Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1971"

Kinetics of ozone decomposition and reaction with organics in water

Abstract: The decomposition of ozone in water is found to be second order at pH 2 and 4 with the rate insensitive to pH. At pH 6 the reaction order is 3/2 to 2 and at pH 8 it is first order. Above pH 6 the rate increases rapidly with pH. Ozonation can greatly reduce the organic matter in waste water. The reaction rate of ozone with organics in flocculated secondary sewage effluent is found to depend on the rate of ozone decomposition, which is independent of the subsequent reaction with the organics.

Continuous Cultures of Natural Populations of Phytoplankton in Dilute, Treated Sewage EFFLUENT1

Abstract: ABST33ACT Seawater diluted with secondcary-treated sewage effluent provides excellent enrichment for the maintenance of mixed natural populations of marine phytoplankton in continuous culture. Treated effluent, sampled over 1 year, was consistent in the ratios of plant nutrients and similar in its properties of plant growth stimulation and level of toxicity. The heterogeneous continuous culture system produced large quantities of plant carbon with the concomitant removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage effluent. The plant species that grew in the continuous cultures were common to the typical coastal phytoplankton and the selection and elimination of sDecies was gradual considering the chemical complexity of the sewage effluent enrichment.

Nitrate removal from sewage

Abstract: THERE IS DISCLOSED AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS IN WHICH TEH NITROGEN CONTENT OF RAW SEWAGE SI REMOVED. IN THE PROCESS, RAW SEWAGE IS MIXED WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE TO FORM A MIXED LIQUOR AND THE MIXED LIQUOR IS AERATED AT A RATE SUFFICIENT TO CONVERT AMMONIA PRESENT IN THE SEWAGE TO NITRATE. THE MIXED LIQUOR IS THEN PASSED TO A CONE WHEREIN IT IS MAINTAINED UNDER CONDITIONS IN WHICH THERE IS INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN PRESENT TO SATISFY THE NEEDS OF THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE MIXED LIQUOR. THIS CAUSES THE MICROORGANISMS TO BREAK DOWN THE NITRATE ND TO FULFILL THEIR OXYGEN NEEDS BY OBTAINING OXYGEN FROM THE NITRATE. NITROGEN GAS IS FORMED IN THE PROCESS AND IS EVOLVED FROM THE SYSTEM. THERE IS ALSO DISCLOSED A PROCESS WHEREBY THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT OF SEWAGE IS ALSO REDUCED. IN THIS EMBODIMENT CONDITIONS ARE CONTROLLED SO THAT THE SLUDGE WHICH IS WITHDRAWN FROM THE MIXED LIQUOR CONTAINS A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT. THE FINAL EFFLUENT WHICH IS PASSED OUT OF THE SYSTEM IS SUBSTANTIALLY FREE OF PHOSPHATE AND NITRATE.

Oxygenation-ozonation of bod-containing water

Abstract: BOD-CONTAINING WATER SUCH AS SEWAGE IS BIOCHEMICALLY TREATED WITH OXYGEN AND THE LIQUID EFFLUENT IS DISINFECTED BY CHEMICAL TREATMENT WITH OZONE WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY FORTIFYING THE EFFLUENT WITH DISSOLVED OXYGEN.

Survival of coliform bacteria in wastewater treatment lagoons.

Abstract: In the semiarid southwestern U. S., wastewater lagoons are commonly used in waste treatment. Depending on the size and specific needs of each com munity, they are used for either com plete treatment or partial treatment in conjunction with conventional primary and secondary processes. Lagoons also serve as a method of waste disposal by evaporation, seepage, and direct reuse of the effluent water, principally for irrigated agriculture. Because of the significant addition that direct reuse of treated wastewater can make to the water resources of semiarid regions, particularly for irri gated agriculture, a research program was undertaken to obtain more uni form and higher-quality water from raw wastewater lagoons through im provement in design and operational procedures. Field studies extending over several years were completed to determine the physical, chemical, and biological factors and the influence of the seasons on the transformation of raw wastewater to usable water.1 The results of the field studies were applied to three basic components of lagoon waste treatment?biochemistry, treatment kinetics, and coliform sur vival. The portion of the work per taining to coliform survival is reported herein.

Sewage treatment system

Abstract: A sewage treatment system is divided into two stages with a collection system dispersed therebetween. The first stage includes anoxic treatment units producing an anaerobic effluent which is moved through the vacuum tight collection system to the second stage of treatment including an oxidation unit producing an aerobic effluent containing nitrates, dissolved oxygen and activated sludge. The two liquids are mixed in a chamber and are subjected to treatment before discharge for producing a highly treated effluent from which a major part of the nutrients have been removed.

Ozone sewage treatment apparatus

Abstract: An apparatus for secondary treatment of sewage effluent with an ozone contact chamber connected to a tile field with a vent to the atmosphere at a point remote from the connection to the chamber. A generator produces ozone in compressed air which is discharged into sewage effluent in the chamber and passes through the tile field and vent to the atmosphere to treat the sewage effluent in both the chamber and the tile field.

Sewage treatment process

Abstract: A continuous sewage treatment process for upgrading the quality of sewage plant effluent by converting sewage sludges to active substances and returning these active substances to the sewage system whereby removal of dissolved contaminants occurs by the addition of the active substances.

Rotating disks with biological growths prepare wastewater for disposal or reuse.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to re port on the development of a system of treatment of wastewater designed to produce different quality effluents suit able for disposal into receiving bodies of water or for reuse. The system has three component parts that can be used either separately or sequentially. The wastewater is treated first on a series of rotating disks with attached biolog ical growths. Depending on the num ber of sequential units used, it is pos sible to produce an effluent with suc cessively greater degrees of removal of carbonaceous organic matter which may or may not be followed by the oxidation of ammonia to nitrates. The effluent from this component of the system is then treated on a series of rotating illuminated disks on which is generated attached algae for the pur pose of the removal of nutrients. Fi nally, if so desired, the wastewater having been so prepared can be treated by activated carbon for the removal of residual biodegradable and nonbio degradable organic materials. The effluent from this treatment then can be reused for certain purposes or made potable through demineralization and disinfection. The system of treatment

Method of and apparatus for the purification of water containing organic contaminants

Abstract: Water containing organic contaminants is treated with an oxygen-containing gas and thereafter passed through a biologically effective active-carbon stage divided into at least two activated-carbon beds for biodegradation of the microorganisms in the raw water. Between these beds at least a major proportion of the water emerging from the first bed is treated with ozone before entering the next bed. The two beds constitute a biological purification stage from which the effluent may be passed to an adsorption stage in which activated carbon is used to remove residual organic impurities by contact absorption. The final effluent is chlorinated with at least 0.05 mg/liter chlorine or treated with an equivalent quantity of another disinfectant.

Integrated Approach to Problem of Viruses in Water

Abstract: Large numbers of viruses enter water intakes daily. The inability of epidemiologists to detect waterborne transmission may be the result of preoccupation with disease rather than infection in index cases. Efficient procedures are available for recovering viruses from sewage and effluents (aluminum hydroxide-protamine sulfate and phase separation), and from large volumes of clean waters containing salt (cellulose nitrate membrane filtration), but the best technique available for large volumes of raw water (polyelectrolyte PE60-filtration-silt elution) is not efficient. Most treatment procedures remove viruses from sewage and from raw waters, but complete removal depends upon terminal disinfection. The choice of water disinfectant depends in part upon the chemical quality of the water to be treated, and upon the toxicity to aquatic life of the disinfectant and the products it forms in water.

Process for producing micro-organisms

Abstract: THEPROCESSING OF THE EXCREMENT OF LACTATING COWS IS DISCLOSED HAVING A DIGESTION PHASE, A FERMENTATION PHASE AND AN ALGAE CULTURE PHASE. IN THE DIGESTION STAGE A SLURRY OF EXCREMENT OF LACTATING COWS IS REACTED WITH BREWER''S YEAST, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AN INOCULANT AND WATER TO PROVIDE A FIRST PHASE SUPERNANTANT FOR USE, SEPARATED FROM WASTES, IN THE SECOND PHASE. IN THE SECOND OR FERMENTATION PHASE THE FIRST SUPERNATANT IS FILTERED, CONCENTRATED AND FERMENTED, WASTES SEPARATED, AND A SECOND SUPERNATANT DRAWN OFF FOR USE IN THE THIRD OR ALGAE CULTURE STAGE. IN THE LLATTER STAGE NUTRIENTS AND FRESH WATER ARE ADDED TO THE SECOND SUPERNATANT WHICH IS HELD IN POOLS WITH WITHDRAWAL OF THE WASTES AND SEPARATION OF A CULTURE USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES, SEQAGE AND WASTE WATERS AND PRODUCTS USEFUL FOR A VARIETY OF PURPOSES INCLUDING REDUCTION OF ODORS, INCREASED OXIDATION IN SEWAGE EFFLUENT, DEGREASEING OF SEWER CONDUITS AND PLANT EQUIPMENT, ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT OF SEWAGE SOILDS, FOAMING REDUCTION AND CONTROL, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS LEVEL REDUCTIONS IN SEWAGE PLANT EFFULENT, ACCELERATED CELLULOSE FIBER DEGRADATION, ORGANIC SOIL ADDITIVES, AND ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENT AND/OR ADDITIVES.

Method and apparatus for ecological recycling of waste products to produce fertilizer and garden plant nutrients

Abstract: A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ECOLOGICALLY RECYCLING HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC WASTE, YARD AND GARDEN TRIMMINGS AND PRUNINGS, AND STORM SEWERAGE ALONG WITH SANITAARY SEWAGE THROUGH AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESS MODIFIED TO INCREASE ITS AERATION EFFICIENCY WHILE ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR PRELIMINARY SEDIMENTATION TANKS, FINAL SLUDGE DIGESTER TANKS AND THE UTILIZATION OF THE COMMUNITIES'' NATURAL WATER RESOURCES FOR THE STABILIZATION AND THE PURIFICATION OF THE FINAL EFFLUENT DISCHARGE BY EFFECTING ON SITE UTILIZATIION OF THE FINAL EFFLUENT DISCHARGE THROUGH A SEPARATION OF THE SLUDGE COMPONENT AND THE NUTRIENT RICH LIQUID COMPONENT FOR RESPECTIVELY FORMING DRIED COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER AND/ OR COMMERCIALLY SALEABLE COMPOST AND REDUCING THE NUTRIENT RICH LIQUOR TO NUTRIENT FREE WATER BY CONVEYING IT AS A FEEDER LIQUOR THROUGH A SUITABLY FORMED HYDROPONIC GARDEN CONTAINING COMMERCIALLY SALEABLE PLANTS ARRANGED TO EXTRACT THE NUTRIENTTS. THE APPARATUS, IN ADDITION TO THE CONVENTIONALLY FITTED ACTIVATED SLUDGE AERATION TANKS AND A FINAL SEDIMENTATION TANK, PROVIDES A GRINDINGG UNIT FOR GRINDING THE HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC WASTE AND YARD AND GARDEN TRIMMINGS AND INTRODUCING THEM AT SUITABLE STRATEGIC POINTS INTO THE SANITARY SEWER LINES TO BE CONVEYED BY THE SEWAGE EFFLUENT TO THE PLANT SITE AND DELIVERED, AFTER PASSAGE THROUGH A MIXER TO PROVIDE THROUGH MIXING, TO THE AERATION SLUDGE TANK FITTED WITH A SUPPLEMENTAL AERATION SYSTE, WHICH ADDS TO THE CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS A "TRICKLING FILTER EFFECT" SUBSTANTIALLY ENHANCING THE AERATION AND BACTERIAL GROWTH ABILITY OF THE AERATION TANK, A SLUDGE REMOVAL PUMP HAVING AN OUTLET ALTERNATELY ADAPTED TO DELIVER EXCESS SLUDGE TO A DRIER FOR CONVERSION AS AN END PRODUCT TO COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER OR TO A SPRAY MEANS FOR SPRAYING THE SLUDGE AS A COMPOSTING CATALYST OVER A CHIP BED PRODUCED BY PASSING YARD AND GARDEN PRUNINGS THROUGH A CONVENTIONAL CHIPPER TO PRODUCE AS AN END PRODUCT A RICH COMMERCIAL COMPOST, AND A HYDROPONIC GARDEN FOR EXTRACTING THE NUTRIENTS FROM THE SEPARATED NUTRIENT RICH LIQUOR TO PRODUCE AS AN END PRODUCT NUTRIENT FREE WATER.

Effluent filtering process and apparatus for aluminum reduction cell

Abstract: The process and apparatus for filtering effluent issuing from a metallurgical furnace by passing the effluent through a sorbent. The furnace may be an aluminum reduction cell with the sorbent being alumina which is being fed to the cell. With an aluminum reduction cell, the effluent is first fed through a bed of alumina which is kept in a fluidized state by the effluent passing therethrough. The effluent from the fluidized bed is then passed through a non-fluidized wall of alumina which further filters the effluent and captures the alumina dust escaping from the fluidized bed. During this filtering, the alumina in the nonfluidized wall with the effluent contained therein is fed to the fluidized bed of alumina. In turn, the alumina in the fluidized bed together with the effluent contained therein is fed back to the cell from which the effluent originally issued.

Waste treatment system

Abstract: Effluent is selectively received within a plurality of clarifiers, each of which incorporates upper and lower surface skimming and sludge removal rake apparatus A sludge reservoir receives the raked solids for selective removal with the waste water moving from the clarifiers into an aeration chamber where it is subjected to an aeration procedure prior to discharge to a sewer line, stream or pond The effluent, prior to introduction into the clarifiers, is injected with chemicals to expedite the removal of the solids and air to form particle attaching bubbles for a flotation thereof to the upper skimming area

Removal of dissolved organic lead from aqueous alkyllead process effluents

Abstract: Process of removing dissolved organic lead from an aqueous effluent produced in the manufacture of alkyllead compounds by contacting a metal more electropositive than lead but essentially non-reactive with water with the effluent until the dissolved organic lead is converted to an insoluble lead-containing product, leaving a reduced dissolved organic lead content in the effluent.

Method and apparatus for treating effluent

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for treating raw effluent such as sewage by passing the effluent through a vessel containing submerged media and passing air through the effluent and media. The effluent and air are preferably passed upwards through the vessel. The media are suitably short lengths of plastics tubing. A two stage process is possible, the effluent being passed through two such vessels. Settlement tanks for the so treated effluent are provided.

Sewage treatment apparatus and method

Abstract: A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS OF TREATING WASTE WATER WHEREIN RAW SEWAGE OR THE LIKE IS MIXED WITH RETURN (ACTIVATED) SLUDGE AND THE SO-MIXED SEWAGE LIQUOR IS CONFINED IN A TANK AND SUBJECTED TO AERATION (WITH OR WITHOUT ADDITIONAL SUB-SURFACE AERATION) WHEREBY AIR IS CO-MINGLED WITH THE SEWAGE LIQUOR AND CIRCULATED THEREIN IN A PREDETERMINED VERTICAL FLOW PATTERN THROUGH A PLURALITY OF FLOW PASSAGEWAYS WITHIN THE TANK SO THAT AIR IS CONFINED WITHIN THE WASTE WATER FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE OVERALL WASTE WATER FLOW CIRCUIT. AFTER A PERIOD OF TIME, THE TREATED SEWAGE LIQUOR IS REMOVED FROM THE TANK, THE SLUDGE REMOVED FOR RECYCLE OR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL AND THE EFFLUENT WATER CLARIFIED AND OTHERWISE TREATED.

The Effect of Las Vegas Wash effluent upon the water quality in Lake Mead

Abstract: Effluents from the Clark County and Las Vegas, Nev sewage treatment plants are the principal sources of water flowing into Las Vegas Wash. Water in the Wash flows into Las Vegas Bay, an arm of the Boulder Basin reach of Lake Mead. A study was conducted to determine the quality of water in Las Vegas Wash and the effect of that water on the water quality of the lake. Large amounts of total dissolved solids and algae nutrients enter the lake from the Wash. Chlorophyll A values, indicators of algae blooms, were 20-25 times higher in Las Vegas Bay than in the control stations elsewhere in Lake Mead. An unaccountable increase in cations and anions occurs in the Wash. The source of the addition is not known but may be caused by unmeasured ground-water inflow. Methods of collections and analysis for nitrogen and phosphorus are described.

Destructive distillation of domestic sewage

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for the destructive distillation of domestic wastes by the flash evaporation of a liquid resulting from domestic waste materials from which sediment has been removed and biological reduction and liquefaction effected through a plurality of stages incorporated in a septic tank. When a designated quantity of effluent has been provided thereby, a level sensing device actuates the heating elements of a reactor type furnace which on reaching a certain temperature actuates a pump that directs the flow of accumulated effluent to the furnace wherein the effluent is first preheated, then discharged into a reactor to effect the flash evaporation of the effluent and its discharge as a vapor from the furnace.

Contamination of Lettuce Irrigated with Sewage Effluent

Abstract: SummaryFaecal contamination on lettuce growing in the open as indicated by the presence of Escherichia coli I was demonstrated for up to 21 days after irrigation with sewage effluent, although the level of contamination usually decreased after 3–7 days. Recovery of other coliform bacteria gave parallel results ; counts of these organisms and of other bacteria also indicated the persistence of more general pollution.

Sour water purification process

Abstract: Sulfidic water containing H2S and NH3, or alkali metal or other cations forming water soluble sulfides, is mixed with water containing salts of such cations and possibly excess SO2, then sent to an H2S stripper for treatment with air to produce a sulfide-depleted liquid effluent. H2S evolved from the stripper is burned to form SO2 which is absorbed in an SO2 absorber. A portion of the liquid effluent from the H2S stripper is used as solvent in the SO2 absorber which forms additional water containing ammonium and possibly excess SO2 salts for mixing with additional sour water.

Estimating Eutrophic Potential of Pollutants

Abstract: Laboratory microcosms comprising approximately 7 l of lake water and 1 l of bottom mud with a species invasion pressure maintained by periodic addition of small quantities of fresh lake water were shown to retain the natural algal population diversity of the lake. The microcosms were employed to estimate both the algal growth stimulating capacity and the influence on the planktonic population characteristics of the addition of various chemicals and wastewaters. Two microcosms were maintained as controls and 16 others, in duplicate pairs, received various concentrations of a commercial fertilizer, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and algicide over a 20-week period. The best parameter for assessing the ecological significance of the various chemicals and wastewaters was found to be Shannon's diversity index. The control microcosms usually maintained a diversity index greater than 0.9. In all case, enrichment caused a decrease in the diversity of the planktonic algae.

Sewage treatment system

Abstract: A system is described for removing pollutants of waste waters, including domestic and other sewage, by simultaneous oxidation of organic wastes, both soluble and insoluble, and by sedimentation of insoluble particles causing turbidity. This is essentially a conventional solids-liquid contactor clarifier with some additions to provide means for: (a) addition of air or purer oxygen to sewage waters; (b) pressurizing the sewage water up to 10 atmospheres to increase solubility and concentration of oxygen-hence velocity of chemical and/or aerobic reaction; (c) withdrawing and depressurizing the sewage water to atmospheric pressure to allow most of dissolved gases to be released and to be discharged because of lower solubility for gases at atmospheric pressure; (d) recycling the sewage water for from 2 to 50 times through this pressurizing-depressurizing cycle; and, when used aboard ship, (e) means for installation in the ship''s hold to minimize effects of the ship''s movements on the sedimentation operation. It is particularly useful for smaller installations, for use on ships, and other places where waste from not more than several thousand people is to be handled. It also may be used as a sedimentation system alone wherein insoluble solids are settled out to give a clear effluent. The sludge solids produced in an earlier sedimentation, either with or without oxidation, may be oxidized and sedimented in a separate step in the equipment.

Process for treating waste water containing nitriles latex composition

Abstract: A WASTE WATER EFFLUENT CONTAINING NITRILES AND CYANIDES IS TREATED BY PASSING THROUGH AN ACCLIMATED, ACTIVATED SLUDGE CONTAINING AT LEAST ONE MICROORGANISMS CAPABLE OF DEGRADING NITRILES AND CYANIDES SELECTED FROM THE GENERA ALCALIGENES AND ACHROMOBACTER, FOR EXAMPLE, ALCALIGENES VISCOLACTIS ATCC 21698 AND ACHROMOBACTER NITRILOCLASTERS ATCC 21697 THEREBY TO PURIFY THE WASTE WATER EFFLUENT. THE WASTE WATER EFFLUENT CONTAINING 10 TO 50 P.P.M. OF CYANIDE AND 1,000 TO 2,500 P.P.M. OF COD (POTASSIUM DICHROMATE METHOD) CAN BE PURIFIED WITH A HIGH EFFICIENCY.