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Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article corrects the article on p. 1239 in vol.
Abstract: The transformation of mono- and dinitroaromatic compounds was measured in sewage effluent maintained under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Most of the nitrobenzene, 3- and 4-nitrobenzoic acids, and 3- and 4-nitrotoluenes and much of the 1,2- and 1,3-dinitrobenzenes disappeared both in the presence and absence of oxygen. Under anaerobiosis, 2,6-dinitrotoluene and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid disappeared slowly, but no loss was evident in 28 days in aerated sewage. Aromatic amines did not accumulate during the aerobic decomposition of the mononitro compounds. They did appear in nonsterile, but not in sterile, sewage incubated aerobically with the dinitro compounds and anaerobically with all the chemicals. Analysis by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that aniline was formed from nitrobenzene, toluidine was formed from 3- and 4-nitrotoluenes, and aminobenzoic acid was formed from 3- and 4-nitrobenzoic acids under anaerobiosis, and that nitroaniline was formed from 1,2- and 1,3-dinitrobenzenes, aminonitrotoluene resulted from 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and aminonitrobenzoic acid was a product of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid under both conditions. The isomeric forms of the metabolites were not established. Aniline, 4-toluidine, and 4-aminobenzoic acid added to sewage disappeared from aerated nonsterile, but not from sterile, sewage or sewage in the absence of oxygen. 2-Nitroaniline, 2-amino-3-nitrotoluene, and 2-amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid added to sewage persisted for at least 60 days in aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses demonstrated that acetanilide and 2-methylquinoline were formed from aniline, 4-methylformanilide and 4-methylacetanilide were formed from 4-toluidine, 2-methylbenzimidazole was a product of 2-nitroaniline, and unidentified benzimidazoles were formed from 2-amino-3-nitrotoluene in the absence of oxygen, and that 2-nitroacetanilide and 2-methyl-6-nitroacetanilide were formed from 2-nitroaniline and 2-amino-3-nitrotoluene, respectively, in the presence or absence of oxygen. It is suggested that the transformations of widely used nitroaromatic compounds should be further studied because of the persistence and possible toxicity of products of their metabolism.

188 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Screening fifteen strains of white‐rot fungi for their ability to decolorize combined bleached kraft effluent showed that Coriolus versicolor in liquid culture removed over 60% of the color of the effluent within six days in the presence of sucrose.
Abstract: Screening fifteen strains of white-rot fungi for their ability to decolorize combined bleached kraft effluent showed that Coriolus versicolor in liquid culture removed over 60% of the color of the effluent within six days in the presence of sucrose. Treatment of the same effluent with this fungus, immobilized in beads of calcium alginate gel, resulted in 80% decolorization after three days in the presence of sucrose. Caustic extraction E(1) effluent was also decolorized by the immobilized fungus. Decolorization was achieved more rapidly at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.0. Recycled beads could remove color efficiently and repeatedly in the presence of air but not under anaerobic conditions.

138 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the literature concerning the significance and behaviour of heavy metals in waste waters and concluded that the most serious problem posed is drinking water production in areas where water re-use is practised.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reddy et al. as discussed by the authors used a microcosm reservoir to evaluate the performance of aquatic macrophytes in removing nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural waste water in a 4-day detention period.
Abstract: Potential use of retention/detention reservoirs stocked with vascular aquatic macrophytes was evaluated, using a microcosm reservoir for reducing the N and P levels of agricultural drainage effluents (waste water). The treatments evaluated were reservoirs stocked with (i) pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata L.), (ii) water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart] Solms), (iii) cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and elodea (Egeria densa P), and (iv) control (no macrophytes). Labeled "N was used to differentiate preferential uptake of "1NH4* and "NOj-, and to follow the fate of added "NH.* and "NO,-. Results showed that 34 to 40% of the added inorganic "N ("NH/ + NOr) was removed through plant uptake, while 45 to 52% of the added "N was unaccounted for, presumably lost through NH, volatilization and nitrification-denitrification processes. In the control reservoir, algal biomass removed 4.4% of added "N, while 41% of the added "N was not accounted. Pennywort and cattail-elodea systems were found to be most effective, with about 50% inorganic N removal in a 4-day detention period. All aquatic macrophytes preferred "NH4* over "NO3-, but the difference in uptake was not significant, except for pennywort and cattails, which removed 84 and 92% of the added "NH4* as compared to 16 and 8% of the added "NO3-, respectively. About 25 to 29 d were required by the systems with macrophytes to remove 50% of the wastewater P. Plant removal of P was in the range of 3 to 65% of added P, while 7 to 87% of the added P was lost through precipitation and adsorption reactions. Additional Index Words: water hyacinth, pennywort, cattails, elodea, aquatic system. Reddy, K. R. 1983. Fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in a waste water retention reservoir containing aquatic macrophytes. J. Environ, qual. 12:137-141. Vascular aquatic macrophytes such as water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart] Solms), duckweed (Lemna minor), and cattails (Typha sp.), cultured in ponds and reservoirs, offer potential alternatives for treating sewage and industrial effluents (Boyd, 1969; Wooten and Dodd, 1979; Wolverton and McDonald, 1979), and agricultural effluents (Reddy et al., 1982). The capacity of vascular plants to assimilate nutrients from polluted waters has been recognized for several years (Rogers and Davis, 1972; Stewart, 1970; Boyd, 1976). Nutrient removal efficiency of a system containing plants will depend on the type of aquatic plant, growth rates of plants, nutrient composition of the water, and physicochemical environment in the water. Studies reported by several researchers (Clock, 1968; Scarsbrook and Davis, 1971; Cornwell et al., 1977) calculate the nutrient removal rates, based on the changes in concentrations at the inflow and outflow of a pond or reservoir. Although these calculations provide information on the nutrient removal efficiency from waste water, they provide very little understanding on the rate of N and P removal in these systems. Presence of aquatic macrophytes in a pond alters the physicochemical environment of the water, and the role of these changes are often ignored in evaluating the efficiency of a biological treatment system. The dense cover of floating water hyacinths depletes dissolved O2 of the underlying water, thus creating anaerobic conditions (Reddy, 1981). These conditions favor the denitrification process, thus maximizing NO3" removal. Presence of submersed plants, such as elodea or algae, can deplete dissolved CO2 in the water during the periods of high photosynthetic activity (mid-afternoon) and increase the dissolved O2 of the water, thus resulting in increased water pH (Reddy, 1981). This condition can maximize NH/ removal through volatilization and soluble ortho-P removal by chemical precipitation. The role of underlying sediments of a pond or reservoir as a nutrient source or sink to the overlying waters is often ignored in calculating the nutrient removal efficiencies. In central Florida, organic soils (Histosols) planted with vegetable crops are artificially drained during wet seasons, and the drainage effluent discharged from these fields is being pumped into retention/detention reservoirs and subsequently into Lake Apopka. These retention reservoirs are needed to reduce the nutrient ' Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series no. 3766. Received 6 Mar. 1982. 2 Associate Professor, University of Florida, Inst. of Food & Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research & Education Center, P.O. Box 909, Sanford, FL 32771. J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 12, no. 1,1983 137

109 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The capacity of mangrove systems to remove and immobilise nutrients, heavy metals and other constituents of sewage effluent is strongly influenced by tidal and drainage characteristics, and by the redox state of the soil as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The capacity of mangrove systems to remove and immobilise nutrients, heavy metals and other constituents of sewage effluent is strongly influenced by tidal and drainage characteristics, and by the redox state of the soil. Some mangrove systems may not remove sufficient phosphorus and nitrogen to reduce the quantity of these nutrients in sewage effluent to a level below that required for significant biological activity in offshore waters. In particular, the common practice of discharging treated sewage effluent directly into estuaries or tidal channels fringed by mangroves would appear to be a relatively ineffective scheme for improving the quality of sewage effluent.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, sediment and animals collected from near the discharge zone of the Los Angeles County wastewater treatment plant were analyzed for 27 selected organic compounds that had been identified in the effluent.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a laboratory scale anaerobic filter packed with synthetic high surface area trickling filter media was used to treat a low strength domestic wastewater averaging 288 mg 1−1 COD.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential of three genera of emergent aquatic plant species (Typha spp, Phragmites and Scirpus ) to ameliorate effluent from a poultry abattoir was evaluated in an experimental trench system as mentioned in this paper.

85 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first comprehensive evaluation of the environmental safety of three similar cationic surfactants to aquatic life is reported in this article, where the authors conducted toxicity tests in a high-quality laboratory water and in river waters that were used to model realistic receiving streams.
Abstract: The first comprehensive evaluation of the environmental safety of three similar cationic surfactants to aquatic life is reported. Toxicity tests were conducted that exposed freshwater and marine species, representing three trophic levels, to the dialkyl dimethyl ammonium compounds. The studies were conducted in a high-quality laboratory water and in river waters that were used to model realistic receiving streams. Most current laboratory test methods for the assessment of chemical effects on aquatic life do not consider the physical and chemical properties of the test material in surface waters. This safety assessment shows that these considerations are important in developing realistic conclusions about the ecological safety of cationic surfactants. In tests using river water, acute and chronic toxicities and bioconcentration were considerably less than those in corresponding tests conducted in filtered laboratory waters. This reduction in toxicity and/or uptake was attributable to the aqueous insolubility of the surfactants, strong adsorption to natural solids and tendency to form chemical complexes with anionic substances. The mean ratio of the concentration of anionic to cationic surfactants in municipal sewage treatment plant effluent is 4:1. Safety margins were calculated for daphnids and fathead minnows using the ratio of the no observed effect concentration, determined from chronic toxicity tests, to mean measured surface water concentrations. Safety margins for fish and daphnids were 7 and 11, respectively, for a river having a low wastewater effluent dilution factor of 10. For a river with a higher dilution factor of 150, the values were 115 (fish) and 190 (daphnids). Projected safety margins for marine invertebrates and fish were several orders of magnitude greater than those for freshwater species. Based on available information and expected usage levels, the projected environmental impact of these surfactants on aquatic life is minimal.

71 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of using photosynthetic bacteria to remove H 2 S from anaerobic waste treatment effluent was investigated by growing fixed films of bacteria in a packed column or in a submerged tube system.

68 citations


Patent
10 Nov 1983
TL;DR: A low solids aqueous suspension of organic waste (10) is treated in at least four, e.g., six serial anaerobic zones (1-6) at a temperature of less than 40°C and under quiescent conditions to provide methane, fertilizer and a clean liquid effluent.
Abstract: A low solids aqueous suspension of organic waste (10) is treated in at least four, e.g., six serial anaerobic zones (1-6) at a temperature of less than 40°C and under quiescent conditions to provide methane, fertilizer and a clean liquid effluent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ability to degrade the chlorine compounds could be transferred from one reactor to another by transferring the liquid but no degradation occurred before addition of solids in the reactor as mentioned in this paper, and the degradation of pentachlorophenol was most active when softwood bark was used as the solid material It was less active on unglazed pottery, and inactive on glass (beads or fibre), cellulosic fibre, clay and ion exchange resin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Oxidation of influent waters with ozone and maintenance of aerobic conditions on the GAC columns failed to appreciably enhance the microbial growth on GAC.
Abstract: The microbial dynamics associated with granular activated carbon (GAC) in a pilot water treatment plant were investigated over a period of 16 months. Microbial populations were monitored in the influent and effluent waters and on the GAC particles by means of total plate counts and ATP assays. Microbial populations between the influent and effluent waters of the GAC columns generally increased, indicating microbial growth. The dominant genera of microorganisms isolated from interstitial waters and GAC particles were Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Chromobacterium, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Microcyclus, Paracoccus, and Pseudomonas. Coliform bacteria were found in small numbers in the effluents from some of the GAC columns in the later months of the study. Oxidation of influent waters with ozone and maintenance of aerobic conditions on the GAC columns failed to appreciably enhance the microbial growth on GAC.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of stillage from fermentation of sugar, starch and cellulosic substrates are reviewed and a comparative economic study of the four major commercial stillage handling processes indicates that by-products credits can cover the full treatment costs.

Patent
28 Jun 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a method for removing organic contaminants from an aqueous composition contaminated therewith is provided, which comprises passing the composition through a first column packed with an organoclay, to adsorb substantial quantities of high molecular weight and/or emulsified components of said organic contaminants.
Abstract: A method is provided for removing organic contaminants from an aqueous composition contaminated therewith. The method comprises passing the composition through a first column packed with an organoclay, to adsorb substantial quantities of high molecular weight and/or emulsified components of said organic contaminants, and passing the effluent from said first column through further separating means for separating substantial quantities of the low molecular components of said organic contaminants which remain in the effluent from said first column, and recovering the effluent from said separate means as product.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A. hydrophila was found to be directly affected by phytoplankton density and, thus, indirectly by concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, and total organic carbon.
Abstract: The density of Aeromonas hydrophila, standard count bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and 18 physical and chemical parameters were measured simultaneously at six sites for 12 months in Albemarle Sound, N.C. One site was above and two sites were below the discharge plume of a Kraft pulping process paper mill. The fourth site was above and the remaining two sites were below the discharge point of a nitrogen fertilizer factory. The impact of the pulp mill on water quality was acute, whereas that of the nitrogen fertilizer factory was chronic and much more subtle. Diffusion chamber studies indicated that A. hydrophila survival is increased by pulp mill effluent and decreased by nitrogen fertilizer factory effluent. From correlation and regression analysis, A. hydrophila was found to be directly affected by phytoplankton density and, thus, indirectly by concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, and total organic carbon. These two point sources are suspect as indirect causes of red-sore disease epizootics, a disease of fish caused by A. hydrophila.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model using cell recycle concentration as a major control parameter is applied to inhibitory substrates such as phenol, and the model gave satisfactory predictions with respect to biomass production (X and Xw) and effluent COD, based on the ΔCOD method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the physico-chemical properties of effluents of Kisan Sahkari Chini Mills Limited Satha, Aligarh (UP) India (KSCML) and Panniji Sugar and General Mills, Bulandshahr, India (PSGM), and the effects of PSGM effluent on soil and crop plants were evaluated.

01 Feb 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the treatment characteristics of a phenolic coal gasification process wastewater in which major treatment steps included solvent extraction with methylisobutyl ketone for phenol recovery and steam stripping for ammonia removal.
Abstract: Experiments were carried out to evaluate treatment characteristics of a phenolic coal gasification process wastewater in which major treatment steps included solvent extraction with methylisobutyl ketone for phenol recovery and steam stripping for ammonia removal, followed by either activated sludge (AS) or powdered activated carbon-activated sludge (PAC/AS) processing. The study showed that solvent extracted wastewater did not require dilution prior to biological treatment; also, solvent extraction provided for lower effluent COD, TOC and colour for either AS or PAC/AS treatment, with the latter process showing better removal for these constituents. Activated sludge effluent showed favourable granular activated carbon adsorption characteristics, and lime-soda softening was demonstrated with PAC/AS effluent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diffusion chamber studies confirm natural correlations with water quality that indicate A. hydrophila densities in marine habitats can become elevated under the appropriate conditions.

Patent
31 Aug 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of tracing sewage effluent is described in which samples of fluid flows are subjected to high performance liquid chromatography with respective elution systems capable of eluting different selected compounds therefrom, and the concentration of each compound in the sample is determined spectroscopically.
Abstract: A method of tracing sewage effluent is described in which samples of fluid flows are subjected to high performance liquid chromatography with respective elution systems capable of eluting different selected compounds therefrom, and the concentration of each compound in the sample is determined spectroscopically. The method is used to determine sewage flow paths in natural water bodies, such as rivers, to check for contamination by sewage, to determine possible sewage sources, the detection of uric acid, for example, being indicative of a human source; and to monitor the effluent from sewage treatment plants. A monitoring system for sewage treatment works is also described in which bromophenol blue is added to the sewage influent to the biodegradation stage as a dilution indicator and the changes in the bromophenol blue concentration and in the concentration of a biodegradable sewage component, such as uric acid, are monitored throughout the stage to give an indication of the progress of the biodegradation reaction; this information is used in controlling the operation of the plant to maximize its efficiency.

Patent
10 Nov 1983
TL;DR: Disclosed as discussed by the authors is a process for non-catalytically removing NO from combustion effluent streams at temperatures from about 1300° K to 1600° K by injecting ammonia immediately before or directly into a zone where the effluent is cooling at a rate of at least about 250° K.
Abstract: Disclosed is a process for non-catalytically removing NO from combustion effluent streams at temperatures from about 1300° K. to 1600° K. by injecting ammonia immediately before or directly into a zone where the combustion effluent is cooling at a rate of at least about 250° K.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a design model for evaluating packed tower aeration and examines how pilot operation can be used to generate the mass transfer information required for design, and the results from recent pilot work on a contaminated source (Potomac tidal fresh estuary water mixed in equal parts with nitrified wastewater effluent) are presented, and are applied to a design optimization for a hypothetical full-scale application.
Abstract: Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) are frequently found in significant quantities in industrial and municipal wastewaters as well as in leachate from hazardous waste disposal sites. Con tamination of drinking water supplies may occur from either of these sources and is a serious public health concern. Of the SOCs currently identified in wastewaters and water supplies, many are relatively volatile and removal may be achieved through aeration. Where feasible, aeration is generally cost-ef fective, particularly when compared with adsorption processes, such as treatment with granular activated carbon. Aeration processes that have been applied to the removal of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) include diffused aeration, surface aeration, spray aeration, and counter-current packed tower aeration. Of the available aeration processes, counter current packed tower aeration is often the most cost-effective design when removals greater than 90% are required. Although packed tower aeration has been well documented in the chemical engineering literature,1"12 its use specifically for controlling trace synthetic organics is a relatively new concept in the drinking water industry. Recently, however, air stripping of VOCs in packed towers has been studied by a number of researchers,13"28 and several case studies have been reported. Diffused aeration for VOC removal also has been a subject of considerable recent attention, 1316'21~23'29'30 as has the volatization of SOCs during the surface aeration of wastewater.29"32 Many of the recent case studies on VOC removal in packed tower aeration have not been published, and for those published, complete information is often unavailable. Few attempts have been made to generalize pilot results to conditions or compounds other than those studied. Design applications, even when well conducted, generally lack a systematic approach for determining optimum design criteria based on the results of pilot studies. Mass transfer coefficients increased with loading rates, and for most compounds, correlations with existing models were adequate. This article presents a design model for evaluating packed tower aeration and examines how pilot operation can be used to generate the mass transfer information required for design. The results from recent pilot work on a contaminated source (Potomac tidal fresh estuary water mixed in equal parts with nitrified wastewater effluent) are presented, and the results are applied to a design optimization for a hypothetical full-scale application. This work was part of a larger study conducted for the Bal timore District of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The study investigated the feasibility of treating Potomac tidal fresh estuary water, mixed with equal parts of nitrified secondary wastewater effluent, as a simulated future water supply. In this context, the 3 785 m3/d (1 mgd) Experimental Estuary Water Treatment Plant (EEWTP) was operated and evaluated. Air stripping was evaluated on a smaller scale of 20 to 380 m3/d (2 to 35 gpm), using an influent of plant water spiked with five volatile organic compounds.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A membrane filtration method was developed to determine the proportion of active (respiring) bacteria at various stages of sewage treatment and represents a significant improvement in speed and simplicity over existing methods for determining active bacteria in sewage.
Abstract: A membrane filtration method was developed to determine the proportion of active (respiring) bacteria at various stages of sewage treatment. Samples were incubated in the presence of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) and, after fixation, passed through membrane filters. Filters were counterstained with malachite green and then were examined by bright-field microscopy. The contrast between bacteria and the filter background was greatly improved by drying and then clearing the filter before counterstaining. By this method, it was found that active bacterial fractions in raw sewage, settled sewage, and secondary effluent were 40, 29, and 58%, respectively, whereas the proportion of respiring bacteria in chlorinated secondary effluent was 6.1%. The active bacterial fraction of activated sludge was found to be 16%. The proposed method represents a significant improvement in speed and simplicity over existing methods for determining active bacteria in sewage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a scheme for the speciation of metals in freshwaters has been applied to the metals Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn in the treated effluent of a lead-acid battery manufacturer and the receiving river upstream and downstream of the effluent outfall.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concentration of total hydrocarbons in the water effluent from an oil field was 5.6 mg/L and resulted in concentrations of 46 to 85μg/L in the receiving stream as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The concentration of total hydrocarbons in the water effluent from an oil field was 5.6 mg/L and resulted in concentrations of 46 to 85μg/L in the receiving stream. Total hydrocarbons were 55,000 times more concentrated in the sediment than in the water, ranging from 979 (778) to 2,515 (1,263) mg/kg. Saturated hydrocarbons contributed most to the total hydrocarbon concentration in both water and sediment. Naphthalenes were found in stream water, but not in sediment. Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were detected in water and sediment. Zinc was elevated in the sediment, probably because an organic zinc complex was used by the oil company during processing to enhance oil-water separation. Species diversity of macrobenthos was reduced below the discharge, as evidenced by the almost complete elimination of Plecoptera and Trichoptera. Shannon-Weaver diversity index values ranged from 3.4 at the upstream control station to 1.2 to 1.7 below the oil field effluent. The representation of Diptera increased from 10% of the total insects at the least polluted station to 46% at the station containing the most dissolved hydrocarbons. On the basis of our findings, discharge of oil into fresh water should be closely regulated to prevent the development of concentrations in water and sediment of the receiving stream that would alter the structure of macrobenthos communities and thereby threaten the fishery resources.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a high density sludge (HDS) was used for acid mine water neutralization with lime and dissolved air flotation to reduce the volume of sludge to 0,4-2,0 per cent of the water treated.

Patent
15 Aug 1983
TL;DR: In this article, an improved process for disposal of chemically bound nitrogen in industrial waste streams is provided wherein a effluent stream containing chemically-bound nitrogen, such as ammonia stream, is contacted with an effective amount of oxygen containing gas and a stoichiometric excess of a hydrocarbon, based on the total amount of available oxygen, at a temperature greater than about 2000° F. or less than 3000° F., to provide a combustion effluent.
Abstract: An improved process for disposal of chemically bound nitrogen in industrial waste streams is provided wherein a effluent stream containing chemically bound nitrogen, such as ammonia stream, is contacted with an effective amount of oxygen containing gas and a stoichiometric excess of a hydrocarbon, based on the total amount of available oxygen, at a temperature greater than about 2000° F. or less than 3000° F., to provide a combustion effluent. The combustion effluent is thereafter contacted with an effective amount of a gaseous stream containing less oxygen than that which supports flame propagation at a temperature in the range of from about 1600° F. to about 1800° F., to substantially oxidize all combustibles present in the combustion effluent and provide an oxidation effluent substantially free of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and combustibles. The oxidation effluent may be cooled in heat exchange equipment to recover energy, recycled to support the combustion and/or the oxidation of the combustibles, or vented to the atmosphere.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that algae were associated with increased turbidity and particulate levels and might enhance or support bacterial activity, including physical protection of bacteria against the effects of chlorination.
Abstract: Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on influent and effluent samples taken from Garvey Reservoir (Los Angeles County, Calif.)- Data collected on particle counts and size distributions, total plate count, coliform bacteria, algal counts, chlorophyll, turbidity, copper, and iron were analyzed with a computerized statistical package. The quality of the influent was degraded through biological activity in the reservoir to produce a lower-quality effluent. Results indicated that algae were associated with increased turbidity and particulate levels and might enhance or support bacterial activity, including physical protection of bacteria against the effects of chlorination. Although poorly understood, the physicochemical and microbiological implications of particulate matter in drinking water have become an increasingly important public health concern. A long history of aesthetic problems has been associated with suspended particles, but recently identified sanitary problems may prove to be more significant. Inorganic and organic suspended particles may protect viruses and bacteria from disinfection procedures1,2 or provide a suitable substratum for bacterial colonization.3 Algae can make up a significant segment of the suspended organic particulate matter in surface waters and have been shown to influence the numbers and types of bacteria in those waters.4'5 Algae are sometimes discounted as pathogenic agents; however, recent evidence has indicated that endotoxins associated

Journal ArticleDOI
C.C. Ho1, Y.K. Tan1
TL;DR: In this paper, high-speed centrifugation was used to separate palm oil mill effluent into various particulate fractions from the soluble constituents, including macrofibrils, raphide particles and plant cell debris.