Showing papers on "Efficient energy use published in 1995"

A manual for the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies

Abstract: This manual is a guide for analyzing the economics of energy efficiency and renewable energy (EE) technologies and projects. It is intended (1) to help analysts determine the appropriate approach or type of analysis and the appropriate level of detail and (2) to assist EE analysts in completing consistent analyses using standard assumptions and bases, when appropriate. Included are analytical techniques that are commonly required for the economic analysis of EE technologies and projects. The manual consists of six sections: Introduction, Fundamentals, Selection Criteria Guide, Economic Measures, Special Considerations for Conservation and Renewable Energy Systems, and References. A glossary and eight appendices are also included. Each section has a brief introductory statement, a presentation of necessary formulae, a discussion, and when appropriate, examples and descriptions of data and data availability. The objective of an economic analysis is to provide the information needed to make a judgment or a decision. The most complete analysis of an investment in a technology or a project requires the analysis of each year of the life of the investment, taking into account relevant direct costs, indirect and overhead costs, taxes, and returns on investment, plus any externalities, such as environmental impacts, that are relevant to the decision to be made. However, it is important to consider the purpose and scope of a particular analysis at the outset because this will prescribe the course to follow. The perspective of the analysis is important, often dictating the approach to be used. Also, the ultimate use of the results of an analysis will influence the level of detail undertaken. The decision-making criteria of the potential investor must also be considered.

Energy efficient CMOS microprocessor design

Abstract: Reduction of power dissipation in microprocessor design is becoming a key design constraint. This is motivated not only by portable electronics, in which battery weight and size is critical, but by heat dissipation issues in larger desktop and parallel machines as well. By identifying the major modes of computation of these processors and by proposing figures of merit for each of these modes, a power analysis methodology is developed. It allows the energy efficiency of various architectures to be quantified, and provides techniques for either individually optimizing or trading off throughput and energy consumption. The methodology is then used to qualify three important design principles for energy-efficient microprocessor design. >

Input–Output Anatomy of China's Energy Use Changes in the 1980s

Abstract: China significantly reduced the energy intensity of its economy in the 1980s. In this paper, we conduct a structural decomposition analysis to explain China's energy use changes between 1981 and 1987—the years for which we have input–output tables. We find that China's energy saving during this period came about primarily by changes in how to produce (production technology changes) rather than changes in what to consume (final demand shifts). The driving force of the energy intensity decline was energy efficiency improvements, which were multiplied across the entire economy through inter-industry input–output linkages.

Energy Efficiency Policy and Market Failures

Abstract: The primary objective in this paper is to focus attention on the empirical basis for skepticism about the effectiveness of the market mechanism in yielding cost-effective energy efficiency improvements. The authors present a series of examples that provide evidence for market failures related to energy efficiency. The discuss the role of energy efficiency policies such as standards, utility demand-side management programs, and other government programs that have been used to overcome these market failures. If they are carefully designed and successfully implemented, such energy efficiency policies can contribute to the reduction of the energy efficiency gap. The authors believe that energy efficiency policies aimed at improving energy efficiency at a lower cost than society currently pays for energy services represent good public policy. Programs that lead to increased economic efficiency as well as energy efficiency should continue to be pursued.

A manual for the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies

Abstract: This manual is a guide for analyzing the economics of energy efficiency and renewable energy (EE) technologies and projects. It is intended (1) to help analysts determine the appropriate approach or type of analysis and the appropriate level of detail and (2) to assist EE analysts in completing consistent analyses using standard assumptions and bases, when appropriate. Included are analytical techniques that are commonly required for the economic analysis of EE technologies and projects. The manual consists of six sections: Introduction, Fundamentals, Selection Criteria Guide, Economic Measures, Special Considerations for Conservation and Renewable Energy Systems, and References. A glossary and eight appendices are also included. Each section has a brief introductory statement, a presentation of necessary formulae, a discussion, and when appropriate, examples and descriptions of data and data availability. The objective of an economic analysis is to provide the information needed to make a judgment or a decision. The most complete analysis of an investment in a technology or a project requires the analysis of each year of the life of the investment, taking into account relevant direct costs, indirect and overhead costs, taxes, and returns on investment, plus any externalities, such as environmental impacts, that are relevant to the decision to be made. However, it is important to consider the purpose and scope of a particular analysis at the outset because this will prescribe the course to follow. The perspective of the analysis is important, often dictating the approach to be used. Also, the ultimate use of the results of an analysis will influence the level of detail undertaken. The decision-making criteria of the potential investor must also be considered.

Energy consumption modeling and optimization for SRAM's

Abstract: The recent trends in portable computing technologies have established the need for energy efficient design strategies. To achieve minimum energy design goals, system designers need a technique to accurately model the energy consumption of their design alternatives without performing a full physical design and full-circuit simulation. This paper presents and compares five approaches for modeling the energy consumption of CMOS circuits. These five modeling approaches have been chosen to represent the various levels of model complexity and accuracy found in the current literature. These modeling approaches are applied to the energy consumption of SRAM's to provide examples of their use and to allow for the comparison of their modeling qualities. It was found that a mixed characterization model-using a CV/sup 2/ prediction for digital subsections and fitted simulation results for the analog subsections-is satisfactory (within /spl plusmn/1 process variation) for predicting the absolute energy consumed per cycle. This same model is also very good (within 2%) for predicting an optimum organization for the internal structures of the SRAM. Several common architectures and circuit designs for SRAM's are analyzed with these models. This analysis shows that global, rather than local improvements, produce the largest energy savings. >

Life-cycle energy savings potential from aluminum-intensive vehicles

Abstract: The life-cycle energy and fuel-use impacts of US-produced aluminum-intensive passenger cars and passenger trucks are assessed. The energy analysis includes vehicle fuel consumption, material production energy, and recycling energy. A model that stimulates market dynamics was used to project aluminum-intensive vehicle market shares and national energy savings potential for the period between 2005 and 2030. We conclude that there is a net energy savings with the use of aluminum-intensive vehicles. Manufacturing costs must be reduced to achieve significant market penetration of aluminum-intensive vehicles. The petroleum energy saved from improved fuel efficiency offsets the additional energy needed to manufacture aluminum compared to steel. The energy needed to make aluminum can be reduced further if wrought aluminum is recycled back to wrought aluminum. We find that oil use is displaced by additional use of natural gas and nonfossil energy, but use of coal is lower. Many of the results are not necessarily applicable to vehicles built outside of the United States, but others could be used with caution.

Computer software for optimizing energy efficiency of a lighting system for a target energy consumption level

Abstract: A method for optimizing the energy efficiency of a lighting system including a plurality of light sources, which includes the steps of defining a set of parameters for the lighting system, and using a linear programming technique, taking into account the set of parameters, to produce energy allocation output data which satisfies a total energy consumption constraint that the total energy allocated to the lighting system not exceed a target energy consumption level, and which is representative of an optimal allocation of energy to each of said light sources. The lighting system is installed in a building which includes a plurality of rooms each of which is equipped with at least one of the light sources. In general, the lighting optimization problem is translated into a linear programming problem by formulating a set of lighting system energy allocation constraints, converting these constraints into a set of constraint equations and a cost function, converting the constraint equations into a set of simultaneous linear equations, and then solving the set of simultaneous linear equations in such a manner as to minimize the cost function, to thereby produce the energy allocation output data, which is preferably in the form of an optimal brightness level for each light source. These steps are preferably implemented in computer software, which is preferably loaded in a programmable central controller of an intelligent lighting control system which is responsive to the energy allocation output data for automatically adjusting the brightness level of each of the light sources to the optimal brightness level therefor. Preferably, available energy remaining after satisfying minimum brightness levels for each room is allocated at least partially on the basis of the designated priority level of each room, and/or the energy efficiency of the light sources.

System Dynamics Modelling for Residential Energy Efficiency Analysis and Management

Abstract: A System Dynamics model to simulate the substitution of installed household appliances by more efficient ones is presented. The model allows the construction of scenarios and also the analyses of several other issues such as: alternatives for technology penetration, electricity consumption growth, gas consumption growth and effects of pricing policies on various energy demands. The proposed methodology has been applied to assist the decision process in relation to gas penetration policies. The model also supports policy making on energy efficiency and it allows the calculation of total energy savings under different scenarios. Furthermore, government underpricing policies on tariffs and appliance acquisition (longer loan terms, lower interest rates and grace periods) may also be analysed.

The design and evaluation of integrated envelope and lighting control strategies for commercial buildings

Abstract: This study investigates control strategies for coordinating the variable solar-optical properties of a dynamic building envelope system with a daylight controlled electric lighting system to reduce electricity consumption and increase comfort in the perimeter zone of commercial buildings. Control strategy design can be based on either simple, instantaneous measured data, or on complex, predictive algorithms that estimate the energy consumption for a selected operating state of the dynamic envelope and lighting system. The potential benefits of optimizing the operation of a dynamic envelope and lighting system are (1) significant reductions in electrical energy end-uses - lighting, and cooling due to solar and lighting heat gains - over that achieved by conventional static envelope and lighting systems, (2) significant reductions in peak demand, and (3) increased occupant visual and thermal comfort. The DOE-2 building energy simulation program was used to model two dynamic envelope and lighting systems, an automated venetian blind and an electrochromic glazing system, and their control strategies under a range of building conditions. The energy performance of simple control strategies are compared to the optimum performance of a theoretical envelope and lighting system to determine the maximum potential benefit of using more complex, predictive control algorithms. Results indicate that (1) predictive control algorithms may significantly increase the energy-efficiency of systems with non-optimal solar-optical properties such as the automated venetian blind, and (2) simpler, non-predictive control strategies may suffice for more advanced envelope systems 1 incorporating spectrally selective, narrow-band electrochromic coatings.

Encyclopedia of energy technology and the environment

Abstract: This award-winning, four-volume set examines the impact of energy production technologies on the environment. In 235 articles, the A-to-Z work covers such topics as acid rain, air pollution, aircraft fuel, building systems coal combustion, computer applications for energy efficient systems, risk assessment, solar heating, waste management planning, water power, and more. This first in the Wiley Encyclopedia Series in Environmental Science, this valuable resource features extensive illustration, photographs, tables, and a list of environmental and conversion organizations.

The future of energy use

Abstract: Following the success of its predecessor, this second edition of The Future of Energy Use provides essential analysis of the use of different forms of energy and their environmental and social impacts. It examines conventional, nuclear and renewable sources and technologies, using relevant case studies and providing a vital link between technology and related policy issues. The new edition has been comprehensively developed and updated, including new text, diagrams and tables, with entire new sections that reflect the significant changes that have occurred since the first edition. New material includes: a stronger focus on climate change policy and energy security; a discussion of the long run marginal costs of oil; coverage of the biofuels debate in both the developed and developing worlds; an outline of developments in the built environment (including transport issues); and the relationship between behaviour and energy use. It reviews policy shifts with relation to energy efficiency, carbon capture and storage, combined heat and power, and combined cycle gas turbines. There is new coverage of nuclear waste, storage and proliferation, and new material on microgeneration and biofuels, as well as essential new information on carbon markets and the hydrogen economy. The result is a unique introduction and guide to all the vital issues within energy for students, academics and professionals new to the field.

Adaptive construction modelling within whole building dynamic simulation

Abstract: In today’s climate of energy, environment and health awareness, it is important to design buildings which respect to the threefold goals of efficient energy use, protection of the environment and human health. This can best be achieved if overall building performance is considered within the building design process. However, because the energy/environmental performance of buildings is dynamic and complex, simulation tools should be employed within the design process. In order to service this need, simulation model accuracy and applicability should be improved. While the state-of-the-art for environmental building performance simulation has been substantially enhanced for most processes, building fabric modelling is not well performed. Many simplifying assumptions are adopted in multi-layered construction modelling. For example, thermophysical properties are often assumed constant, heat flow through building constructions is considered to be one dimensional, and moisture transport through porous building materials is not considered. This thesis is concerned with the development of new simulation schemes for adaptive building construction modelling. These schemes are integrated within a state-of-the-art energy simulation environment so that it can be effectively employed in practice. After addressing the theory underlying heat and moisture diffusion within porous media, three approach to adaptive building fabric simulation are presented. These are: multi-dimensional, variable resolution, error based building fabric modelling; variable thermophysical properties simulation and combined heat and moisture transport simulation. The numerical model, implementation and solution methods of these schemes are discussed in detail. The validation of these schemes is then performed, after their integration with the whole building simulation environment, ESP-r. This is done using a comprehensive validation methodology, which includes the elements of theory checking, source code inspection, analytical conformance, inter-model comparison and empirical verification. The applicability of the developed schemes is then presented in the context of a typical Scottish house design. It is concluded that the application potential and robustness of environmental building performance tools have been increased.

Efficiency improvements in US Office equipment: Expected policy impacts and uncertainties

Abstract: This report describes a detailed end-use forecast of office equipment energy use for the US commercial sector. We explore the likely impacts of the US Environmental Protection Agency`s ENERGY STAR office equipment program and the potential impacts of advanced technologies. The ENERGY STAR program encourages manufacturers to voluntarily incorporate power saving features into personal computers, monitors, printers, copiers, and fax machines in exchange for allowing manufacturers to use the EPA ENERGY STAR logo in their advertising campaigns. The Advanced technology case assumes that the most energy efficient current technologies are implemented regardless of cost.

Energy efficiency and renewable energy in Russia

Abstract: Technical-economic and geographical opportunities for energy efficiency and renewable energy in Russia are enormous – cost-effective investments are possible in district heating systems, buildings, and industry, and for wind, biomass, solar and geothermal energy. Market-level energy prices, privatization, and the possibility of independent power production all favor investments in these technologies and technology transfer with other countries. But many transaction barriers limit such investments and transfers, especially barriers that are related to capital, information, infrastructure, market institutions, human resource capabilities, and institutional incentives. Market intermediation and joint ventures are important in overcoming these transaction barriers. International policies, for example by bilateral and multilateral agencies, should facilitate market intermediation. Capacity building should target skills in economic analysis, management, and finance; information services; regulatory development; new market intermediation institutions; stronger legal and market institutions; and implementation mechanisms supporting independent power producers. Policies that encourage and support energy service companies are especially important.

The role of energy efficiency in sustainable development

Abstract: The results are reported of an investigation into the role of increased energy efficiency in achieving sustainable development. In the paper the relations are examined between energy and sustainable development, and between energy efficiency and environmental impact. The theoretical and practical limitations on increased energy efficiency are discussed, particularly as they relate to sustainable development. A case study is described, in which the benefits achievable through the cogeneration of electricity and heat are considered for Ontario. It is demonstrated that energy resources and their utilization are intimately related to sustainable development. It is further demonstrated that, for societies to attain or try to attain sustainable development, much effort must be devoted not only to discovering sustainable energy resources, but also to increasing the energy efficiencies of processes utilizing these resources.

Energy-Based Seismic Design of Ductile Cladding Systems

Abstract: Advanced cladding connections take advantage of the interaction between architectural cladding panels and the building structure to dissipate energy. At the same time, like other passive dissipators, they provide additional lateral stiffness to the structure. A design criterion formulated in terms of energy provides the optimal balance of stiffness and energy dissipation to be added to the structure by the connections. Nonlinear models of advanced connections were incorporated into a two-dimensional structural model of a building with two cladding panels per bay. The response of the structure to a variety of seismic motions is presented. Time histories of the energy demand and supply to the building, both with and without cladding, trace the response of the structure to earthquake excitations. Results show that, when designed according to the proposed criterion, energy dissipative elements can be responsible for the total hysteretic energy dissipated in the structural system. The reduction in displacements (e.g., interstory drift) will depend on the position of the modified fundamental frequency of the structural system with respect to the critical frequency of excitation.

Determination of Design of Optimal Actuator Location and Configuration Based on Actuator Power Factor

Abstract: In this paper, a new design algorithm is proposed for optimization of the inducedstrain actuator location and configuration for active vibration control based on an actuator performance index, namely the actuator power factor. The concept of actuator power factor, developed recently by the authors, describes the capability of an integrated induced strain actuator, such as PZT or Terfenol, to transfer the supplied electrical energy into structural mechanical energy (kinetic or potential energy of the mechanical system). A system optimized based on the actuator power factor will guarantee the highest energy efficiency for single frequency and broad-band applications. This paper will also show that a higher energy efficiency corresponds to higher mechanical performance. The approach introduced in this paper is much more convenient to use than the conventional modal domain optimization approach. Furthermore, since the power factor approach can include the electrical parameters from the power system, it will a...

Urban household energy use patterns in Nigeria

Abstract: Urban household energy use accounts for a large proportion of commercial fuel consumption in Nigeria. As population and urbanization increase, consumption is expected to rise rapidly in the future. It is therefore important to have information on the utilization pattern and factors driving consumption of urban household energy. Such information will be useful within the national energy planning framework for deriving strategies for a more rational energy utilization and increased reliability of energy supply to the urban household. In this paper, the major results from an urban household survey are presented. In the survey, data on various factors including energy consumption by income group, fuel preferences, sources and reliability of energy supply, and expenditure on energy are collected and analysed. Major conclusions are drawn on the possibilities for fuel supply/demand balance, and strategies for efficient energy utilization in the urban household.

Transportation and Energy: Strategies for a Sustainable Transportation System

Abstract: Widespread concern about energy efficiency, societal impacts and environmental quality has sparked a global interest in the reevaluation of their transportation systems. This book examines how transportation energy choices made by citizens, policy makers and planners will affect national goals of mobility, accessibility, environmental quality, quality of life, economic growth, and energy security. Chapters cover: mobility, growth and system change, including land use and transportation alternatives; energy and vehicle alternatives, including ``superefficient`` cars, alternative fuels and energy and emissions reduction policy; social cost analysis of alternative fuels; market-based demand management policies in Southern California; fuel and vehicle taxation as market incentives for higher fuel economy and the effect of taxation policies on vehicle characteristics in the US and other developed countries; and industry perspectives on technology, economics and government-industry cooperation. Based on presentations made by transportation system planners and policy-makers at the 1993 Asilomar Conference on Transportation and Energy.

Home energy rating system building energy simulation test (HERS BESTEST): Volume 1, Tier 1 and Tier 2 tests user's manual

Abstract: The Home Energy Rating System (HERS) Building Energy Simulation Test (BESTEST) is a method for evaluating the credibility of software used by HERS to model energy use in buildings. The method provides the technical foundation for ''certification of the technical accuracy of building energy analysis tools used to determine energy efficiency ratings,'' as called for in the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Title I, subtitle A,l Section 102, Title II, Part 6, Section 271). Certification is accomplished with a uniform set of test cases that facilitate the comparison of a software tool with several of the best public-domain, state-of-the-art building energy simulation programs available in the United States. This set of test cases represents the Tier 1 and Tier 2 Tests for Certification of Rating Tools as described in DOE 10 CFR Part 437 and the HERS Council Guidelines for Uniformity (HERS Council). A third Tier of tests not included in this document is also planned.