Showing papers on "Efficient energy use published in 1997"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a method on how to calculate the energy use during the life cycle of a building, and applied it on three single-unit dwellings built in Sweden in 1991 and 1992.
230 citations
Book•
01 Jul 1997
TL;DR: A review of international progress made in sustainable development as a result of the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro and other major UN conferences since can be found in this paper.
Abstract: The document presents a review of international progress made in sustainable development as a result of the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro and other major UN conferences since. Subject headings are: energy and major global issues (poverty, gender disparity, population; undernutrition and food; health; acidification; climate change land degradation; energy and the economy; energy and security; UN conferences on small island development states and Habitat II; global implications for energy); new opportunities in energy demand, supply and systems (energy efficiency and materials efficiency; renewable and clean fossil fuel technologies; fuels and stoves for cooking); sustainable strategies (global energy strategies and their implications); making it happen: energy for sustainable development (policy considerations, improving the economic framework; prospects for energy technology market leadership in the developing world; the time for sustainable energy has come). 440 refs., 34 figs., 14 tabs., 1 app.
220 citations
TL;DR: This work considers the problem of communications over a wireless channel in support of data transmissions from the perspective of small portable devices that must rely on limited battery energy, and proposes a simple probing scheme and a modified scheme that yields slightly better performance but requires some additional complexity.
Abstract: We consider the problem of communications over a wireless channel in support of data transmissions from the perspective of small portable devices that must rely on limited battery energy. We model the channel outages as statistically correlated errors. Classic ARQ strategies are found to lead to a considerable waste of energy, due to the large number of transmissions. The use of finite energy sources in the face of dependent channel errors leads to new protocol design criteria. As an example, a simple probing scheme, which slows down the transmission rate when the channel is impaired, is show? to be more energy efficient, with a slight loss in throughput. A modified scheme that yields slightly better performance but requires some additional complexity is also studied. Some references on the modeling of battery cells are discussed to highlight the fact that battery charge capacity is strongly influenced by the available "relaxation time" between current pulses. A formal approach that can track complex models for power sources, including dynamic charge recovery, is also developed.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a literature review by Greening and Sanstad (1995) finds that engineering studies that take energy services as fixed typically overestimate the energy savings of energy-efficient technologies by 1% to 20%.
Abstract: I. INTRODUCTION The relationship between the concepts of economic and energy efficiency is a point of continuing debate. Most analysts agree that policies should balance the benefits of energy efficiency against the associated costs. However, some view competitive markets as sufficient to achieve an optimal level of energy efficiency (Sutherland, 1991). Others point to empirical evidence suggesting that the level of energy efficiency achieved in today's markets falls short of the level that would prevail given the full implementation of cost-minimizing technologies (Carlsmith et al., 1990). Though the origins of this "efficiency gap" remain in dispute, a nascent literature attributes it in part to market failures relating to information asymmetries, transaction costs, and bounded rationality (DeCanio, 1997). If the costs of programs and policies aimed at surmounting such market barriers are less than the pursuant benefits, then government interventions facilitating the adoption of cost-effective, energy-efficient technologies may be justified on economic grounds (Sanstad and Howarth, 1994). Technology analysts typically view energy efficiency as a way to reduce the environmental costs of energy use without corresponding reductions in the provision of energy services. Improved technologies, in this view, avoid the core controversies that surround efficient energy pricing, especially the difficulties of measuring the external costs of energy use and political objections to energy taxation. However, the notion that improved energy efficiency necessarily entails reduced energy use is questioned by Khazzoom (1980), who argues that energy efficiency improvements reduce the effective cost of energy services. Since reduced costs imply increased demand, energy efficiency improvements generally will induce less-than-proportional reductions in energy use. If the demand for energy services is sufficiently cost-elastic, energy efficiency improvements might, in principle, actually augment energy demand. Following Khazzoom's contribution, the empirical magnitude of this so-called "takeback effect" has been intensively analyzed in the literature. Dumagan and Mount (1993), for example, use a generalized logit model to examine the impacts of efficiency improvements on residential electricity demand in New York State and find that takeback effects are numerically unimportant. A literature review by Greening and Sanstad (1995) finds that engineering studies that take energy services as fixed typically overestimate the energy savings of energy-efficient technologies by 1% to 20%. According to these authors, the small magnitude of takeback effects may be explained by two sets of factors. First, the demand for energy services is generally cost-inelastic, especially in the household sector where energy services are typically near or at saturation. Second, energy costs often are a small component in the cost of energy services, so that large changes in energy intensities are accompanied by modest changes in decision-makers' incentives. This generalization does not imply that improved energy efficiency is always accompanied by reduced energy use. A counterexample is provided by Scott (1980), who examines the impacts of improved energy efficiency on residential space heating. In cases where consumers hold down energy costs by limiting the portions of their homes that are maintained at comfortable indoor temperatures, building shell retrofits and related efficiency measures can provide powerful incentives to increase the level of energy services. This phenomenon is most relevant in the case of low-income dwellings characterized by low energy efficiency and hence high energy costs - a small fraction of the housing market. Khazzoom's work is based on a partial equilibrium framework that takes incomes and aggregate economic activity as fixed. A contribution by Brookes (1990) extends this argument to consider the impacts of energy efficiency on long-run economic growth. …
152 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a physically based model of the energy use of the housing stock (called BREHOMES) and explain how it has been used to develop two scenarios for energy use and carbon dioxide emissions.
143 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-country, cross-time comparison of energy efficiency developments in the manufacturing industry is presented for cross country, cross time comparison of fuel and electricity consumption, based on the use of physical production data as a measure of activity growth.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, structural differences in energy intensive industries and how to incorporate these differences in international comparisons of energy efficiency have been identified in the project "International Comparisons of Energy Efficiency".
136 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of the energy indicator analysis of European manufacturing industries carried out in a recent European project and establish the general scope and limitations of the method when applied practically, especially in negotiation processes.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, some strategies for reducing energy consumption in a chemical solvent based separation process are identified and their impacts on the overall process are discussed and some of them are discussed in detail.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the methodological issues rather than comprehensive applications of cross-country comparisons and propose a set of key energy efficiency indicators for use in crosscountry comparisons.
112 citations
01 May 1997
TL;DR: This work finds that IRAM memory hierarchies consume as little as 22% of the energy consumed by a conventional memory hierarchy for memory-intensive applications, while delivering comparable performance.
Abstract: Portable systems demand energy efficiency in order to maximize battery life. IRAM architectures, which combine DRAM and a processor on the same chip in a DRAM process, are more energy efficient than conventional systems. The high density of DRAM permits a much larger amount of memory on-chip than a traditional SRAM cache design in a logic process. This allows most or all IRAM memory accesses to be satisfied on-chip. Thus there is much less need to drive high-capacitance off-chip buses, which contribute significantly to the energy consumption of a system. To quantify this advantage we apply models of energy consumption in DRAM and SRAM memories to results from cache simulations of applications reflective of personal productivity tasks on low power systems. We find that IRAM memory hierarchies consume as little as 22% of the energy consumed by a conventional memory hierarchy for memory-intensive applications, while delivering comparable performance. Furthermore, the energy consumed by a system consisting of an IRAM memory hierarchy combined with an energy efficient CPU core is as little as 40% of that of the same CPU core with a traditional memory hierarchy.
TL;DR: The SAVE project as mentioned in this paper is a decentralised evaluation of energy efficiency situations in the various countries of the European Union (EEU), which aims to establish a consensus among countries for assessment which could serve as a reference for cross-country comparison.
01 May 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored a project to estimate potential energy and monetary savings resulting from the implementation of light-colored roofs on residential and commercial buildings.
Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored this project to estimate potential energy and monetary savings resulting from the implementation of light-colored roofs on residential and commercial buildings in major U.S. metropolitan areas. Light-colored roofs reflect more sunlight than dark roofs, so they keep buildings cooler and reduce air-conditioning demand. Typically, rooftops in the United States are dark, and thus there is a potential for saving energy and money by changing to reflective roofs. Naturally, the expected savings are higher in southern, sunny, and cloudless climates. In this study, we make quantitative estimates of reduction in peak power demand and annual cooling electricity use that would result from increasing the reflectivity of the roofs. Since light-colored roofs also reflect heat in the winter, the estimates of annual electricity savings are a net value corrected for the increased wintertime energy use. Savings estimates only include direct reduction in building energy use and do not account for the indirect benefit that would also occur from the reduction in ambient temperature, i.e. a reduction in the heat island effect. This analysis is based on simulations of building energy use, using the DOE-2 building energy simulation program. Our methodology starts with specifying 11 prototypical buildings: single-family residential (old and new), office (old and new), retail store (old and new), school (primary and secondary), health (hospital and nursing home), and grocery store. Most prototypes are simulated with two heating systems: gas furnace and heat pumps. We then perform DOE-2 simulations of the prototypical buildings, with light and dark roofs, in a variety of climates and obtain estimates of the energy use for air conditioning and heating.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a method for computing the Integrated Combined Heat and Power (ICHP) target of industrial processes, which is based on the analysis of the shape of the balanced Grand Composite Curve of the process and the utilities.
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the characterisation of the Electricity Use in European Union and the Savings Potential in 2010, and the strategies to Promote Energy-Efficient Motor Systems.
Abstract: I - Introduction.- Energy-Efficient Motor Technologies.- II - The Relevance of Motors and Drives.- Characterisation of the Electricity Use in European Union and the Savings Potential in 2010.- The United States Motor Systems Baseline: Inventory and Trends.- Motors and Drives:The Challenges to a Global Company.- Efficient Use of Electricity in Motors and Drives: The Utilities' Perspective.- III - Energy-Efficient Motors.- The Whole Life Efficiency of Electric Motors - UK Developments.- Energy Efficient Motors.- Motor Developments and Energy Efficiency.- Efficiency Improvements in Induction Motors.- Induction Motor Technology: Experience in Design Optimization of High Efficiency Induction Motors.- Electric Motor and Belt Retrofits: Measured Savings and Lessons Learned.- IV - Energy Savings with Electric Drives.- Efficiency Gains in Electrical Drive Systems.- Electronic Drive Systems: A Major Source of Energy Savings.- Electric Variable Speed Drives: Development (1-300 KW) and Some Impacts on Energy Savings.- V - Advanced Motor and Drive Technologies.- Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, a Key to Flexible and Efficient Electromechanical Energy Conversion.- Advanced Motor Technologies: Reluctance Motors.- Advanced Motor Technologies: Converter Fed Machines (CFMs).- Advanced Motor Technologies: Synchronous Motors and Drives.- VI - Efficiency Testing Standards.- Efficiency Measurement Testing Standards Stray Loss, the Key to Efficiency Determination.- Comparative Efficiency Measurements IEC 34-2 vs IEEE 112.- Efficiency Measurement Testing and Labeling.- Considerations about the Determination and Designation of the Efficiency of Electric Machines.- VII - Policies.- Strategies to Promote Energy-Efficient Motor Systems.- Barriers Towards Successful Technology Transfer and Commercialization of Energy Efficient Advanced Motors and Drives.- Electric Motor Energy Efficiency Regulations: The Canadian Experience.- United States Department of Energy: National Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products and Commercial Equipment.- Industrial Motor Standards in Latin America.- VIII - Programmes I (America and Far East).- Overview of Programmes to Promote Energy Efficient Motor Systems in the United States.- A National Strategy for Energy Efficient Industrial Motor-Driven Systems.- High Efficient Motors in Brazil: a Perspective.- Energy Efficiency of Electric Motors and Drives: Australian and New Zealand Programmes.- IX - Programmes II (Europe).- Calculation of Energy Savings from Drives: The French Demand Side Management Approach.- Italian Programmes.- RAVEL - The Swiss Energy Programme: Information and Training in Efficient Drives and Energy Saving.- Energy Efficiency Improvements in Motors and Drives: United Kingdom Programmes.- The Danish High Efficiency Motor Campaign 1996-1998.- The Dutch Programme on Efficient Motors and Drives.- X - Motor Databases.- MotorMaster+: The Evolution of a Motor Energy Management Tool.- Data Integrity and the Canadian High-Efficiency Motors Database.- The Selection of Energy-Efficient Motors from Catalogues.
TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics and requirements of a sustainable energy system are described and special attention is given to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially CO2, where the authors indicate that we may have to reduce the annual CO2 emissions due to our energy consumption from 6GtC at present to less than 3 GtC in the year 2100.
TL;DR: The importance to environmental policy of improving energy efficiency is now widely agreed as mentioned in this paper, and it is also well established that levels of energy efficiency are below the optimum for economic efficienc...
Abstract: The importance to environmental policy of improving energy efficiency is now widely agreed. It is also well established that levels of energy efficiency are below the optimum for economic efficienc...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the feasibility of integrated biomass energy systems, utilizing a dedicated feedstock supply system (DFSS) for energy production, and the full fuel cycle for four of these case studies, which have been examined with regard to the emissions of carbon dioxide, CO2.
Abstract: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the US Department of Energy (DOE) have been funding a number of case studies under the initiative entitled “Economic Development through Biomass Systems Integration”, with the objective of investigate the feasibility of integrated biomass energy systems, utilizing a dedicated feedstock supply system (DFSS) for energy production. This paper deals with the full fuel cycle for four of these case studies, which have been examined with regard to the emissions of carbon dioxide, CO2. Although the conversion of biomass to electricity in itself does not emit more CO2 than is captured by the biomass through photosynthesis, there will be some CO2 emissions from the DFSS. External energy is required for the production and transportation of the biomass feedstock, and this energy is mainly based on fossil fuels. By using this input energy, CO2 and other greenhouse gases are emitted. However, by utilizing biomass with fossil fuels as external input fuels, we would get about 10–15 times more electric energy per unit fossil fuel, compared with a 100% coal power system. By introducing a DFSS on former farmland the amount of energy spent for production of crops can be reduced, the amount of fertilizers can be decreased, the soil can be improved and a significant amount of energy will be produced compared with an ordinary farm crop. Compared with traditional coal-based electricity production, the CO2 emissions are in most cases reduced significantly by as much as 95%. The important conclusion is the great potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the offset of coal by biomass.
TL;DR: In this paper, the tradeoffs between energy efficiency gains and product attributes as a result of the implementation of federal energy performance standards are examined, and the tradeoff between the two attributes is examined.
Abstract: The tradeoffs between energy efficiency gains and product attributes as a result of the implementation of federal energy performance standards are examined. Hedonic pricing relationships are used to estimate changes in standardized marginal attribute prices for freezer volumes, food volumes, and annual energy consumption for refrigerators and refrigerator/freezers. From 1987/88 to 1993, energy performance standards significantly reduced energy consumption and at the same time, a historical decline in "quality-adjusted" real prices continued without disruption and consumers appeared to experience a welfare gain as a result of improving levels of energy efficiency.
Book•
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the relevance of motors and drive technologies in the context of energy-efficient vehicles and their potential for saving energy in the United States and Europe.
Abstract: I - Introduction.- Energy-Efficient Motor Technologies.- II - The Relevance of Motors and Drives.- Characterisation of the Electricity Use in European Union and the Savings Potential in 2010.- The United States Motor Systems Baseline: Inventory and Trends.- Motors and Drives:The Challenges to a Global Company.- Efficient Use of Electricity in Motors and Drives: The Utilities' Perspective.- III - Energy-Efficient Motors.- The Whole Life Efficiency of Electric Motors - UK Developments.- Energy Efficient Motors.- Motor Developments and Energy Efficiency.- Efficiency Improvements in Induction Motors.- Induction Motor Technology: Experience in Design Optimization of High Efficiency Induction Motors.- Electric Motor and Belt Retrofits: Measured Savings and Lessons Learned.- IV - Energy Savings with Electric Drives.- Efficiency Gains in Electrical Drive Systems.- Electronic Drive Systems: A Major Source of Energy Savings.- Electric Variable Speed Drives: Development (1-300 KW) and Some Impacts on Energy Savings.- V - Advanced Motor and Drive Technologies.- Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, a Key to Flexible and Efficient Electromechanical Energy Conversion.- Advanced Motor Technologies: Reluctance Motors.- Advanced Motor Technologies: Converter Fed Machines (CFMs).- Advanced Motor Technologies: Synchronous Motors and Drives.- VI - Efficiency Testing Standards.- Efficiency Measurement Testing Standards Stray Loss, the Key to Efficiency Determination.- Comparative Efficiency Measurements IEC 34-2 vs IEEE 112.- Efficiency Measurement Testing and Labeling.- Considerations about the Determination and Designation of the Efficiency of Electric Machines.- VII - Policies.- Strategies to Promote Energy-Efficient Motor Systems.- Barriers Towards Successful Technology Transfer and Commercialization of Energy Efficient Advanced Motors and Drives.- Electric Motor Energy Efficiency Regulations: The Canadian Experience.- United States Department of Energy: National Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products and Commercial Equipment.- Industrial Motor Standards in Latin America.- VIII - Programmes I (America and Far East).- Overview of Programmes to Promote Energy Efficient Motor Systems in the United States.- A National Strategy for Energy Efficient Industrial Motor-Driven Systems.- High Efficient Motors in Brazil: a Perspective.- Energy Efficiency of Electric Motors and Drives: Australian and New Zealand Programmes.- IX - Programmes II (Europe).- Calculation of Energy Savings from Drives: The French Demand Side Management Approach.- Italian Programmes.- RAVEL - The Swiss Energy Programme: Information and Training in Efficient Drives and Energy Saving.- Energy Efficiency Improvements in Motors and Drives: United Kingdom Programmes.- The Danish High Efficiency Motor Campaign 1996-1998.- The Dutch Programme on Efficient Motors and Drives.- X - Motor Databases.- MotorMaster+: The Evolution of a Motor Energy Management Tool.- Data Integrity and the Canadian High-Efficiency Motors Database.- The Selection of Energy-Efficient Motors from Catalogues.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlighted the growth in world population and in demand for energy worldwide, in particular in developing countries, and highlighted the scope and means of achieving the expected improvements in energy efficiency in different sectors of the economy (commercial and residential, industry and transportation).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a new amplifier concept, dedicated to woofer and midrange (0-4 kHz) loads, has been developed to provide a high-fidelity solution with minimum energy consumption in both analog and digital active loudspeaker systems.
Abstract: Various aspects of dedicated pulse-width-modulation (PWM)-based amplifiers for active loudspeaker systems are addressed. A new amplifier concept, dedicated to woofer and midrange (0-4 kHz) loads, has been developed to provide a high-fidelity solution with minimum energy consumption in both analog.and digital active loudspeaker systems. The concept is based on a novel feedback topology, a modulation strategy that is dependent on bandwidth, and the use of a switching frequency as low as 44.1 kHz without compromising the sound quality. Detailed measurements on two 200-W example implementations (700-Hz and 4-kHz bandwidths) are given, showing THD + N < 0.1% and an unweighted dynamic around 110 dB. A new efficiency measure termed energy efficiency is defined, based on investigations of consumer behavior. The amplifier examples are shown to provide reductions in energy consumption of more than 90% compared to conventional principles, mainly because of a total idle power consumption of only 1.5 W, and power-stage efficiencies approaching 96% at higher output powers.
TL;DR: A wide range of policy instruments, as well as innovative approaches have been tried in some countries in order to achieve the desired energy efficiency approaches, such as regulation and guidelines; economic instruments and incentives; voluntary agreements and actions, information, education and training; and research, development and demonstration as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: There is a growing awareness of the serious problems associated with the provision of sufficient energy to meet human needs and to fuel economic growth world-wide. This has pointed to the need for energy and material efficiency, which would reduce air, water and thermal pollution, as well as waste production. Increasing energy and material efficiency also have the benefits of increased employment, improved balance of imports and exports, increased security of energy supply, and adopting environmentally advantageous energy supply. A large potential exists for energy savings through energy and material efficiency improvements. Technologies are not now, nor will they be, in the foreseeable future, the limiting factors with regard to continuing energy efficiency improvements. There are serious barriers to energy efficiency improvement, including unwillingness to invest, lack of available and accessible information, economic disencentives and organizational barriers. A wide range of policy instruments, as well as innovative approaches have been tried in some countries in order to achieve the desired energy efficiency approaches. These include: regulation and guidelines; economic instruments and incentives; voluntary agreements and actions, information, education and training; and research, development and demonstration. An area that requires particular attention is that of improved international co-operation to develop policy instruments and technologies to meet the needs of developing countries. Material efficiency has not received the attention that it deserves.Consequently, there is a dearth of data on the qualities and quantities for final consumption, thus, making it difficult to formulate policies. Available data, however, suggest that there is a large potential for improved use of many materials in industrialized countries.
29 Sep 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the key research issues for thin-film CdTe and CIGSS modules and power modules and discuss the potential of these technologies in the future.
Abstract: Thin-film solar cell technologies based on CdTe and CIS have made significant technical progress. Most of the improvements have occurred at the level of solar cells, modules, systems, and reliability testing in both CdTe and CIS. Total-area efficiencies of 14.7% for a thin-film CdTe solar cell deposited on a low-cost, sodalime glass fabricated by Golden Photon, Inc. was verified by NREL. Siemens Solar Industries has fabricated a world-record, aperture-area efficiency of 11.1% and a power output of 40.6 W for a thin-film CIGSS module. Solar Cells, Inc. has fabricated a large-area, thin-film CdTe module with an aperture-area efficiency of 9.1% and power output of 61.3 W; Golden Photon, Inc., has also fabricated a power module with an aperture-area efficiency of 9.2% and power output of 31.0 W. Key research issues for CdTe and CIS are discussed in this paper. Several polycrystalline thin-film arrays based on CdTe and one based on CIGSS have been deployed worldwide. Stability data indicated by both thin-film CIS and thin-film CdTe modules and systems are encouraging. Many companies worldwide are actively pursuing early commercialization efforts based on both speciality products and power modules.
Book•
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the state of the art in the field of energy efficiency in the context of commercial and residential buildings, including the following: A.F. Armor The Outlook for U.S. Energy Supply, Demand, and Prices through 2010, A.E. Hirst Introduction to Social Externality Costs, J. Kydes, S. Sitzer, and L.K. Bonadies The Changing Structure of Electric Markets: Implications for Public Policy, E. Ruegg Electric-Utility Integrated Resource Planning: Current Practices
Abstract: General Principles U.S. Energy System, F. Kreith and R. West Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Mechanics, V. Hassani and S. Hauser Economic Methods, R.T. Ruegg Electric-Utility Integrated Resource Planning: Current Practices and Future Possibilities, E. Hirst Introduction to Social Externality Costs, J. Koomey and F. Krause Generation Technologies Through Year 2005, A.F. Armor The Outlook for U.S. Energy Supply, Demand, and Prices through 2010, A.S. Kydes, S. Sitzer, and L.K. Bonadies The Changing Structure of Electric Markets: Implications for Public Policy, L. Hill Energy Conservation Thermal Conservation in Buildings, M. Sherman and D. Jump Electrical Energy Management in Buildings, C.B. Smith Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems, J.F. Kreider Energy Efficient Technologies: Electric Motors, A.T. de Alimeida and S. Greenberg Energy Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Commercial and Residential Sectors, B. Atkinson, A. Denver, J.E. McMahon, L. Shown, and R. Clear Appliances, Heat Pumps, and Air Conditioning, J.E. McMahon, I. Turiel, G. Rosenquist, J. Lutz, S. Boghosian, and L. Shown Recuperators, Regenerators, and Storage Recuperators, Regenerators, and Compact Heat Exchangers, R.K. Shah Thermal Energy Storage Applications in Gas-Fired Power Plants, D.R. Brown and S. Somasundarian Thermal Energy Management in Industry, W. Rohrer Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology, K. Trivedi Electrical Power Management in Industry, C.B. Smith Co-Generation, J. Caton and D. Turner Renewable Energy Availability of Renewable Resources Solar Radiation, D.S. Renne, E.L. Maxwell, M.D. Rymes, W. Marion, and J. Phillips Wind Energy, D. Elliott, M. Schwartz, B. Bailey, and J. Phillips Biomass Energy, M.A. Franklin and F. Kreith Active Solar Heating Systems, T.A. Reddy Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting, J. Morehouse Solar Thermal Power and Industrial Heat Solar Thermal Power, L.L. Vant-Hull Parabolic Trough Concentrating Collectors and Component System Design, R.C. Gee and E.K. May Photovoltaic Solar Energy, J. Krenz Wind Power, D. Eggleston Waste-to-Energy Combustion, C.O. Velzy and R. Hecklinger Index
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a study conducted by five US Department of Energy national laboratories that quantifies the potential for energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies to reduce carbon emissions in the US.
Abstract: This report presents the results of a study conducted by five US Department of Energy national laboratories that quantifies the potential for energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies to reduce carbon emissions in the US. The stimulus for this study derives from a growing recognition that any national effort to reduce the growth of greenhouse gas emissions must consider ways of increasing the productivity of energy use. To add greater definition to this view, they quantify the reductions in carbon emissions that can be attained through the improved performance and increased penetration of efficient and low-carbon technologies by the year 2010. They also take a longer-term perspective by characterizing the potential for future research and development to produce further carbon reductions over the next quarter century. As such, this report makes a strong case for the value of energy technology research, development, demonstration, and diffusion as a public response to global climate change. Three overarching conclusions emerge from their analysis of alternative carbon reduction scenarios. First, a vigorous national commitment to develop and deploy cost-effective energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies could reverse the trend toward increasing carbon emissions. Along with utility sector investments, such a commitment could halt the growth in US energy consumption and carbon emissions so that levels in 2010 are close to those in 1997 (for energy) and in 1990 (for carbon). It must be noted that such a vigorous national commitment would have to go far beyond current efforts. Second, if feasible ways are found to implement the carbon reductions, the cases analyzed in the study are judged to yield energy savings that are roughly equal to or greater than costs. Third, a next generation of energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies promises to enable the continuation of an aggressive pace of carbon reductions over the next quarter century.
TL;DR: In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in appliance energy efficiency standards in Europe, in particular within the European Union 1 (EU). as discussed by the authors summarizes the activity that has occurred across continental Europe, from the EU to Russia, but focuses principally on Western Europe.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a few key problem areas and their potentials for improvement in China's energy efficient lighting industry and identify a national savings potential of 40% by shifting to lamps with performance characteristics typical of current western practice, without changing the market share of various lamps types.
TL;DR: IISABRE can be widely employed in the field of building environmental engineering in order to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and the thermal comfort of the indoor environment.
TL;DR: Energy test procedures exist for a wide range of appliances and often each country has its own unique test procedure as discussed by the authors, and the procedures for refrigerators, furnaces, air conditioners, clothes washers, and other appliances are described and compared.