Showing papers on "Efficient energy use published in 1985"

Basic Needs and Much More With One Kilowatt Per Capita

Abstract: Conventional thinkin g holds that increased energy consumption is a prerequisite for economic and social development. This belief, together With the prospect of dwindling global petroleum supplies and the high costs of expanding energy supply generally, lead many to believe that it is not feasible to improve living standards substantially in the developing countries. But by shifting to high-quality energy carriers and by exploiting cost-effective opportunities for more efficient energy use, it would be possible to satisfy basic human needs and to provide considerable further improvements in living standards without significantly increasing per-capita energy use above the present level.

Specific Energy as a Criterion for Bit Selection

Abstract: A simplified approach to bit selection that uses the principle of specific energy is presented. Comparison of bit selection, based on both cost per foot and specific energy, is made. The potential application of specific energy in development and exploration wells is discussed.

Handbook of energy systems engineering : production, and utilization

Abstract: Demographics Optimization of Energy Use Energy Utilization Laws and Principles Energy System Technology Prime Movers Coal Technology Nuclear Technology Petroleum Technology Gas Technology Hydroelectric Power Solar-Derived Power Geothermal Energy Sources Energy Aspects of Environmental Control Electricity Generation, Distribution, and Use Advanced Energy Systems Guide to Available Codes, Standards and Reference Material Mathematics Graphs and Tables Index

Controller for elevator

Abstract: PURPOSE:To reduce the size and to improve the energy efficiency by absorbing small regenerative energy of an elevator by a storage battery, and consuming a large regenerative energy which cannot be absorbed by the battery via a resistor. CONSTITUTION:When an elevator is in a regenerative mode, regenerative energy is returned to a DC power source side through a free wheel diode connected in anti-parallel with the transistor of an inverter stack 3, and the regenerative energy is not absorbed by a storage battery 12. When the regenerative energy increases and the battery 12 cannot completely absorb the regenerative energy, a detector 9 for detecting an inverter DC voltage operates to turn ON a regenerative energy absorbing power transistor 10, and the energy is consumed via a resistor 11.

Energy Efficient Engine: Flight propulsion system final design and analysis

Abstract: The Energy Efficient Engine (E3) is a NASA program to create fuel saving technology for future transport engines. The Flight Propulsion System (FPS) is the engine designed to achieve E3 goals. Achieving these goals required aerodynamic, mechanical and system technologies advanced beyond that of current production engines. These technologies were successfully demonstrated in component rigs, a core engine and a turbofan ground test engine. The design and benefits of the FPS are presented. All goals for efficiency, environmental considerations, and economic payoff were met. The FPS has, at maximum cruise, 10.67 km (35,000 ft), M0.8, standard day, a 16.9 percent lower installed specific fuel consumption than a CF6-50C. It provides an 8.6 percent reduction in direct operating cost for a short haul domestic transport and a 16.2 percent reduction for an international long distance transport.

Maximizing energy savings for heat engines in process plants

Abstract: A new method is presented to integrate diesels, turbines, refrigeration machines and other such systems into the total process to effect large energy savings. Paybacks are typically short term, and the method is equally effective for new and retrofit applications. A previous article on this subject is discussed which describes a powerful procedure for combining heat exchanger networks (HENs) into process plants, resulting in large savings in operating costs. The article explained and demonstrated that when it is correctly done, combination of the HENs yields a twofold advantage over incorrectly integrated designs: correct designs are often structurally simpler and make best use of energy and capital.

The DOE-2 computer program for thermal simulation of buildings

Abstract: The DOE‐2 building energy analysis computer program is described. This program allows engineers and architects to perform design studies of whole‐building energy use under actual weather conditions. (AIP)

Cooling strategies based on indicators of thermal storage in commercial building mass

Abstract: Building thermal mass and multi-day r egimes of hot weather are important, yet poorly u nderstood, contributors to cooling energy r equirements. This paper develops load-shifting sub-cooling and precooling equipment operating strate~ies to address a specific instance of this phenomenon, in which thermal storage by building mass over weekends exacerbates Monday cooling energy requirements. The study relies on computer simulations of e nergy use for a large, office huilding prototype in El Paso, TX using the DOE-2 building energy analysis program. The economic value of the strategies is evaluated with direct reference to uti li ty rate schedules and a c rude measure of thermal storage is related to the energy 1 mpac.t~ of the strategies. The indicators are based on core zone air temperatures. which are sampled at night when HVAC systems are not in use. The suggestion is made that the results and proposed strategies could be adapted for use by computerized energy management systems to reduce building energy operating costs.

Vapor recompression systems with high efficiency components

Abstract: Heat pumping for many years has been used only in isolated industrial applications, even though it is an energy-efficient separation scheme. Because of its economic advantages, the method is receiving growing interest.

Progress in the energy efficiency of residential appliances and space conditioning equipment

Abstract: This paper addresses a number of questions regarding the energy performance of residential appliances, water heaters and space conditioning equipment including the changes in the efficiency and energy consumption of new models during the past decade, the technologies used to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency, and the potential for further technical improvements. It is shown that there have been major improvements in the energy efficiency of all product types. For some products (eg., refrigerators), the average efficiency of new models has significantly risen during the past decade. For other products (eg., water heaters), major savings are possible through the purchase and use of the more‐efficient models now available. A large assortment of technologies have been utilized to achieve greater efficiencies and further improvements are under development in many areas.

Synthesis of optimal heat and power supply systems for energy conservation

Abstract: The synthesis problem of energy supply systems includes the selection of proper heating and power generating units as well as energy integration. Such problems have been generally formulated as a linear programming (LP) problem. The structural analysis of the problem and solutions is focussed on rather than merely solved. As a practical consideration for preliminary selection of technologies, a problem regarding the selection of heating devices such as electric heaters, furnaces, steam heaters, or heaters with a heating medium under given loads is defined as a synthesis problem of optimal heat and power supply systems and formulated into an LP form with an objective function of minimum fuel. The results of analysis of the LP problem clarify essential structures of heat and power supply systems under arbitrary heat and power demands.

User's guide for the computer program BUNYIP: building energy investigation package (Version 2. 0). Technical report

Abstract: The program consists of a heat-transfer model of a building, or part thereof, together with its associated building services system. In particular, the program is set up to calculate the energy consumed by the plant in providing the building occupants with heating and cooling and with humidification or dehumidification. The program accepts information on the building occupancy and operation, and estimates the actual energy consumed in fuelling the specified plant and the associated water and air distribution systems.

Energy Efficiency and the Domestic Consumer

Abstract: Domestic energy consumption represents a sizable proportion of total energy delivered in the U.K. The major source of variance between households lies in the behaviour of the occupants rather than the physical parameters of the buildings. The behaviour of the consumer, and particularly its cognitive aspects, needs to be understood. Simply attempting to change attitudes is not sufficient; if a person is motivated to save energy/money he still needs to know how this can be acheived. More efficient use of energy will follow from human factors studies that lead to the redesign of controls, tariffs, bills. These issues will become more, not less, acute with the advent of new technology in energy controls and metering.

A Variable Frequency AC Blower Drive Installation for Efficient and Accurate Control of Glass Tempering

Abstract: Today's escalating energy costs often justify modifying existing industrial equipment to improve operating efficiency. One common instance occurs In air handling, where vane or damper controls are being replaced by variable speed blower operation. AC variable frequency drives offer the advantages of utilizing the existing motors, retaining the original constant speed capability for emergency service, and using one drive to control several motors sequentially, as well as Improving efficiency. Other benefits often result, such as ease of automation or elimination of on-off duty cycle restrictions. Such a retrofit of a glass tempering Installation is described, with primary emphasis on estimating energy cost savings for justification.

Total plant process energy integration

Abstract: Many energy integration approaches work well for single systems Now, procedures for the entire plant sites can bring about even greater energy and cost savings

Energy conservation in large buildings

Abstract: As energy prices rise, newly energy aware designers use better tools and technology to create energy efficient buildings. Thus the U.S. office stock (average age 20 years) uses 250 kBTU/ft2 of resource energy, but the guzzler of 1972 uses 500 (up×2), and the 1986 ASHRAE standards call for 100–125 (less than 25% of their 1972 ancestors). Surprisingly, the first real cost of these efficient buildings has not risen since 1972. Scaling laws are used to calculate heat gains and losses of buildings to obtain the ΔT(free) which can be as large as 15–30 °C (30–60 °F) for large buildings. The net thermal demand and thermal time constants are determined for the Swedish Thermodeck buildings which need essentially no heat in the winter and no chillers in summer. The BECA and other data bases for large buildings are discussed. Off‐peak cooling for large buildings is analyzed in terms of saving peak‐electrical power. By downsizing chillers and using cheaper, off‐peak power, cost‐effective thermal storage in new commercial buildings can reduce U.S. peak power demands by 10–20 GW in 15 years. A further potential of about 40 GW is available from adopting partial thermal storage and more efficient air conditioners in existing buildings.

Energy-Economic Measures for Selected Economies of the World, 1960–81

Abstract: Several analyses relating energy to gross domestic product for selected economies of the world are presented. Not only are individual economies presented but also results for aggregated market, OECD, planned and regional economies. Some estimates are also made for the indirect energy support of economies embodied in trade. The energy to GDP ratio has declined substantially for many economies in the late 1970’s. If one considers embodied energy of trade then the energy efficiency of different, economies takes on a reordering in comparison to a consideration of only direct consumption within an economy.

Recovering energy by mechanical vapor recompression

Abstract: It is estimated that 25 to 40% of the total energy consumed by the chemical and petrochemical industries is used in separation processes Because of increasing energy costs, a great number of plants are being reexamined to make their processes more energy-efficient Distillation is one such process, in which large energy reductions can often be achieved Studies have identified a number of alternatives for lowering energy consumption in the distillation process through various heat recovery techniques One such technique utilizes mechanical vapor recompression In this approach, a compressor is used to recycle the latent heat from overhead or flashed vapors and then recompress the vapors to conditions suitable for driving the reboiler at the bottom of the tower This reduces the energy input to the tower to 10-15% of the energy normally consumed in the reboiler

Energy and cities

Abstract: This book presents papers on energy consumption in urban areas. Topics considered include energy and urban form, energy conservation, transportation, spatial structures, improving the energy efficiency of the urban built environment, self-reliant cities, cities and coproduction, opportunities in the event of energy shortfall, the post-industrial imperative, and energy supplies.