Showing papers on "Effluent published in 1993"
TL;DR: The concentrations of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNA phages) were highly correlated with virus concentrations in all environments studied except raw and biologically treated sewage, which supports the possibility that enteric virus concentrations can be predicted from FRNA phage data.
Abstract: Culturable enteroviruses were detected by applying concentration techniques and by inoculating the concentrates on the BGM cell line. Samples were obtained from a wide variety of environments, including raw sewage, secondary effluent, coagulated effluent, chlorinated and UV-irradiated effluents, river water, coagulated river water, and lake water. The virus concentrations varied widely between 0.001 and 570/liter. The same cell line also supported growth of reoviruses, which were abundant in winter (up to 95% of the viruses detected) and scarce in summer (less than 15%). The concentrations of three groups of model organisms in relation to virus concentrations were also studied. The concentrations of bacteria (thermotolerant coliforms and fecal streptococci) were significantly correlated with virus concentrations in river water and coagulated secondary effluent, but were relatively low in disinfected effluents and relatively high in surface water open to nonhuman fecal pollution. The concentrations of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNA phages) were highly correlated with virus concentrations in all environments studied except raw and biologically treated sewage. Numerical relationships were consistent over the whole range of environments; the regression equations for FRNA phages on viruses in river water and lake water were statistically equivalent. These relationships support the possibility that enteric virus concentrations can be predicted from FRNA phage data.
386 citations
TL;DR: Ozonation experiments in a multiple reactor system were conducted to investigate the efficiency of this process in reducing the color and chemical oxygen demand of the textile waste effluents as mentioned in this paper.
348 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that typical water exchange rates used in intensive shrimp farms may be drastically reduced resulting in a cost savings to farms and reduced potential for environmental impact from effluent.
Abstract: Water exchange is routinely used in shrimp culture. However, there are few, if any, systematic investigations upon which to base exchange rates. Furthermore, environmental impacts of pond effluent threaten to hinder further development of shrimp farming in the U.S. The present study was designed to determine effects of normal (25.0%/d), reduced (2.5%/d) and no (Oo/o/d) water exchange on water quality and production in intensive shrimp ponds stocked with Penaeus serverus at 44 postlarvae/m2. Additional noexchange ponds were stocked with 22 and 66 postlarvae/m* to explore density effects. Water exchange rates and stocking density influenced most water quality parameters measured, including dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, Kjeldahl nitrogen, soluble orthophosphate, biochemical oxygen demand, phytoplankton and salinity. Reduced-exchange and no-exchange treatments resulted in reduced potential for environmental impact. Mass balance of nitrogen for the system indicates that 13-46% of nitrogen input via feed is lost through nitrification and atmospheric diffusion. Growth and survival were excellent in ponds with normal exchange, reduced exchange, and a combination of low density with no water exchange. A combination of higher stocking density and no water exchange resulted in mass mortalities. Mortalities could not be attributed to a toxic effect of any one water quality parameter. Production was 6,400 kg/ha/crop with moderate stocking density (44/m2) and reduced (2.5%/d) water exchange and 3,200 kg/ha/crop with lower stocking density (22/m2) and no water exchange. Results indicate that typical water exchange rates used in intensive shrimp farms may be drastically reduced resulting in a cost savings to farms and reduced potential for environmental impact from effluent.
253 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of chemical treatment is discussed which has been very effective to remove the fluoride ion from effluent to a concentration of 1.5 mg 1−1 or less (which is disposable) by precipitation technique followed by complexation.
183 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of whether olive oil mill effluent (OOME) could be used as raw material for biosurfactant production found several strains of Pseudomonas sp.
157 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the activated sludge process coupled with hollow fiber membrane for solid-liquid separation was applied to treat low strength domestic wastewater, and good stability of the process was achieved which was shown by the consistency in treated water quality.
125 citations
TL;DR: Analytical study reveals that soil around the area of effluent dumping point, which is at the middle of the locality, contains a very high concentration of arsenic and copper, which means arsenic concentration in the ground water is very high.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, results of investigations with a newly developed technology for the treatment of wastewater are reported, which is based on a pressurized aerobic activated sludge bioreactor with a membrane unit for separation of the sludge from the purified wastewater, and the results of tests with wastewater from the canning of sour vegetables are reported.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the biological treatability of an integrated dairy plant wastewater containing a small fraction of whey-washwaters mixture has been experimentally investigated and the results have shown that the wastewater tested had practically no initially inert fraction, but generated residual microbial products amounting to 6-7% of the initial degradable COD.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two 13 m2 basins were constructed in coarse sand alluvium, one for secondary-and one for tertiary-treated effluent, and a chemical tracer, potassium bromide (KBr), was added to effluent applied to these basins.
100 citations
Patent•
18 Jan 1993TL;DR: In this paper, a method of streamlining and lowering the cost of operation of ion chromatography as well as improving detection limits is disclosed, which includes chromatographic separating means through which a sample is eluted in an eluent solution including an electrolyte.
Abstract: A method of streamlining and lowering the cost of operation of ion chromatography as well as improving detection limits is disclosed. The apparatus includes chromatographic separating means through which a sample is eluted in an eluent solution including an electrolyte. The apparatus includes suppressor means having a chromatography effluent compartment means separated from a detector effluent compartment means by an ion exchange membrane, forming a chromatography effluent flow channel and a detector effluent channel, respectively. Electrode means are disposed in communication with both flow channels for passing an electric current transverse to the solution that is passing through them. The chromatography effluent flows through the chromatography effluent flow channel of the suppressor and through detector means which detects resolved ionic species therein. The effluent from the detector means is then recycled through the detector effluent flow channel and forms a sump for electrolyte ions passing across the chromatography effluent as well as supplying the water for the electrolysis reaction generating acid (or base) for suppression.
TL;DR: The screening of 11 strains of white rot fungi for their ability to decolorize E 1 effluent from a kraft bleach plant showed that Trametes versicolor B7 was the most efficient.
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermophilic (50-55°C) anaerobic digestion of waste-waters from an alcohol distillery was used to produce biogas from beet molasses.
TL;DR: Partial removal of some of the organic matter and phenolic compounds by aerobic pretreatment with Geotrichum candidum provides a partially purified effluent that is more rapidly anaerobically degraded than the original wine-distillery wastewater for the same COD-loading level.
TL;DR: An ultraviolet disinfection system was operated under field conditions using both unfiltered and filtered secondary wastewater effluents to assess the feasibility of using UV light to meet the stringent criterion specified in the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria (CWRC) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system was operated under field conditions using both unfiltered and filtered secondary wastewater effluents to assess the feasibility of using UV light to meet the stringent criterion specified in the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria (CWRC). In the unfiltered wastewater, the CWRC criterion that the 7-day median not exceed 23 total coliform/100 mL was met consistently in effluent exposed to an average UV dose of 60 mW.s/cm 2 or greater. In the filtered wastewater, the CWRC criterion that the 7-day median not exceed 23 total coliform/100 mL was met consistently in effluent exposed to an average UV dose of 48 mW.s/cm 2 or greater.
TL;DR: In this article, a zinc plant effluent was treated with the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) separation technique and the effluent contrained 335 ppm of Zn, 21.6 ppm of Cd and 3.9 ppm of Cu.
TL;DR: Performance of continually stirred tank reactors (CSTR) using specially-selected microorganisms was assessed according to chemical analyses of system influent, effluent and bioreactor residues, performing a mass balance evaluation, and comparative biological toxicity and teratogenicity measurements.
Abstract: A two-stage, continuous-flow, sequential inoculation bioreactor strategy for the bioremediation of ground water contaminated with creosote and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was evaluated at the bench- and pilot-scale levels. Performance of continually stirred tank reactors (CSTR) using specially-selected microorganisms was assessed according to chemical analyses of system influent, effluent and bioreactor residues, performing a mass balance evaluation, and comparative biological toxicity and teratogenicity measurements. When specially-selected bacteria capable of utilizing (mineralizing) high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW PAHs) as primary growth substrates were used in pilot-sale bioreactors (120 gal), the concentration of creosote constituents was reduced from ca. 1,000 ppm in the ground water feed (flow rate = 30 GPD) to 99%). Notably, the cumulative concentration of 8 HMS PAHs (containing 4 or more fused rings) was reduced from 368 ppm in the ground water fed to 5.2 ppm in the system effluent. Moreover, the toxicity and teratogenicity of the bioreactor effluent was significantly reduced. Biodegradation of PCP was limited (ca. 18%) due in large part to poor inoculation and a high degree of abiotic loss (bioaccumulation and adsorption). In general, field data correlated well with those obtained from bench-scale studies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of solids retention time (SRT) on hydrogen gas production, glucose degradation and anaerobic bacteria were investigated with use of 11,700 mg/l glucose solution as a substrate.
TL;DR: In this paper, a laboratory-scale hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (HUASBR) was used to treat dairy effluents from a large integrated industry with a maximum production capacity of 500 tons of milk per day.
UNIK1
TL;DR: In this paper, a UNIK Rotary Filter (URF) with submersed microsieves with screen mesh sizes of 350 to 60 μm was used to remove suspended solids and total phosphorus.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared snow crab cooker effluent (SCCE) and effluent concentrate (EC) by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass specirometry (SDE/GC/MS).
Abstract: Volatile compounds in snow crab cooker effluent (SCCE) and effluent concentrate (EC) were compared by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass specirometry (SDE/GC/ MS). Volatile compounds (122) were detected in both samples. Of these, 97 were positively identified, composed mainly of nitrogen-and sulfur-containing compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, furans, and alcohols. A total of 101 compounds were detected in the cooker effluent, and 90 were detected in the concentrate. Amounts of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds were 44 and 7.3 times higher, respectively, in EC.
TL;DR: It could be proved that the compounds of this wastewater have an inhibiting but no toxic effect on Nitrosomonas and the effluent ammonia concentration can be kept within the limits in case of competitive as well as non-competitive inhibition.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the presence of resin acids derived from a paper mill effluent was determined by HPLC analysis of their 7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl and 7-acetioxymethyl methyl esters, but the concentrations were highly variable and strongly influenced by freshwater flow and tidal movements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of storage tank design and operation on mixing regimes and effluent water quality were evaluated in three tanks with diameter-to-height ratios ranging from 3.5:1 to 0.4:1 and the results indicated that the quality of the effluent from completely mixed tanks deteriorated with decreasing volumetric change.
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effects of storage tank design and operation on mixing regimes and effluent water quality. The influent and effluent flows of three tanks with diameter-to-height ratios ranging from 3.5:1 to 0.4:1 were monitored for chlorine residual. Chlorine levels were also measured within the water column of each tank. Although chlorine profiles revealed some stratification in tanks with large height-to-diameter ratios, completely mixed models were more accurate than plug-flow models in representing the mixing behavior of all three tanks. Modeling further indicated that the quality of the effluent from completely mixed tanks deteriorated with decreasing volumetric change. Standpipes were the least desirable tank design with respect to effluent water quality
Patent•
08 Nov 1993TL;DR: In this paper, a process and a device for the catalytic dehydrogenation of a C 2+ paraffinic hydrocarbon charge is applicable to the synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether.
Abstract: A process and a device for the catalytic dehydrogenation of a C 2+ paraffinic hydrocarbon charge is applicable to the synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether. Effluent coming from the dehydrogenation reactor and containing olefins and water is cooled in at least one heat exchanger (41), saturated with water in a column (3) and sent to a stripping column (10) where it is at least partly put in contact with a recycled aqueous liquid phase containing a solvent, preferably methanol. The compressed gaseous effluent in which the water is thereby inhibited from freezing by the methanol is cooled in a heat exchanger (13) then separated in separator (8) into olefins and into hydrogen. An aqueous liquid phase with methanol is decanted at (8) and recycled in column (10).
Patent•
18 Nov 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an apparatus for the purification of liquid effluent containing pollutants, particularly metals and/or radionuclides, as well as a process for purifying the effluent.
Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the purification of a liquid effluent containing pollutants, particularly metals and/or radionuclides, as well as to a process for purifying the effluent. An object of the invention is to provide a continuously functioning purifying apparatus. This object is achieved with the aid of an apparatus incorporating a confinement enclosure containing a support in which are immobilized living cells of photosynthetic microorganisms. The support is made from a material transparent to light rays. The apparatus also incorporates a mechanism for introducing and circulating the effluent to be treated and a culture medium within the enclosure.
TL;DR: In this paper, Nitrous oxide emission rates and corresponding N 2 O:(N 2 O+N 2 ) ratios were measured at three sites receiving meat-processing effluent at an annual loading rate of approximately 1000 kg N ha −1.
TL;DR: In this paper, two strong wastes, citric acid plant effluent and cheese whey, were tested for their inert COD content and a newly developed procedure was used for the assessment of the soluble and particulate residual COD.
Patent•
20 Sep 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a method for treatment and disposal of propellant wastewaters, soil washwaters or groundwaters having dissolved perchlorate salts is described, which comprises adding to the contaminated water in an anaerobic reactor a mixed bacterial culture containing a specific bacterium, HAP1, which uses perchlorates as its terminal electron acceptor and thus reduces the per chlorate ion to chloride in the water.
Abstract: A method for treatment and disposal of propellant wastewaters, soil washwaters or groundwaters having dissolved perchlorate salts is described, which comprises adding to the contaminated water in an anaerobic reactor a mixed bacterial culture containing a specific bacterium, HAP1, which uses perchlorate as its terminal electron acceptor and thus reduces the perchlorate ion to chloride in the water; maintaining the proper nutrient and environmental conditions for HAP1 to optimally reduce perchlorate in the water and discharging effluent wastewater from the anaerobic reactor to an aerobic reactor and maintaining proper nutrient and environmental conditions for the optimal conversion of soluble organics to carbon dioxide and sludge and reduction of BOD, COD, ammonia and odor in the effluent water.