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Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Morel et al. as discussed by the authors developed a degradation-mixing model to aid in the interpretation of geochemical processes occurring in sewage-contaminated marine sediment near San Pedro, California.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: F2 Virus appeared to be equally, or less resistant to potassium ferrate than were most bacteria, including E. coli, in buffered, distilled water at the pH values tested, and also in secondary effluent.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that bacteria responsible for phage production in activated-sludge mixed liquor are either minor components of the heterotrophic population, floc-producing strains, or members of other physiological groups.
Abstract: Bacteriophage populations in an activated-sludge sewage treatment plant were enumerated. A newly developed assay for quantitation of total phages, employing direct electron microscopic counts, was used in conjunction with the plaque assay. The total concentration of phages was significantly higher in reactor mixed liquor and effluent than in influent sewage, indicating a net production of phages within the reactor. Maximum total phage concentrations in the fluid phase of sewage, activated-sludge mixed liquor, and reactor effluent were 2.2 × 107, 9.5 × 107, and 8.4 × 107/ml, respectively. Conditions were optimized for isolation of predominant heterotrophic aerobic bacteria from sewage and mixed liquor. Blending at ice water temperatures was superior to ultrasound or enzyme treatments for maximum release of viable bacteria from microbial floc. A solidified extract of mixed liquor was superior to standard media for cultivating maximum numbers of heterotrophic bacteria. The highest culture counts for sewage and mixed liquor were 1.4 × 107 and 1.3 × 109/ml, respectively, which represented only 3 and 6.8% of the total microscopic cell counts. Only 3 out of 48 dominant bacterial isolates from either mixed liquor or sewage were hosts for phages present in the system. The sum of phage populations infecting these three hosts accounted for, at best, 3.8% (sewage) and 0.2% (mixed liquor) of the total number of phages present. Generally, specific phage titers were lower in mixed liquor than in sewage, indicating that these hosts were not responsible for the net production of phages in the reactor. This study emphasizes the limitations of the plaque assay for ecological studies of phages, and it suggests that bacteria responsible for phage production in activated-sludge mixed liquor are either minor components of the heterotrophic population, floc-producing strains, or members of other physiological groups.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the influence of the influent metal concentration and of the effluent suspended solids concentration on metal absorption in the activated sludge process has been examined.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A long terre BOD test was used for quantitative determination of biodegradability induced by ozone on refractory organic matter remaining in solution after conventional biological and lime treatment as discussed by the authors.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A 3-year study was conducted on an existing, one-cell, facultative sewage lagoon having a total surface area of 3.6 ha and receiving a BOD5 loading rate of 44 kglhald (40 Iblald) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A 3-year study was conducted on an existing, one-cell, facultative sewage lagoon having a total surface area of 3.6 ha and receiving a BOD5 loading rate of 44 kglhald (40 Iblald). The comparative experimental periods ran from July through November for 3 consecutive years. During the first period, water hyacinths completely covered the lagoon. The water hyacinth coverage was reduced to 33% of the total surface area the second year. The lagoon, free of all vascular aquatic plants the third year, was monitored for comparative purposes. The most significant improvement overall in the effluent quality occurred when water hyacinths covered the entire lagoon. During this period the effluent BOD5 and TSS were 23 and 6 mgll, respectively. Without water hyacinths, the effluent BOD5 and TSS were 52 and 77 mgll, respectively. The effluent total organic carbon concentration with water hyacinths averaged 40 mgll, and without water hyacinths, 72 mgll. A discussion of the results from this 3-year study is presented in this paper along with associated problems that were observed when water hyacinths were introduced into the lagoon and altered its behavior from that of a normal facultative lagoon.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Salts of volatile organic acids were found to be the main constituents of the organic fraction remaining after chemical treatment and activated carbon adsorption, and the fate of the volatile acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, isovaleric and hexanoic acids was followed in each stage of physicochemical treatment.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: P. aeruginosa was isolated consistently from domestic and hospital sewage and was frequently not isolated even when the counts of E. coli were high, consistent with results from examinations of faecal specimens which confirmed the presence of P. aerugenosa in humans but indicated that in animals the organism was not present in significant numbers.

45 citations


Patent
31 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for improved methane production resulting in higher yield and higher production rates by anaerobic digestion of a mixture of plant material and organic waste was proposed, which is suitable for production of synthetic natural gas.
Abstract: A process for improved methane production resulting in higher yield and higher production rates by anaerobic digestion of a mixture of plant material and organic waste. The process is suitable for production of synthetic natural gas and through anaerobic digestion of a mixture of plant material and organic waste allows better matching of organic waste and plant material feed supplies for year round operation. The process of this invention results in digester effluent which is easily dewatered and has a low concentration of soluble organics, providing easy disposal and recycling to the digester. The process of this invention may be used for methane production from plant material which is, by itself, recalcitrant to anaerobic digestion.

43 citations


Patent
03 Jul 1980
TL;DR: In this article, an approach for quenching and cooling the reactor effluent in a thermal regenerative cracking (TRC) system is presented. But the quench apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quench and a section to further cool the composite of quenched effluent and solids.
Abstract: Apparatus for quenching and cooling the reactor effluent in a thermal regenerative cracking (TRC) system. The quench apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite of quenched effluent and solids.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The more sewage-tolerant macrophytes displayed lower photosynthetic quotient values during exposure to effluent than those possessing little tolerance to sewage, indicating that this species may be able to acclimate physiologically to sewage stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The initial rate of Disperse Blue 7 dye removal from textile effluent depends on the surface mass transfer coefficient as mentioned in this paper, and the effects of certain variables namely, agitation, initial dye concentration, particle size and solution temperature, on the dimensionless mass transfer term, Sh/Sc 0.33, have been studied.
Abstract: The initial rate of Disperse Blue 7 dye removal from textile effluent depends on the surface mass transfer coefficient. The effects of certain variables namely, agitation, initial dye concentration, particle size and solution temperature, on the dimensionless mass transfer term, Sh/Sc0.33, have been studied.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the inactivation of coliforms was found to be related to the trans mission of light through the water medium and contact time in the?v chamber, and cost estimates for disinfection can be made from knowledge of the uv transmittance through the wastewater effluent and the de sired inactivation level.
Abstract: media filtration effluent, and trickling (rough ing) filter effluent. The inactivation of fecal coliforms is shown to be related to the trans mission of uv light through the water medium and contact time in the ?v chamber. Cost estimates for uv disinfection can be made from knowledge of the uv transmittance through the wastewater effluent and the de sired inactivation level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the ozone reaction with algal cells results in the formation of a hydrophobic surface amenable to separation by rising bubbles, and the collapsed froth thickens to produce pure algal mass of up to 8.5% solids.

Patent
01 Dec 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, an on-site wastewater treatment system is disclosed suitable for domestic or other sewage, and the effluent from the septic tank is alternately distributed between a first area of the media bed and a separate second area of a media bed in order to allow continuous regeneration of media bed by avoiding a continuously ponded condition and by the action of the aerated effluent.
Abstract: An on-site wastewater treatment system is disclosed suitable for domestic or other sewage. After separation of the settleable solids from incoming wastewater by means of a septic tank or other means the effluent is passed into a basin holding particles of a media through which the effluent travels. The media bed removes a substantial amount of the suspended solids in the effluent and some of the BOD (biological oxygen demand material). The filtrate is collected and uniformly dispersed, preferably by spraying, over the surface of the same media bed for travel therethrough a second time. The effluent carries oxygen from the air into the media. The media retains the effluent until the surface tension of the effluent between the particles of the media bed is overcome by gravity, at which time it is displaced from the media and discharged. During the retention time aerobic action in the media bed reduces the bacterial count of the effluent significantly. The effluent from the septic tank is preferably alternately distributed between a first area of the media bed and a separate second area of the media bed in order to allow continuous regeneration of the media bed by avoiding a continuously ponded condition and by the action of the aerated effluent.

Patent
15 Sep 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for reducing the oxygen demand of waste water having a partial organic composition, especially a solution commonly known as mostos which is the waste effluent of a molasses fermentation and distillation process, is provided.
Abstract: A method is provided for reducing the oxygen demand of waste water having a partial organic composition, especially a solution commonly known as mostos which is the waste effluent of a molasses fermentation and distillation process. The waste water is fed into an anaerobic digester near the top thereof so as to flow downwardly through the interior of the digester. The digester is at least partially filled with a high surface area media. The digester contains a microorganism which preferentially produces methane when in contact with the organic material in the waste water and also reduces the oxygen demand of materials therein. Also preferentially, the microorganisms tend to grow on the media surface. Nitrogen and phosphorous containing materials are added as necessary to promote growth of the microorganisms. As the waste water flows downwardly through the digester, methane is released therefrom which bubbles to the surface whereupon the methane is collected for combusting to produce energy. A buffering component may be added to the digester so as to produce an optimum pH for the process. Preferred temperatures of the digesting process are 95° F. and the range of 125° to 130° F. During the process a portion of the biomass of the microorganisms growing on the media surface is sloughed therefrom and settles to the floor of the digester. The sloughed biomass along with a portion of the waste water is recirculated from the bottom of the digester to the top thereof, preferably at a rate of five times the flow of the influent to the digester. An effluent flow is removed from the digester in such a manner as to overflow the top thereof without allowing atmospheric air therein. When necessary to aid in removing biomass from the filter media, the collected methane may be selectively recirculated into the bottom of the digester and bubbled up through the waste water therein. A pressure of approximately one pound per square inch is preferably maintained on the digester to urge carbon dioxide produced during the process to remain in solution with the effluent.

Patent
02 Jul 1980
TL;DR: In the process for decreasing the COD content of effluent by treating with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a transition metal compound, the improvement which comprises adding to the effluent about 5 to 40% of the calculated quantity of H 2 O 2 required for the total oxidation of the total COD-content of the overall effluent as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the process for decreasing the COD-content of effluent by treating with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a transition metal compound, the improvement which comprises adding to the effluent about 5 to 40% of the calculated quantity of H 2 O 2 required for the total oxidation of the total COD-content of the effluent, the transition metal compound being dissolved in the effluent in an amount such that the molar ratio of H 2 O 2 to transition metal is from about 30:1 to 3:1, bringing the pH initially to about 2 to 9, maintaining the effluent at about 5° to 100° C, and separating from the effluent whatever material has flocculated Thereafter the effluent can be subjected to conventional biological degradation such as by the activated sludge process

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the number of viruses detected at each soil depth increased with the increasing virus concentration in the sewage water, however, the percentage of added viruses that remained at each depth was about the same for each concentration.
Abstract: Research with soil columns that are good models of a field ground water recharge system showed that most polioviruses are held near the soil surface. Secondary sewage effluent seeded with poliovirus type 1 (LSc) was filtered through 250-cm columns packed with calcareous sand from an area in the Salt River bed that is used for ground water recharging of secondary sewage effluent. When the concentration of poliovirus added to the sewage water was increased from 0.9 × 10² to 2.6 × 10⁴ PFU/ml, the number of viruses detected at each soil depth increased with the increasing virus concentration in the sewage water. However, the percentage of added viruses that remained at each depth was about the same for each concentration. The differences in the strength of the negative charge among members of a given viral population could account for the adsorption of some viruses near the soil surface while others move farther through the profile. Increasing the flow rate from 0.6 to 1.2 m/day caused a virus breakthrough of <1% of the added virus. However, 99% of the viruses still were removed from the infiltrating water at flow rates as high as 12 m/day. The velocity of water movement through the soil may be the single most important factor affecting the depth of virus penetration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, secondarily treated sewage effluent is being recycled through small cypress swamps in Florida but after 2 yr, annual litter fall has not shown an increase that is attributable to sewage addition.
Abstract: SUMMARY (1) Secondarily treated sewage effluent is being recycled through small cypress swamps in Florida but after 2 yr, annual litter fall has not shown an increase that is attributable to sewage addition. (2) Rate of biomass disappearance from cypress needles in litter bags has not changed in the presence of effluent, even though the swamp water is nearly anaerobic. (3) It is suggested that any increase in litter fall that may eventually occur is unlikely to cause significant increases in litter accumulation.

Patent
20 Mar 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a distribution-based leach system for leaching septic effluent from a source thereof, where the effluent level in the first leach field reaches a predetermined depth.
Abstract: In a system for leaching septic effluent from a source thereof, a first leach field has an input, a porous bed and means for distributing effluent from the input throughout the bed. A second leach field similarly has an inlet, a pervious bed and means for distributing effluent from that inlet throughout the pervious bed. Distribution means, having an intake coupled to the source, selectively feeds the effluent only to the input until the effluent level in the first field reaches a predetermined depth. Thereafter, the effluent is automatically fed to the inlet of the second leach field. The principle of operation is extended to the use of a third or more leach fields, the distribution means selectively feeding the effluent to the entrance to the third field only after the effluent in the second field reaches a preselected depth and so on.

Patent
04 Jul 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors rationalize a waste water-disposal step with a saved resource consumption by adding an oxidizing agent and a substance capable of dissociating ferric ion or the like in an oxidising step to form oxidized sludge, and charging the oxidised sludge in a biological treatment process to form mixed sludge.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To rationalize a waste water-disposal step with a saved resource consumption, by adding an oxidizing agent and a substance capable of dissociating ferric ion or the like in an oxidizing step to form oxidized sludge, and charging the oxidized sludge in a biological treatment step to form mixed sludge. CONSTITUTION: Organic waste liquid 1, e.g. night soil or the like, is charged into a biological reaction vessel 2b in an active sludge process or the like, where the organic waste liquid is biologically treated to remove BOD and COD components and to nitrify and denitrify NH 4 -N. A slurry effluent 3 from the biological reaction vessel 2 is introduced into a sedimentation pool 4, where active sludge is separated, and overflowing water 7 is then introduced into a chemical oxidation vessel 8, where ferric sulfate 9 and hydrogen peroxide 10 are added to the overflowing water 7 to decompose the COD components and colorants. Slurry from the oxidation vessel 8 is neutralized in a neutralizing vessel 11, and oxidized sludge 13b is separated in a sedimentation pool 14. A mineral acid 24 is added to the mixed sludge 16b of the oxidized sludge 13b and the biologically treated sludge in an acidifying vessel 23 to form Fe 3+ ion. COPYRIGHT: (C)1982,JPO&Japio

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the number and activities of heterotrophic bacteria and environmental variables related to pollution in water samples from the Humber estuary and found that bacterial numbers and activities were positively correlated with organic pollution and there was no evidence of widespread inhibition of self-purification by toxic pollution.

Patent
22 May 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for improved methane production by anaerobic digestion of aquatic plant material at least a portion or all of which has been grown in organically polluted water is presented.
Abstract: A process for improved methane production by anaerobic digestion of aquatic plant material at least a portion or all of which has been grown in organically polluted water. Mixtures of aquatic plant material one portion of which has been grown in non-polluted and a second portion comprising over about 10 weight percent which has been grown in organically polluted water may be used to result in a synergistic yield of methane. The liquid effluent from the digester may be advantageously returned to the aquatic plant growing pond to maintain the desired organic pollution. The process provides for improved methane production from aquatic plant material which is, by itself, recalcitrant to anaerobic digestion.

Patent
20 Jun 1980
TL;DR: In the process for decreasing the COD content of effluent by treating with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a transition metal compound, the improvement which comprises adding to the effluent about 50 to 65% of the calculated quantity of H2 O2 required for the total oxidation of the total COD-content of the effixture, the transition metal compounds being dissolved in the effluence in an amount such that the molar ratio of H 2 O2 to transition metal is from about 30:1 to 3:1, bringing the pH initially to about 2 to 9,
Abstract: In the process for decreasing the COD-content of effluent by treating with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a transition metal compound, the improvement which comprises adding to the effluent about 50 to 65% of the calculated quantity of H2 O2 required for the total oxidation of the total COD-content of the effluent, the transition metal compound being dissolved in the effluent in an amount such that the molar ratio of H2 O2 to transition metal is from about 30:1 to 3:1, bringing the pH initially to about 2 to 9, maintaining the effluent at about 5° to 100° C., and separating from the effluent whatever material has flocculated. Thereafter the effluent can be subjected to conventional biological degradation such as by the activated sludge process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the overall substrate removal of a three component mixture by an acclimated seed using total organic carbon measurements, and observed the rates of removal of each of the three components in the mixture at four different food-to-microorganism ratios (F/M).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Ames' Salmonella /mammalian microsomal assay system was used to investigate base line mutagenic activity in a section of the Sheep River, Alberta.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, total chromium concentrations were determined in water, bottom sediments and suspended particles, collected during a seven-month period at five stations along a tributary of the Iraja River, where an electroplating industry discharges its untreated effluents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Dan region sewage reclamation project as mentioned in this paper provides for advanced treatment of municipal wastewater from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area and indirect reuse of the effluent by groundwater recharge, which has been in operation since 1975 and serves at present the southern suburbs of the city of Tel Aviv-Jaffa and the neighboring municipalities of Holon, Bat-Yam, and Rishon-Le-Zion, with a total connected population estimated at about 400 000 (in August 1979).
Abstract: The Dan region sewage reclamation project provides for advanced treatment of municipal wastewater from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area and indirect reuse of the effluent by groundwater recharge. Stage 1 of the project (Fig. 1), which has been in operation since 1975, serves at present the southern suburbs of the city of Tel Aviv-Jaffa and the neighboring municipalities of Holon, Bat-Yam, and Rishon-Le-Zion, with a total connected population estimated at about 400 000 (in August 1979). The wastewater entering the plant undergoes biological treatment in two parallel series of recirculated oxidation ponds. The secondary effluent from the oxidation ponds undergoes tertiary chemical treatment in two steps: high lime-magnesium treatment in a reactor-clarifier, and detention of the high pH effluent in polishing ponds, mainly for ammonia stripping and natural recarbonation (Fig. 2). The tertiary effluent has been recharged to the regional groundwater aquifer since January 1977 by intermittent spreading over sand basins; the recharge site is located some 1.5 km east of the treatment plant site (Fig. 1). The recharged water, after mixing with natural groundwater and prolonged detention in the aquifer, will be pumped by means of recovery wells, chlorinated, and conveyed to the national water supply network (Fig. 3). In the final stage of the project, when the recovery wells will pump mostly recharged effluent, the reclaimed water will be supplied for nonpotable uses (especially unrestricted irrigation of agricultural crops) by means of a dual system separately conveying potable and nonpotable water. At present most of the existing recovery wells pump native groundwater to the potable supply network. In the near future, the recovery wells will pump an admixture of recharged water and native groundwater. Activated carbon treatment of this water for removal of residual dissolved

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In three seasonal experiments in 1977, increases in the rate of attached algal accumulation were normally found with each additional increment of secondarily treated kraft mill effluent (KME), and nitrogen was the primary limiting nutrient.
Abstract: In three seasonal experiments in 1977, increases in the rate of attached algal accumulation were normally found with each additional increment of secondarily treated kraft mill effluent (KME). The ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the biological oxidation characteristics of specific coke plant ammonia still effluent were investigated by investigating the chemical properties of coke plants' ammonia effluent, and specific objectives were to det...
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to address some of these issues by investigation of biological oxidation characteristics of specific coke plant ammonia still effluent. Specific objectives were to det...