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Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1989"


Patent
03 Aug 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a municipal sanitary sewage sludge is disposed of by an improved partial oxidation process without polluting the environment, where aqueous slurries are upgraded by hydrothermal treatment, preferably while being sheared, concentrated, and then mixed with a supplemental fuel.
Abstract: Municipal sanitary sewage sludge is disposed of by an improved partial oxidation process without polluting the environment. Aqueous slurries of sewage sludge are upgraded by hydrothermal treatment, preferably while being sheared, concentrated, and then mixed with a supplemental fuel, preferably coal. A pumpable aqueous slurry of sewage sludge-coal and/or petroleum coke is thereby produced having a greater total solids and heat content (HHV) as well as containing an increased amount of sewage sludge for reacting with free-oxygen containing gas in a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator. Hot quench water or steam produced by cooling the hot raw effluent stream of synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas from the gasifier may provide heat for the hydrothermal step.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1989-Wetlands
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey was conducted by the U.S. Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement to assess the status of man-made wetland treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD), which is characterized by low pH and high concentrations of dissolved sulfate, iron, and other metals.
Abstract: The oxidation of pyritic minerals, exposed to oxygen and water during the mining of coal, results in the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), which is characterized by low pH and high concentrations of dissolved sulfate, iron, and other metals. Federal and State regulations require that discharges from coal surface mines meet water quality criteria. Toward that end, chemical treatment of AMD, usually with soda ash briquettes, lime, limestone, or sodium hydroxide, is effective but expensive. Recently, man-made wetlands have been proposed as a low-cost, low-maintenance alternative to chemical treatment of AMD. To assess the status of man-made wetland treatment of AMD in the eastern U.S., a survey was conducted by the U.S. Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement. As of May 1988, 142 wetlands had been constructed for AMD treatment. In 50% of the constructed wetlands, treatment efficiencies (reductions in concentration) for H+, acidity, Fe, Al, Mn, and SO4 2 of at least 68, 67, 81, 48, 34, and 8%, respectively, were obtained. However, over 11% of the constructed wetlands yielded greater concentrations in the effluent from the wetland than were present in the influent AMD for one or more of these 6 chemical parameters. Treatment efficiency generally was not correlated with design criteria (e.g., area of wetland, depth of the organic substrate in the wetland, AMD flow rate, metal loading rates). Also, treatment efficiency was generally not affected by either the type of organic substrate used in wetland construction or the addition of lime and/or fertilizer to the constructed wetland. The effectiveness of wetland treatment of AMD is not only extremely variable, but also presently not predictable.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the formation of these soluble residual products, (SRP), was proposed, relating the SRP formation to the hydrolysis of non-viable cellular materials in the reactor.

96 citations


Book
12 Jun 1989
TL;DR: The A.E.Warn (Anglian Water Authority, Huntingdon) as discussed by the authors is a water pollution control organization based in the UK, which is used for river quality modelling.
Abstract: Parameters of surface water quality and their interpretation introduction to microbiology - sewage fungus biology of surface waters quality of natural waters de-oxygenation, self-purification and re-aeration water and disease - survival of pathogenic organisms in sewage effluents - bacterial indicators of faecal pollution oil-pollution temperature effects and thermal pollution eutrophication acid precipitation and its effect on surface water storm sewage discharges and urban surface run-off legislation the operation of a surface water pollution control organization river quality modelling, A.E.Warn (Anglian Water Authority, Huntingdon).

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effluent characteristics of 11 dairy shed oxidation ponds designed to national specifications were examined in this paper, where measurements covering a wide range of parameters were made monthly over at least 1 year in ponds from two regions (Manawatu and Southland) and covering two types of farms: town milk supply (non-seasonal) and daily factory (seasonal).
Abstract: The effluent characteristics of 11 dairy shed oxidation ponds designed to national specifications were examined. Measurements covering a wide range of parameters were made monthly over at least 1 year in ponds from two regions (Manawatu and Southland) and covering two types of farms: town milk supply (non‐seasonal) and daily factory (seasonal). There was considerable variation in effluent composition within ponds with time and between different ponds. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations (overall median 98 g m‐3; 3‐fold range of individual pond medians) showed less variation between ponds than suspended solids (SS) concentrations (median 198 g m‐3; 9‐fold range). Available nutrient levels were very high (e.g., an overall median of 12.2 g m‐3 for dissolved reactive phosphorus and 75.0 g m‐3 for ammonium (NH4‐N)). The ammonia represents a 4‐fold higher level of potential oxygen demand than the measured BOD. Faecal coliforms (median 70 000 (100 ml)‐1) showed large variability both within a...

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetics acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The microcosms correctly predicted which indigenous organisms would be lost and which would be stimulated at various ambient concentrations of the effluent, and corresponded well with observed effects in the field.
Abstract: Short-term, single-species toxicity tests are used to identify, regulate and monitor the discharge of problem effluents into receiving ecosystems. The ability of single-species tests to protect entire ecosystems has been questioned, and microcosm tests have been proposed as additional tools for reducing uncertainty in environmental risk assessment. We compared responses to a complex effluent in microcosms of indigenous macroinvertebrates and protozoans with responses observed in acute tests with Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas and in chronic survival and reproductive tests with C. dubia. The predictive utility of these various tests was then evaluated in relation to observed effects in the receiving stream. The acute LC50s (percent effluent) from the acute tests were 63.1 for P. promelas, 18.8 to 31.3 for D. magna and 54.7 for C. dubia. Results from 7-d chronic tests indicated that C. dubia survival was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected at 30% effluent and that reproduction was affected at concentrations ≥3% effluent. In the protozoan microcosms, community composition was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) changed at 1.0%, while protozoan species richness was significantly reduced at 3.0% effluent. In the macroinvertebrate microcosms, mayflies were the only macroinvertebrates adversely affected by the effluent. Four mayfly taxa showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in density in the 1.0% treatment and four others were significantly reduced at 10.0%; however, some chironomids had significant increases in density at 0.1% and above. Microcosm responses corresponded well with observed effects in the field. The microcosms correctly predicted which indigenous organisms would be lost and which would be stimulated at various ambient concentrations of the effluent.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparative ecological and toxicological investigation was conducted on a secondary wastewater treatment plant point-source discharge and the receiving system, a fourth-order freshwater stream in the Kentucky River basin Biological, chemical, hydrological and onsite toxicological studies were performed at 10 monitoring stations, including reference sites.
Abstract: A comparative ecological and toxicological investigation was conducted on a secondary wastewater treatment plant point—source discharge and the receiving system, a fourth—order freshwater stream in the Kentucky River basin Biological, chemical, hydrological and on—site toxicological studies were performed at 10 monitoring stations, including reference sites The principal objectives were to assess downstream persistence of aquatic contaminants, to quantify their effects on structure and function of aquatic communities and to evaluate the 8—d fathead minnow embryo—larval test for measuring instream toxicity and estimating chronic effects on aquatic biota The principal ecological endpoints included species richness, diversity (H'), density and dominance (D) of macroinvertebrates and diversity of fish species Macroinvertebrates were further analyzed by trophic groups Marked downstream gradients existed for effluent dilution, decreasing concentration of selected chemicals, improvement in ecological conditions and decreasing toxicity, as measured in on—site static—renewal tests A good predictive correlation was found between embryo—larval survival and independent ecological parameters, especially species richness of macroinvertebrates In addition, static—renewal and flow—through toxicity tests were performed with effluent dilutions to determine LC50 and toxicity threshold values (LC1), expressed as percent effluent by volume The estimated toxicity thresholds correlated closely with the actual percent instream effluent dilution observed at the first downstream station at which no ecological impact was discernible

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a pig slaughterhouse effluent was submitted to laboratory runs in order to assess the potentiality of the thermophilic aerobic process for the treatment of meat processing industry's effluents.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of periphyton to monitor the effects of organic pollution in shallow, swift New Zealand rivers was tested using a slaughterhouse effluent discharge to the South Branch, Canterbury.
Abstract: The use of periphyton to monitor the effects of organic pollution in shallow, swift New Zealand rivers was tested using a slaughterhouse effluent discharge to the South Branch, Canterbury. Eight 1 ‐week long artificial substrate accrual periods were used. A range of taxonomic and biomass determinands were analysed for during the first 2 periods. However, only chlorophyll a, ash‐free dry weight (AFDW) and their derivative the Autotrophic Index (AI), were used for subsequent monitoring as they provided the most efficient means of discriminating the effluent impacts. Intensive chemical monitoring during these first 2 sampling periods identified a highly concentrated organic waste with high daily variability (x total Kjeldahl nitrogen = 5.04 and 1.90 mg 1‐1, %CV = 74 and 79). Effluent volumes were slowly reduced over a 4‐month period. This resulted in reductions in the AI (maximum of 4377 down to 191) of downstream communities and demonstrated the benefit of effluent diversion. The community also res...

54 citations


Patent
29 Dec 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a process and an apparatus are disclosed for controlling the concentration of a component in an effluent stream from a permeable membrane gas separation system, where a gaseous feed stream is passed to the membrane system at a substantially constant flow and elevated pressure.
Abstract: A process and an apparatus are disclosed for controlling the concentration of a component in an effluent stream from a permeable membrane gas separation system. A gaseous feed stream is passed to the membrane system at a substantially constant flow and elevated pressure. Control is achieved by sensing a characteristic of an effluent stream that is indicative of the concentration of the component, i.e., permeate or non-permeate stream, and performing a pressure adjustment on the permeate stream or non-permeate stream, to vary the concentration of the component in the effluent stream as necessary to obtain a predetermined concentration of the component in the effluent stream. A product stream having a relatively constant pressure and purity can be obtained by sensing a characteristic of a desired effluent stream, e.g., permeate, and performing a pressure adjustment on the other effluent stream, e.g., non-permeate.

Patent
24 Feb 1989
TL;DR: A process and apparatus for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a fuel or waste material is presented in this article, which enables the injection of an effluents treatment fluid at low treatment fluid flow rates.
Abstract: A process and apparatus for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a fuel or waste material is presented The process and apparatus enables injection of an effluent treatment fluid at low treatment fluid flow rates yet provides an even dispersion of treatment fluid within an effluent passage with little or no clogging An atomization conduit, (40) positioned coaxially within a treatment fluid supply conduit, (30) extends into the effluent and supplies an atomization fluid, such as steam or air A treatment fluid is supplied through a supply conduit (30) and through at least one jet (42) in the atomization conduit wall (40) at a velocity of between 2 and 60 feet per second, causing atomization of the treatment fluid within the nozzle

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The decolorization in a continuous flow reactor achieved approximately the same daily color removal rate, but had a longer working lifetime as compared to the batch reactor, thereby removing more color over the fungal lifetime.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory-scale upflow filter was fed with syn thetic wastewater containing nitrate and methanol to examine the contribution of methanogenesis to denitrification.
Abstract: A laboratory-scale upflow filter was fed with syn thetic wastewater containing nitrate and methanol to examine the contribution of methanogenesis to denitrification. Complete (99.8%) nitrate removal occurred at a methanol:N03-N (M:N) ratio ^2.30 and at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) longer than 1.5 hours. The surplus methanol after the denitrification was con verted to methane with low effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) at M:N s> 2.65. Effluent nitrate level depended on HRT; effluent COD depended on influent methanol. Material balance revealed that 75% of methanol involved in denitrification was oxidized by nitrate or nitrite and the methane conversion fraction from methanol was 56%. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 61, 1604(1989).

01 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of N03-N, NOzN, NH3-N and plankton has been studied at 9 stations situated along 4, 10 and 20 m depth off the point (Thannirbhavi, Mangalore) discharging nitrogenous effluents.
Abstract: Distribution of N03-N, NOz-N, NH3-Nand plankton has been studied at 9 stations situated along 4, 10 and 20 m depth off the point (Thannirbhavi, Mangalore) discharging nitrogenous effluents. Apparently there is no build up of any form of nitrogen studied during the present investigations. The stations at 4 m depth contour, particularly Sz which is closest to the effluent discharge point show increased plankton production. +" J


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The biogeochemistry of N2O was studied in a reach of a small river in Massachusetts which receives wastewater treatment plant effluent, and the observed atmospheric flux averaged 0.25 mg N 2O m−2 h−1, and was among the highest reported fluxes for aquatic systems on a per-area basis.
Abstract: The biogeochemistry of N2O was studied in a reach of a small river in Massachusetts which receives wastewater treatment plant effluent. Fluxes of N2O across the sediment-water and water-air interfaces were measured using a mass-balance approach in which gas exchange coefficients were measured in situ. The observed atmospheric flux averaged 0.25 mg N2O m−2 h−1, and was among the highest reported fluxes for aquatic systems on a per-area basis, although the significance of such rivers as global N2O sources may not be large. The largest fraction of the N2O released to the atmosphere was produced in the treatment plant per se. During the cold season, N2O was produced in the river sediment; during the warm season, the sediment was a sink for N2O. Throughout the year, water column production was minimal. During the season when N2O was consumed by the sediment, the benthic N2O flux could be predicted by a simple oxygen penetration depth model.

Patent
12 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a process for reducing nitrogen oxides in a combustion effluent is presented, which involves introducing a nitrogenous treatment agent into the effluent under conditions effective to create a treated effluent having reduced nitrogen oxide concentration such that ammonia is present in the treated effluence.
Abstract: A process for reducing nitrogen oxides in a combustion effluent is presented. The process involves introducing a nitrogenous treatment agent into the effluent under conditions effective to create a treated effluent having reduced nitrogen oxides concentration such that ammonia is present in the treated effluent; and then contacting the treated effluent under conditions effective to reduce the nitrogen oxides in the effluent with a nitrogen oxides reducing catalyst.


Journal Article
TL;DR: The feasibility of using aquatic macrophyte-based aquatic treatment systems (ATSs) to treat wastewater in temperate climates was examined, and E. nuttallii grew in primary effluent year-round, and effectively treated the wastewater to advanced secondary and possibly tertiary water quality levels.
Abstract: The feasibility of using aquatic macrophyte-based aquatic treatment systems (ATSs) to treat wastewater in temperate climates was examined. Elodea nuttallii, Myriophyllum hetero phyllum, and Lemna minor were selected for study. E. nuttallii grew in primary effluent year-round, and effectively treated the wastewater to advanced secondary and possibly tertiary water quality levels. E. nuttallii-based systems that operated on a pilot scale continuous flow basis for 2 years were able to remove an annual average of 90% of the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, (BOD5), 75% of the ammonia, 47% of the total nitrogen, and 38% of the total phosphorus from the primary wastewater. Control reactors without macrophytes removed 67% of the BOD5, 22% of the ammonia, less than 4% of the total nitrogen, and less than 19% of the influent phosphorus. Hydraulic retention times of 2.5 to 3.5 days were required in the E. nuttallii reactors. Removal rates were usually significantly correlated to plant biomass and productivity. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 61, 641 (1989).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, five toxicity test methods have been developed and validated for the program since 1984 using a marine plant (Champia parvula), two invertebrate species (Arbacia punctulata and Mysidopsis bahia) and two fish species (Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina).
Abstract: In March 1984, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a significant change in procedures regulating toxic materials in effluents through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Concurrent with this toxicity-based effluent control policy, the EPA established the marine/estuarine component of the Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program (CETTP). The CETTP was established to provide reliable, sensitive and environmentally meaningful test protocols that could be used to detect toxic industrial and municipal effluents within the NPDES. Five toxicity test methods have been developed and validated for the program since 1984 using a marine plant (Champia parvula), two invertebrate species (Arbacia punctulata and Mysidopsis bahia) and two fish species (Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina). The laboratory precision test results for the methods were acceptable; coefficients of variation for all methods were less than 54%, averaging 34%. Numerous field tests were conducted using these methods and the results indicate that tests on receiving waters (in which effluent concentrations could be estimated through controlled dye studies) accurately reflect the toxicity of the effluents measured directly. Receiving water impacts, when observed, were generally near-field in nature. The test methods developed are sensitive, efficient, reliable and environmentally relevant measures of effluent toxicity and offer promise for reducing adverse impacts from point-source discharges in near-coastal waters.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, three factors that may influence compliance with toxicity limits and/or identification of toxics are discussed, indicating the need for additional consideration before setting permit limits, determining requirements for toxicity reduction and possibly implementing additional effluent treatment.
Abstract: Effluent toxicity testing is a routine National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit monitoring requirement for many municipal and industrial dischargers. Effluent toxicity compliance limits are being set in an increasing effort to limit discharge of toxics into U.S. water bodies. To that end, hazard assessment principles are being applied to limit discharged toxicity based on instream effects as judged by effluent toxicity, fate and exposure. Uncertainty arises in complying with effluent toxicity limits because of a number of factors, including an unacceptably toxic effluent, error in conducting a specified test, test organism health, statistical variability and interferences in the test solution that mask the toxic effect. Three factors that may influence compliance with toxicity limits and/or identification of toxics are discussed. These factors indicate the need for additional consideration before setting permit limits, determining requirements for toxicity reduction and possibly implementing additional effluent treatment. Comparisons between reference toxicant data and control mortality showed that reference toxicant data provide an additional control for determining whether effluent toxicity test results are valid and that they can be used to test regulatory compliance. Statistical sampling theory was explored to determine compliance with an effluent toxicity requirement of 80% survival in 100% effluent. Third, several test species were used to determine the causative toxic agents in order to correctly identify toxicity and to separate true toxic effects from interferences in exposures to receiving water.

Patent
12 Oct 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a process for treating wastewater to biologically remove phosphorous as well as lowering ammonia, TSS and BOD levels is provided, which employs a plurality of basins which may be individually controlled to achieve anaerobic, anoxic or aerobic conditions.
Abstract: A process for treating wastewater to biologically remove phosphorous as well as lowering ammonia, TSS and BOD levels is provided. The process employs a plurality of basins which may be individually controlled to achieve anaerobic, anoxic or aerobic conditions. The basins are reconfigurable in that the flow of influent to a basin, transfer of mixed liquor between basins and effluent discharge from a basin can be varied to create a treatment cycle which has features of both continuous and batch processes while minimizing recycle rates and hydraulic level changes.

Journal ArticleDOI
Tatsuo Omura1, M. Onuma1, Jiro Aizawa1, Teruyuki Umita1, T. Yagi1 
TL;DR: Coliphages proved to be the most resistant organisms and they were generally detected throughout the range of chlorine residuals encountered.

Patent
18 May 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a process and apparatus for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a fuel or waste material is presented, where a treatment fluid is supplied through a supply conduit and through at least one jet in the atomization conduit wall at a velocity of between 2-60 feet per second, causing atomization of the treatment fluid within the nozzle.
Abstract: A process and apparatus for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a fuel or waste material is presented. The process and apparatus enables injection of an effluent treatment fluid at low treatment fluid flow rates yet provides an even dispersion of treatment fluid within an effluent passage with little or no clogging. An atomization conduit, positioned coaxially within a treatment fluid supply conduit, extends into the effluent and supplies an atomization fluid, such as steam or air. A treatment fluid is supplied through a supply conduit and through at least one jet in the atomization conduit wall at a velocity of between 2-60 feet per second, causing atomization of the treatment fluid within the nozzle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new treatment process, the Root Zone method, is proposed to remove sulphur from wastewater, which can accelerate the anaerobiosis process in textile finishing effluent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the presence, formation and removal of mutagenic materials in municipal river water during water purification process were investigated seasonally, and the results showed that about 20 % of the river water is occupied by sewage effluents and wastewaters, especially during dry season of winter.

Patent
06 Jul 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for converting methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons was proposed, where hot oxidative coupling reactor effluent is briefly contacted with a C2 to C20 alkane quench material to remove part of the heat contained in the raw reaction effluent, and further quenched by thermal quenching means to achieve a temperature which discourages retrograde reactions.
Abstract: A method for converting methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons wherein hot oxidative coupling reactor effluent is briefly contacted with a C2 to C20 alkane quench material to remove part of the heat contained in the raw reactor effluent, and is then further quenched by thermal quenching means to achieve a temperature which discourages retrograde reactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors designed and monitored an experimental on-site watewater disposal system with nitrogen-reducing capability, which incorporated two fixed-film reactors: a nitrification/denitrification (N/D) tank, and a polishing filter.
Abstract: One of the enironmental concerns associated with on‐site wastewater disposal is nitrate contamination of groundwater. The purpose of this study was to design and monitor an experimental on‐site watewater disposal system with nitrogen‐reducing capability. Incorporated into the system are two fixed‐film reactors: a nitrification/denitrification (N/D) tank, and a polishing filter. Recirculated denitrified effluent sprayed onto the sand filter portion of the N/D tank is nitrified and the nitrified effluent is then mixed with septic tank effluent in the submerged gravel section for denitrification. The remaining portion of the denitrified effluent enters a polishing filter before final discharge into groundwater. With a recirculation ratio of 3.3, the overall reduction in total nitrogen through the N/D tank was approximately 70%. The N/D component of the system also achieved a reduction in BOD, COD, and suspended solids of 87, 80, and 84%, respectively. With the polishing filter, further enhanced removal of th...

Journal Article
TL;DR: Yields with effluent irrigation were greater than or similar to yields obtained with well water or secondary effluent.
Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and melon (Cucumis melo L.) were grown from 1983 through 1986 with trickle irrigation using either well water or secondary effluent. Yields with effluent irrigation were greater than or similar to yields obtained with well water (...)