipment and structures and shifting demand from peak periods. Quarter horsepower engines, for example, have less than half the efficiency in 1975 as some comparable 1940 models. State policies could be instrumental in directing efficient end uses for each fuel. Comparisons with other countries reveal that the U.S. uses about twice as much energy per capita as several developed countries without a higher per capita income. (DCK)
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TL;DR: The Saginaw-Midland Water Supply System uses over 30 X 10H kWhr of electricity per year as discussed by the authors, which is an impressive figure in these days of "energy awareness".
Abstract: To supply the cities of Midland and Saginaw, Mich., with an average daily demand of about 50 mil gal, the Saginaw-Midland Water Supply System uses over 30 X 10H kWhr of electricity per year. In these days of "energy awareness," that is an impressive figure. How can such power costs be reduced? One means is to develop an Energy Efficiency Index (EEI, in this case, kilowatthours per million gallons pumped), monitor its variation with demand, and evaluate the effect of modified operating procedures on the EEI. If the index has been properly conceived, it can indicate means towards greater energy efficiency. In most instances, water transmission and distribution systems are relatively simple transport schemes, complicated by the hourly, daily, and yearly variations in demand. Thus operating procedures to supply demand, and, consequently, energy requirements, are also complicated by these variations. If peak to normal pumpage is compared, the energy and dollar differences can be quite significantand these peaks and valleys should be controlled.
03 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare energy use in the United States, one of the countries with a high energy/GNP ratio, with that in Sweden, a country which in 1971 used approximately 60 percent as much energy as United States to generate each dollar of GNP, and evaluate the differences in energy utilization between these two countries may illuminate strategies for saving energy.
Abstract: Examination of the energy and GNP statistics for the most industrialized countries indicates a large spread in the ratio of energy use per unit of GNP. This article compares energy use in the United States, one of the countries with a high energy/GNP ratio, with that in Sweden, a country which in 1971 used approximately 60 percent as much energy as the United States to generate each dollar of GNP. Sweden was chosen not only because of its low energy/GNP ratio, but also because the GNP per capita is essentially the same in both countries. Moreover, much of the economic activity and many of the demographic features in Sweden are similar to those in the United States. Thus, evaluating the differences in energy utilization between these two countries may illuminate strategies for saving energy. Studies of energy conservation in the United States indicate that the more important of these strategies, taken together, could reduce energy consumption 25 to 40 percent, while lowering pollution, reducing capital requirements for energy production, and generally raising employment. But the interrelationships among economic inputs (including energy) within an economy are complex. Thus, examination of an economy similar to that of the U.S. but requiring substantiallymore » less energy may provide guidance in understanding the total effect of energy conservation. Physical characteristics, economic activity, food, health and education, and conveniences such as appliances and automobiles are indicators that are compared for Sweden and the U.S. Energy consumption in all sectors are compared and some specific data are provided for transportation comparisons. (MCW)« less
01 May 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of recent studies of air transportation energy efficiency alternatives, along with some of the implications of these alternatives, including aircraft operation, aircraft modification, derivative aircraft, and new aircraft.
Abstract: Results from recent studies of air transportation energy efficiency alternatives are discussed, along with some of the implications of these alternatives. The fuel-saving alternatives considered include aircraft operation, aircraft modification, derivative aircraft, and new aircraft. In the near-term, energy efficiency improvements should be possible through small improvements in fuel-saving flight procedures, higher density seating, and higher load factors. Additional small near-term improvements could be obtained through aircraft modifications, such as the relatively inexpensive drag reduction modifications. Derivatives of existing aircraft could meet the requirements for new aircraft and provide energy improvements until advanced technology is available to justify the cost of a completely new design. In order to obtain significant improvements in energy efficiency, new aircraft must truly exploit advanced technology in such areas as aerodynamics, composite structures, active controls, and advanced propulsion.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a technology assessment of selected liquid fuels derived from coal and oil shale is reported, which are considered to be the most likely alternatives to substitute for or augment petroleum-derived fuels in the transportation sector in the 1980-2000 time frame.
Abstract: Results of a technology assessment of selected liquid fuels derived from coal and oil shale are reported. These fuels are considered to be the most likely alternatives to substitute for or augment petroleum-derived fuels in the transportation sector in the 1980-2000 time frame. Critical decisions about the sources of fuel supply and the nature of demand in that period must be made due to the steady depletion of the domestic petroleum supply and the influence of a noncompetitive world market. The means to overcome the limited supply of natural petroleum may take several forms: Conservation of scarce petroleum energy by stretching out limited domestic reserves; removal of the national transportation end-use sector from total dependence on petroleum by shifting to other energy forms, particularly those derived from coal; conservation of energy through incremental savings at every step from resource extraction to end-use (a difficult problem since many advanced technologies consume more energy than present processes); and acceptance of a lesser level of fuel supply if the social costs of entirely new supply industries exceed end-use benefits. The results of this analysis clearly indicate that a significant productive capacity may be difficult to achieve from a very large and rapidly growingmore » new industry. Moreover, while petroleum energy may be ''saved'' by substitution, the synthetic liquids system (from resource to end-use) is clearly less energy efficient than that for petroleum utilization. As a consequence, policies regarding these fuels should take into account the critical, constraining impacts examined in this study.« less
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, studies performed to field verify algorithms and calculation methods for determining the heating and cooling load requirements of buildings and the energy consumed by heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are described.
Abstract: Studies performed to field verify algorithms and calculation methods for determining the heating and cooling load requirements of buildings and the energy consumed by heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are described. A separate abstract was prepared for each of 12 papers. (LCL)