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Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1979"


Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: This work focuses on water quality and aquaculture in the context of ponds, and investigates the role of manure, water quality, and waste management in the development and management of these facilities.
Abstract: Preface. Selected Atomic Weights. Customary Metric Conversion Factors. 1. Water Quality and Aquaculture: Preliminary Considerations. 2. Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds. 3. Water Quality Requirements. 4. Water Use. 5. Liming. 6. Fertilization. 7. Aeration. 8. Water Circulation. 9. Turbidity and Appearance of Water. 10. Aquatic Weed Control. 11. Off-Flavors and Harmful Algae. 12. Pollution. 13. Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatments. 14. Waste Management. 15. Measurement of Water Quality. 16. Sustainability and Environmental Issues. References. Index.

1,083 citations


Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the main treatment process of water and water treatment is described, and a preliminary treatment of coagulation and flocculation in water treatment are presented, followed by the separation of Membranes and separation of Gas-Liquid Exchanges.
Abstract: GENERAL ASPECTS OF WATER AND WATER TREATMENT. Water: Physics, Chemistry, Biology. Action of Water on Materials. Theory of the Main Treatment Processes. TREATMENT PLANT AND PROCESSES. Preliminary Treatment Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment. Chemical Precipitation. Settling and Flotation. Aerobic Biological Processes. Water Filtration. Ion Exchange. Adsorption and Adsorbents. Separation by Membranes. Gas-Liquid Exchanges. Chemical Correction and Conditioning of Water. OxidationDisinfection. Nature, Stabilization, Thickening and Conditioning of Sludge, Sludge Dewatering, Drying, and Incineration. Reagent Storage and Feeding. Measurement, Monitoring, Control and Automation. TREATMENT OF WATER ACCORDING TO ITS NATURE AND ITS DESTINATION. Drinking Water Treatment. Swimming Pool Water Treatment. Treatment of Boiler and Cooling System Water. Treatment of Industrial Process Water. Treatment of Domestic Sewage. Treatment of Industrial Effluents. WATER-GENERAL INFORMATION. Chemistry of Water and Reagents. Methods of Analysis. Biology. FORMULAE. Units of Measurement. Mathematical Notes. Hydraulics. Electricity. Heat. LEGISLATION. Legislation and Regulations. Bibliography. Alphabetical Index.

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect of type and amount of organic substrate on denitrification efficiency and found that when the organic matter was expressed as BOD, a critical ratio of (mg BOD/mg ΣNO x -N) = 2.3 ensured 100% denitification.

105 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the concentration of lead, cadmium and copper in the sewage sludges, sewages and effluent of a sewage treatment works was determined by analysis of composite samples corresponding to a 24-h input of raw sewage to the works.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the concentration of chromium, nickel and zinc in the sewage sludges, sewages and effluent of a sewage-treatment works was determined by analysis of composite samples corresponding to a 24-h input of raw sewage to the works.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combined value of the benefits derived from a system centered around the high‐rate oxidation pond with clarification by flocculation–flotation, in terms of waste treatment by alternative means, potable water saved, and soymeal replaced, significantly exceeds estimated cost.
Abstract: A Source of high-quality protein for animal feed, based upon algae recovered in the process of upgrading waste oxidation pond effluents and promising to be particularly economical, is being developed at the Technion. Unlike other types of single cell protein(SCP), the algal protein does not have to return the full production cost but only that of concentration and final processing. The balance is shared by the value of waste disposal and the reclaimed water. Whereas such systems as activated sludge require considerable mechanical energy to supply the oxygen needed for aerobically degrading organics in wastewater, oxidation ponds utilize solar energy for that purpose. The sludge obtained when their effluents are clarified consists largely of algae, bacteria, fungi, and zooplankton in relative proportions varying with operating conditions, and contains 40–60%(dry basis) high-quality protein. The high rate oxidation pond (a particularly intensive type of pond) produces on the average 34 g/m27sol;day solids, or over 100 tons/ha (hectare) annually. Two clarification routes have been found promising: centrifugation and alum flocculation followed by frothflotation. The latter route is less expensive in terms of both fixed and operating cost, and gives clarified effluent of higher quality, which can be seasonally stored with minimal eutrophication because the aluminum removes most of the phosphate from the effluent. A good product has been obtained by drum-drying the concentrate, and preliminary feeding tests have indicated that it can replace at least 1/4 of the soymeal in broiler rations and 2/3 of the fishmeal in carp feed. No ill effect of the aluminum in the product recovered by alum flocculation has been found so far a process for removing and recycling the aluminum has been developed nonetheless, in case ill effects do show up in further tests. The combined value of the benefits derived from a system centered around the high-rate oxidation pond with clarification by flocculation–flotation, in terms of waste treatment by alternative means, potable water saved, and soymeal replaced, significantly exceeds estimated cost.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effectiveness of potassium ferrate as both a coagulant and disinfectant for treating secondary effluent by means of a pilot-plant study.
Abstract: Iron (VI) ferrate, (FeO\d4²\u-), has been reported to have the potential to act as a coagulant and also a disinfectant in treating wastewater. This study investigates the effectiveness of potassium ferrate as both a coagulant and disinfectant for treating secondary effluent by means of a pilot-plant study. The units of the pilot plant included a flash-mix reactor, a flocculation unit, a sedimentation tank, and a filter. Parameters evaluated included suspended solids, orthophosphate, ammonia, BOD\d5, total bacteria, and coliform reduction. In the study, iron (VI) ferrate was found to be effective in reducing the above mentioned wastewater parameters in the system. With a ferrate concentration of 10mg/L as FeO\d4²\u-, from typical secondary effluent values, reductions of the following order were observed: the suspended solids in the effluent of the sedimentations unit were reduced by 85%, ortho-phosphate by 53%, ammonia by 60%, BOD\d5 by 86%, total bacteria by 91%, fecal coliform by 99.99%, and total coliform by 99.98%.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of thermal effluent on attached algae of the Provo River, Utah, USA, was studied from 1975 to 1977 Data for macroscopic and microscopic algae were collected and analyzed Diatoms, Cladophora glomerata, and Hydrurus foetidus dominated the flora as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The effect of a thermal effluent on the attached algae of the Provo River, Utah, USA, was studied from 1975 to 1977 Data for macroscopic and microscopic algae were collected and analyzed Diatoms, Cladophora glomerata, and Hydrurus foetidus dominated the flora The thermal effluent significantly affected the algal flora in a section of river 100 to 135 meters long immediately below the discharge point Cladophora growth was increased and Hydrurus was absent in this area In addition, diatom production was often higher and diversity lower than in the rest of the river Community structure was unique from all other adjacent areas Small temperature increases which occured as effluent and river waters mixed farther downstream were apparently not as important to the algal flora as other environmental factors

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of shock loads of detergent builders sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on the transfer of heavy metals to the effluent has been studied.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The large variance in the numbers of salmonellas in the final effluent from the trickling filters suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on the actual quality of the effluent rather than on percentage removal efficiencies.
Abstract: The numbers of salmonellas in raw sewage entering a treatment plant varied hourly and diurnally; their peak concentration preceded the peak influent waste water flow into the plant by about 2 hours. Salmonellas were detected in all raw influent samples collected from 2 sewage works and the mean population level at the daily peak period was 3000 organisms/1. On average. 70–80% of the salmonellas were removed during primary sedimentation when upwards of 74–84% of solids were removed. Biological treatment and secondary sedimentation removed a further 70–100% of the pathogen. Compared with the activated sludge process the trickling filters were less efficient in removing salmonellas and they were adversely affected by increased loading following rainfall. Considering the whole treatment process, the Guildford works with its activated sludge treatment removed an average of 99–83% salmonellas while the Woking works with its trickling filter plant removed an average of 93–04% of the organisms. The large variance in the numbers of salmonellas in the final effluent from the trickling filters suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on the actual quality of the effluent rather than on percentage removal efficiencies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fraction of nondegraded organic matter was estimated by comparing the ratio of biological and chemical oxygen demands and the bacterial, algal, and zooplankton counts to volatile suspended solids with pond effluent quality at an acceptable level.
Abstract: Algae, bacteria, and zooplankton were counted in samples drawn from 120- and 150-m2 high-rate algae ponds (those used for wastewater treatment). The fraction of nondegraded organic matter was estimated by comparing the ratio of biological and chemical oxygen demands and the bacterial, algal, and zooplankton counts to volatile suspended solids. With pond effluent quality at an acceptable level (around 18 mg of dissolved biological oxygen demand), the algae/bacteria ratio was around 1:100 or even higher, the zooplankton count was negligible, and the bacterial concentration was approximately 1011 cells per liter by direct count. The data for bacteria exceeded those of earlier studies by one to three orders of magnitude.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the water quality of the upper Hennops River was determined by applying the method of Lange-Bertalot (1978; 1979), which was based on groups of diatom species with similar tolerances towards pollution.
Abstract: SUMMARY The water quality of the upper Hennops River was determined by applying the method of Lange-Bertalot (1978; 1979), which is based on groups of diatom species with similar tolerances towards pollution. A definite improvement in the water quality was indicated between the upper reaches of the river, which receives secondary treated sewage effluent discharges, and Rietvlei Dam, some 25 km downstream. According to the water quality classification of Lange-Bertalot, this represented an improvement from class III – IV (α-meso- to polysaprobic) to class II – III (α- to β-mesosaprobic). These results were in general agreement with chemical analyses, which suggests that Lange-Bertalot's method for classifying the quality of running waters can be adapted, to South African conditions. The pollution tolerances of some species not included in Lange-bertalot's classification are suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical comparison of the social costs and the cost to farmers of achieving given levels of reduction in phosphorus discharge from crop reduction for effluent taxes versus uniform reduction is presented.
Abstract: Some economists have argued that the "solution to pollution" is effluent taxes. Ideally, the effluent tax should be set at a level which equates marginal social costs of effluent reduction with marginal social benefits of such reduction. Because of the difficulty of measuring these costs and benefits, particularly the benefits, economists have suggested an alternate approach. This approach requires that a socially acceptable standard of environmental (water) quality be set. Effluent taxes could then be used to achieve this standard. It has been argued that effluent taxes would achieve this standard at lower social cost than would policies such as uniform treatment or uniform reduction in effluent discharge by each discharger (Kneese; Kneese and Bower; Baumol and Oates; Freeman, Haveman, Kneese). Homer has presented a concise review of the case for effluent taxes. Few economists have disagreed with this argument. This article discusses an empirical comparison of the social costs and the cost to farmers of achieving given levels of reduction in phosphorus discharge from crop reduction for effluent taxes versus uniform reduction. A modified effluent tax, which would achieve the same water quality goals at a lower cost to farmers, is also analyzed. Research conducted on phosphorus in recent years lends itself to an empirical test of the aforementioned issue (Casler and Jacobs). Companion research indicates that reduction in soluble phosphorus inputs would decrease algal production in lakes in temperate latitudes (Oglesby and Schaffner). Presumably there are social benefits of reduced phosphorus discharges to such lakes, at least over some range of reduction.

Patent
31 Dec 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, a system for a method of treating effluent from refuse in a landfill which includes a water-impermeable refuse basin, a catch basin, and a lagooning system is described.
Abstract: A system for a method of treating effluent from refuse in a landfill which includes a water-impermeable refuse basin, a catch basin, and a lagooning system. Leachate is conveyed from the refuse basin to the catch basin and then to the lagooning system. The leachate is treated in the lagooning system in at least two stages; the first stage consists primarily of oxidation by aeration and the second stage consists primarily of oxidation by biological means.

Patent
01 Oct 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for purifying wastewater of biodegradable organics by converting the organics to methane and carbon dioxide gases is disclosed, characterized by the use of an anaerobic attached film expanded bed reactor for the reaction process.
Abstract: A method for purifying wastewater of biodegradable organics by converting the organics to methane and carbon dioxide gases is disclosed, characterized by the use of an anaerobic attached film expanded bed reactor for the reaction process. Dilute organic waste material is initially seeded with a heterogeneous anaerobic bacteria population including a methane-producing bacteria. The seeded organic waste material is introduced into the bottom of the expanded bed reactor which includes a particulate support media coated with a polysaccharide film. A low-velocity upward flow of the organic waste material is established through the bed during which the attached bacterial film reacts with the organic material to produce methane and carbon dioxide gases, purified water, and a small amount of residual effluent material. The residual effluent material is filtered by the film as it flows upwardly through the reactor bed. In a preferred embodiment, partially treated effluent material is recycled from the top of the bed to the bottom of the bed for further treatment. The methane and carbon dioxide gases are then separated from the residual effluent material and purified water.


Patent
09 Apr 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the pump is turned on and off automatically by a control circuit which includes maximum and minimum level float switches in the holding tank, so that a predetermined volume of the effluent is discharged under pressure into the disposal field during each on-and-off cycle of the pump.
Abstract: Sewage effluent from a septic tank collects in a holding tank before being pumped out into a disposal field. The pump is turned on and off automatically by a control circuit which includes maximum and minimum level float switches in the holding tank, so that a predetermined volume of the effluent is discharged under pressure into the disposal field during each on-and-off cycle of the pump. A third float switch in the holding tank triggers an alarm whenever the effluent rises above a predetermined maximum level. The alarm signalling system may be silenced or tested by a manual switch.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that this unicellular green alga can be used to serve the dual function of wastewater purification and waste recycling through the production of algal protein from sewage effluent having high salinities.

Patent
04 May 1979
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the removal of dissolved and/or suspended solid wastes from the liquid effluent of an industrial plant subsequent a stepwise formation of flocs and precipitates with subsequent removal of same utilizing coagulating and floculating agents while simultaneously adjusting the pH of the treatment medium.
Abstract: A method for the removal of dissolved and/or suspended solid wastes from the liquid effluent of an industrial plant subsequent a stepwise formation of flocs and precipitates with subsequent removal of same utilizing coagulating and floculating agents while simultaneously adjusting the pH of the treatment medium. Both ferric chloride, lime and aluminum sulfate are used as primary flocculants with their action enhanced by the use of suitable polyelectrolytes. A coagulant for starches and fats facilitate more complete precipitation of wastes. Means for carrying out the method include at least one clarifier with a special arrangement of baffles to enhance the formation of the flocs and precipitates. In a preferred mode of operation, liquid industrial effluent is first pre-treated with a cationic coagulant and cationic polyelectrolyte prior to the stepwise floc formation and pH adjustments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the uptake by and tissue bioaccumulation of 15 chemical elements within broom sedge and nut grass growing in the drainage system of a coal ash basin was determined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate on the performance of the activated sludge process was examined in this paper, where proper acclimation procedures were followed, the adverse effects of salts on the process were minimized.

Patent
03 Aug 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, a relatively small unit for treatment of wastewater for discharge into maritime waters is described, where the wastewater is received in a surge or retention tank and is delivered by gravity flow or pumped to a macerator for comminution of the solids content of the wastewater.
Abstract: A compact, relatively small unit for treatment of wastewater for discharge into maritime waters is disclosed. The wastewater is received in a surge or retention tank and is delivered by gravity flow or pumped to a macerator for comminution of the solids content of the wastewater. Prior to entering the macerator, salt water on a controlled flow basis is added to the wastewater in sufficient amounts to insure a high enough salt content for use as the electrolyte in an electrocatalytic cell. From the macerator the wastewater to be treated is directed into a vertically oriented, elongated, electrocatalytic cell having a plurality of parallel, closely spaced electrodes therein positioned parallel to the flow of wastewater therethrough. The wastewater is directed through the electrocatalytic unit. The end electrodes of the spaced electrode plates are connected to a source of direct current sufficient to generate chlorine, oxygen and other treating chemicals in situ. The gases generated in the cell, entrained with the liquid, flow out of the electrocatalytic cell with the liquid into the standpipe of an effluent tank where a negative pressure separates the entrained gases from the liquid and vents them to the atmosphere. The heavier solids remaining in the discharged treated liquid are allowed to settle in the bottom of the effluent tank and the remaining effluent is discharged.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the influence of dilution water pH on pulp mill effluent toxicity, mainly due to the ionization equilibria of the effluents' resin acid constituents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the interfering capacity of these humic substances revealed that they interfered significantly with the adsorption capacity of poliovirus to a sandy soil, and the addition of CaCl 2 to humic solutions was shown to restore the sorptive capacity of the soil.
Abstract: A black organic sediment (l5.5% organic carbon) retained only 60% and 75% of virus suspended in secondary effluent and ground water, respectively. When some of the water-soluble humic materials were leached from the sediment, the sorptive capacity was increased. Further investigation of the interfering capacity of these humic substances revealed that they interfered significantly with the adsorption capacity of poliovirus to a sandy soil. The addition of CaCl 2 to humic solutions was shown to restore the sorptive capacity of the soil. Molecular weight fractionation by ultrafiltration showed that the decrease in virus adsorption was due to fractions with a molecular weight below 50,000. An organic muck soil (45.4% organic carbon) was found to retain 92% and 82% of the applied virus suspended in ground water and sewage effluent, respectively. It was concluded that organic soils are not particularly suitable for the application of sewage effluent.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the operation of a 100 kl/d activated sludge pilot plant designed to achieve low nutrient concentrations in the effluent, is described, and the plant proved itself to be robust in operation and able to produce a high quality effluent consistently.
Abstract: The operation of a 100 kl/d activated sludge pilot plant designed to achieve low nutrient concentrations in the effluent, is described. The plant proved itself to be robust in operation and able to produce a high quality effluent consistently. Phosphate was reduced from approximately 5 mg/l to less than 1 mg/l (as P), while an influent total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration of approximately 30 mg/l was reduced to a total nitrogen concentration of approximately 5 mg/l (as N) in the effluent.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In trials with 53 samples of unchlorinated sewage treatment plant effluent, fecal coliform counts by the single-step most-probable-number method, throughout a range of less than 10 to almost 10(7) fecalcoliforms per 100 ml of effluents, were in excellent agreement with counts abtained by the standard most-Probable- number procedure.
Abstract: A single-step most-probable-number method for enumerating fecal coliforms in sewage treatment plant effluents is described. The method requires the use of only one lactose-based medium and a single incubation temperature of 44.5 degrees C, and it can be completed in 18 h or less, as compared with up to 72 h for the standard most-probable-number method. The appearance of growth is the sole criterion used for designating positives, which can be determined either by increases in the electrical impedance ratio of inoculated medium, as compared to an uninoculated control using a Bactometer model 32, or by visual examination of inoculated medium for turbidity. In trials with 53 samples of unchlorinated sewage treatment plant effluent, fecal coliform counts by the single-step most-probable-number method, throughout a range of less than 10 to almost 10(7) fecal coliforms per 100 ml of effluent, were in excellent agreement with counts abtained by the standard most-probable-number procedure. Similar agreement was obtained in comparative trials with 31 chlorinated effluent samples from two sewage treatment plants. Overall, 87% of 452 positives were confirmed as containing fecal coliforms. The applicability of the single-step most-probable-number method to automated sewage treatment plant operations is discussed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: There was no evidence that the grease and oil removal performance of treatment plants was related to influent grease andOil concentrations in the range normally received at municipal treatment plants.
Abstract: A study was conducted to identify wastewater characteristics and operating parameters of full-scale wastewater treatment plants affecting grease and oil removal. Laboratory tests were conducted to supplement field observations. Grease and oil removal by biological treatment plants normally is equal to or better than BOD removal, regardless of the BOD load to the plant or the resulting low BOD removal efficiency. Effluent BOD concentrations at most surveyed plants exceeded 30 mg/l. in 20-80Vertical Bar3< of the samples. Corresponding grease and oil concentrations exceeded about 6 mg/l. No single type of biological process gave consistently high or low grease and oil removal. Polar and nonpolar fractions in effluents varied greatly, but on the average, the percentage of the total grease and oil in effluent samples occurring as polar material was about the same as in influent samples. There was no evidence that the grease and oil removal performance of treatment plants was related to influent grease and oil concentrations in the range normally received at municipal treatment plants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of primary producers growing in the drainage system receiving coal ash basin effluent, in removal or cycling of chemical elements from coal ash, has been investigated in this article, where aquatic plants were collected and analyzed by neutron activation to determine concentrations of 23 chemical elements present in coal ash effluent.