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Showing papers on "Effluent published in 2013"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two large-scale pilot advanced wastewater treatments were tested in parallel over more than one year at the municipal WWTP of Lausanne, Switzerland, and the results showed that the PAC-UF treatment, despite its current higher cost, was the most suitable option, enabling good removal of most micropollutants and macropolutants without forming problematic by-products, the strongest decrease in toxicity and a total disinfection of the effluent.

663 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The objective of the present manuscript is to review the potential of electrocoagulation for the treatment of industrial effluents, mainly removal of dyes from textile effluent.

616 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effluent water discharged from the textile industries undergoes various physio-chemical processes such as flocculation, coagulation and ozonation followed by biological treatments for the removal of nitrogen, organics, phosphorous and metal.
Abstract: Textile industry is one of the major industries in the world that provide employment with no required special skills and play a major role in the economy of many countries. There are three different types of fibres used in the manufacture of various textile products: cellulose fibres, protein fibres and synthetic fibres. Each type of fibre is dyed with different types of dyes. Cellulose fibres are dyed using reactive dyes, direct dyes, napthol dyes and indigo dyes. Protein fibres are dyed using acid dyes and lanaset dyes. Synthetic fibres are dyed using disperse dyes, basic dyes and direct dyes. The textile industry utilizes various chemicals and large amount of water during the production process. About 200 L of water are used to produce 1 kg of textile. The water is mainly used for application of chemicals onto the fibres and rinsing of the final products. The waste water produced during this process contains large amount of dyes and chemicals containing trace metals such as Cr, As, Cu and Zn which are capable of harming the environment and human health. The textile waste water can cause haemorrhage, ulceration of skin, nausea, skin irritation and dermatitis. The chemicals present in the water block the sunlight and increase the biological oxygen demand thereby inhibiting photosynthesis and reoxygenation process. The effluent water discharged from the textile industries undergoes various physio-chemical processes such as flocculation, coagulation and ozonation followed by biological treatments for the removal of nitrogen, organics, phosphorous and metal. The whole treatment process involves three steps: primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. The primary treatment involves removal of suspended solids, most of the oil and grease and gritty materials. The secondary treatment is carried out using microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions and involves the reduction of BOD, phenol and remaining oil in the water and control of color. The tertiary treatment involves the use of electrodialysis, reverse osmosis and ion exchange to remove the final contaminants in the wastewater. The major disadvantages of using the biological process are that the presence of toxic metals in the effluent prevents efficient growth of microorganisms and the process requires a long retention time. The advanced oxidation processes is gaining attention in the recent days due to the ability to treat almost all the solid components in the textile effluents. The photo oxidation of the effluents is carried out using H2O2, combination of H2O2 and UV and Combination of TiO2 and UV. Advanced oxidation process generates low waste and uses hydroxyl radicals (OHA¢Â—) as their main oxidative power. The hydroxyl radicals (OHA¢Â—) are produced by chemical, electrical, mechanical or radiation energy and therefore advanced oxidation processes are classified under chemical, photochemical, catalytic, photocatalytic, mechanical and electrical processes. The effluents treated with advanced oxidation process were found to reduce 70-80% COD when compared to 30-45% reduction in biological treatment.

568 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Elevated levels of chloride and bromide, combined with the strontium, radium, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the effluents reflect the composition of Marcellus Shale produced waters, posing potential environmental risks of radium bioaccumulation in localized areas of shale gas wastewater disposal.
Abstract: The safe disposal of liquid wastes associated with oil and gas production in the United States is a major challenge given their large volumes and typically high levels of contaminants. In Pennsylvania, oil and gas wastewater is sometimes treated at brine treatment facilities and discharged to local streams. This study examined the water quality and isotopic compositions of discharged effluents, surface waters, and stream sediments associated with a treatment facility site in western Pennsylvania. The elevated levels of chloride and bromide, combined with the strontium, radium, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the effluents reflect the composition of Marcellus Shale produced waters. The discharge of the effluent from the treatment facility increased downstream concentrations of chloride and bromide above background levels. Barium and radium were substantially (>90%) reduced in the treated effluents compared to concentrations in Marcellus Shale produced waters. Nonetheless, 226Ra levels in stre...

482 citations


Book ChapterDOI
30 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Organic pollution is the term used when large quantities of organic compounds such as pesticides, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, phenols, plasticizers, biphenyls, de− tergents, oils, greases, pharmaceuticals, proteins and carbohydrates.
Abstract: Organic pollution is the term used when large quantities of organic compounds. It origi‐ nates from domestic sewage, urban run-off, industrial effluents and agriculture wastewater. sewage treatment plants and industry including food processing, pulp and paper making, agriculture and aquaculture. During the decomposition process of organic pollutants the dissolved oxygen in the receiving water may be consumed at a greater rate than it can be replenished, causing oxygen depletion and having severe consequences for the stream biota. Wastewater with organic pollutants contains large quantities of suspended solids which re‐ duce the light available to photosynthetic organisms and, on settling out, alter the character‐ istics of the river bed, rendering it an unsuitable habitat for many invertebrates. Organic pollutants include pesticides, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, phenols, plasticizers, biphenyls, de‐ tergents, oils, greases, pharmaceuticals, proteins and carbohydrates [1-3].

317 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most significant pesticides in terms of concentration and frequency of detection were diazinon and diuron, followed by atrazine, simazine and malathion, which were also the most relevant from the environmental point of view, according to the calculated ERPWI.

300 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides an overview of the relative efficiencies of the different steps involved in wastewater treatment as well as the commonly detected microbial indicators with their associated health implications and highlights the need to enforce more stringent measures to ensure compliance of treated effluent quality to the existing guidelines.
Abstract: Since 1990, more than 1.8 billion people have gained access to potable water and improved sanitation worldwide. Whilst this represents a vital step towards improving global health and well-being, accelerated population growth coupled with rapid urbanization has further strained existing water supplies. Whilst South Africa aims at spending 0.5% of its GDP on improving sanitation, additional factors such as hydrological variability and growing agricultural needs have further increased dependence on this finite resource. Increasing pressure on existing wastewater treatment plants has led to the discharge of inadequately treated effluent, reinforcing the need to improve and adopt more stringent methods for monitoring discharged effluent and surrounding water sources. This review provides an overview of the relative efficiencies of the different steps involved in wastewater treatment as well as the commonly detected microbial indicators with their associated health implications. In addition, it highlights the need to enforce more stringent measures to ensure compliance of treated effluent quality to the existing guidelines.

282 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that WWTP effluent has the potential to reduce the natural variability that exists among river ecosystems and indicate that WWTB effluent may contribute to biotic homogenization.
Abstract: In highly urbanized areas, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent can represent a significant component of freshwater ecosystems. As it is impossible for the composition of WWTP effluent to match the composition of the receiving system, the potential exists for effluent to significantly impact the chemical and biological characteristics of the receiving ecosystem. We assessed the impacts of WWTP effluent on the size, activity, and composition of benthic microbial communities by comparing two distinct field sites in the Chicago metropolitan region: a highly urbanized river receiving effluent from a large WWTP and a suburban river receiving effluent from a much smaller WWTP. At sites upstream of effluent input, the urban and suburban rivers differed significantly in chemical characteristics and in the composition of their sediment bacterial communities. Although effluent resulted in significant increases in inorganic nutrients in both rivers, surprisingly, it also resulted in significant decreases in the population size and diversity of sediment bacterial communities. Tag pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed significant effects of effluent on sediment bacterial community composition in both rivers, including decreases in abundances of Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfococcus, Dechloromonas, and Chloroflexi sequences and increases in abundances of Nitrospirae and Sphingobacteriales sequences. The overall effect of the WWTP inputs was that the two rivers, which were distinct in chemical and biological properties upstream of the WWTPs, were almost indistinguishable downstream. These results suggest that WWTP effluent has the potential to reduce the natural variability that exists among river ecosystems and indicate that WWTP effluent may contribute to biotic homogenization.

268 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Estimates of waste production as well as methods for waste reduction in the recirculating loop and effluents of freshwater and marine RAS are presented and emphasis is placed on those processes leading to waste reduction rather than those used for waste capture and conversion.

267 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The preliminary disinfection of hospital sewage before its inflow into the sewage system might minimize the spreading of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to the environment.

262 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Different advanced technologies: solar heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO(2), solar photo-Fenton and ozonation, are studied as tertiary treatments for the remediation of micropollutants present in real municipal wastewater treatment plants effluents at pilot plant scale.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preliminary evidence is provided that these and similar WWTPs may not be able to provide sufficient treatment for this wastewater stream, and more thorough monitoring is recommended.
Abstract: Unconventional natural gas development in Pennsylania has created a new wastewater stream. In an effort to stop the discharge of Marcellus Shale unconventional natural gas development wastewaters into surface waters, on May 19, 2011 the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) requested drilling companies stop disposing their wastewater through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This research includes a chemical analysis of effluents discharged from three WWTPs before and after the aforementioned request. The WWTPs sampled included two municipal, publicly owned treatment works and a commercially operated industrial wastewater treatment plant. Analyte concentrations were quanitified and then compared to water quality criteria, including U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MCLs and “human health criteria.” Certain analytes including barium, strontium, bromides, chlorides, total dissolved solids, and benzene were measured in the effluent at concentrations above criteria. Analyte concent...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The low-flow produced a pesticide concentration effect, generating higher levels in water and accumulation in sediments, which forecasts a hazard in future scenarios if the current situation of the climate change and water scarcity evolves to more critical conditions highlighting the need of these monitoring studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The streams from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have been considered a valuable medium for mass cultivation of algal biomass and the results showed biomass yields ranging from 39 to 195mg dry-weightl(-1)days(-1).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study focuses on the removal of 22 selected micropollutants in an effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) at pilot scale and chemical removal rates were greater than 80% for the majority of the flow rates tested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of membrane bioreactor in treating high strength industrial wastewater by analysing operational parameters, limitations and mitigations of MBR for industrial wastewater is reviewed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A biological wastewater system was carried out growing a newly isolated freshwater algal strain, Desmodesmus communis, and a natural consortium of microalgae in effluents generated by a local wastewater reclamation facility, and anaerobic digestion appeared to be the most appropriate biofuel conversion process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that an integrated SED-struvite reactor process can be used to improve phosphate recovery from wastewater and shows that 93% of phosphate can be recovered.
Abstract: Stimulated by the depletion of phosphate resources, phosphate recovery systems have been studied in recent years. The use of struvite reactors has proven to be an effective phosphate recovery process. However, the struvite reactor effluent still consists of an excessive amount of phosphate that cannot be recovered nor can be directly discharged. In this study, selectrodialysis (SED) was used to improve the efficiency of phosphate recovery from a struvite reactor: SED was implemented in such a way that phosphate from the effluent of an USAB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor was transferred to the recycled effluent of a struvite reactor. Prior to the experiments, synthetic water with chloride and phosphate was used to characterize the efficiency of SED for phosphate separation. Results indicate that SED was successful in concentrating phosphate from the feed stream. The initial current efficiency reached 72%, with a satisfying (9 mmol L–1) phosphate concentration. In the experiments with the anaerob...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study is the first to evaluate the reduction in n-Ag-Ps by mechanical and biological treatments in sequence in WWTPs in Germany, and the concentration of n- Ag-Ps in effluent was determined through two different methods that are presented here: novel ionic exchange resin (IER) and cloud point extraction (CPE).
Abstract: The majority of pure silver nanoparticles in consumer products are likely released into sewer systems and usually end up in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Research investigating the reduction in nanoscale silver particles (n-Ag-Ps) has focused on the biological treatment process, generally in controlled laboratory experiments. This study, analyzing the field-collected samples from nine municipal WWTPs in Germany, is the first to evaluate the reduction in n-Ag-Ps by mechanical and biological treatments in sequence in WWTPs. Additionally, the concentration of n-Ag-Ps in effluent was determined through two different methods that are presented here: novel ionic exchange resin (IER) and cloud point extraction (CPE) methods. The n-Ag-Ps concentrations in influent were all low (<1.5 μg/L) and decreased (average removal efficiency of ∼35%) significantly after mechanical treatment, indicating that the mechanical treatment contributes to the n-Ag-Ps removal. Afterward, more than 72% of the remaining n-Ag-Ps i...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is confirmed that biochar can be used for recovering excess nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural water, such as dairy manure effluent, and the use of nutrient-enriched biochar as soil amendment can offer a robust solution for multiple environmental issues.
Abstract: The use of biochar for recovery of excess nutrients in dairy manure effluent and the use of nutrient-enriched biochar as soil amendment can offer a robust solution for multiple environmental issues. In this study we determined the capacity of biochar, produced by pyrolyzing mixed hardwood feedstock at 300°C, to adsorb and retain or release two major nutrient ions: ammonium (NH) and phosphate (PO). We conducted the experiment using a range of nutrient concentrations that represent those commonly observed in dairy manure effluent (0-50 mg L for PO and 0-1000 mg L for NH). Up to 5.3 mg g NH and 0.24 mg g PO was adsorbed from manure by biochar (18 and 50% of total amount in the manure slurry, respectively). During the desorption phase of the experiment, biochar retained 78 to 91% of the sorbed NH and 60% of the sorbed PO at reaction times <24 h. Our findings confirm that biochar can be used for recovering excess nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural water, such as dairy manure effluent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interestingly, the cells cultivated with wastewater containing PS wastewater were easily separated from the culture and improved lipid content, especially oleic acid content, in their cells, which helped to reduce input cost for microalgal cultivation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The biomass and lipid productivities and the nutrient removal capacity of microalgae Nannochloropsis salina grown using anaerobically digested municipal wastewater effluent as a nutrient source were evaluated in this study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that during summer, open-water cells that receive a million gallons of water per day can achieve 90% removal of most compounds in an area of about 15 ha, and transformation rates were strongly affected by pH.
Abstract: Open-water cells in unit process treatment wetlands can be used to exploit sunlight photolysis to remove trace organic contaminants from municipal wastewater effluent. To assess the performance of these novel systems, a photochemical model was calibrated using measured photolysis rates for atenolol, carbamazepine, propranolol, and sulfamethoxazole in wetland water under representative conditions. Contaminant transformation by hydroxyl radical (•OH) and carbonate radical (•CO3–) were predicted from steady-state radical concentrations measured at pH values between 8 and 10. Direct photolysis rates and the effects of light screening by dissolved organic matter on photolysis rates were estimated using solar irradiance data, contaminant quantum yields, and light screening factors. The model was applied to predict the land area required for 90% removal of a suite of wastewater-derived organic contaminants by sunlight-induced reactions under a variety of conditions. Results suggest that during summer, open-water...

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Jan 2013
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that a mixed culture of wild algae species could successfully be grown on wastewater nutrients and potentially scaled to commercial production and two energy production options were considered; liquid biofuels from feedstock with high lipid content, and biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of algae biomass.
Abstract: Microalgae feedstock production can be integrated with wastewater and industrial sources of carbon dioxide. This study reviews the literature on algae grown on wastewater and includes a preliminary analysis of algal production based on anaerobic digestion sludge centrate from the Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (HFC AWTP) in Tampa, Florida and secondary effluent from the City of Lakeland wastewater treatment facilities in Lakeland, Florida. It was demonstrated that a mixed culture of wild algae species could successfully be grown on wastewater nutrients and potentially scaled to commercial production. Algae have demonstrated the ability to naturally colonize low-nutrient effluent water in a wetland treatment system utilized by the City of Lakeland. The results from these experiments show that the algae grown in high strength wastewater from the HFC AWTP are light-limited when cultivated indoor since more than 50% of the outdoor illumination is attenuated in the greenhouse. An analysis was performed to determine the mass of algae that can be supported by the wastewater nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorous) available from the two Florida cities. The study was guided by the growth and productivity data obtained for algal growth in the photobioreactors in operation at the University of South Florida. In the analysis, nutrients and light are assumed to be limited, while CO2 is abundantly available. There is some limitation on land, especially since the HFC AWTP is located at the Port of Tampa. The temperature range in Tampa is assumed to be suitable for algal growth year round. Assuming that the numerous technical challenges to achieving commercial-scale algal production can be met, the results presented suggest that an excess of 71 metric tons per hectare per year of algal biomass can be produced. Two energy production options were considered; liquid biofuels from feedstock with high lipid content, and biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of algae biomass. The total potential oil volume was determined to be approximately 337,500 gallons per year, which may result in the annual production of 270,000 gallons of biodiesel when 80% conversion efficiency is assumed. This production level would be able to sustain approximately 450 cars per year on average. Potential biogas production was estimated to be above 415,000 kg/yr, the equivalent of powering close to 500 homes for a year.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the main object of review is focus on research work done as well as the basic concept behind treatment and application by the researcher on different industry's waste-water treatment.
Abstract: Industrialization played an important role for scio-economy of the country. Generally, a lot of water is used and lot of wastewater generated from industries due their processes and washing purpose. A large number of chemicals are used for the production of potable water and in the treatment of wastewater effluents. In potable water treatment chemicals such as inorganic salts and polymeric organic coagulants are used for primary coagulation, as coagulant aids and for sludge dewatering; lime and soda ash allowed for pH correction and water stabilization; caustic soda is used for pH adjustment, powdered activated carbon (PAC) can remove taste and odour compounds and micro pollutants such as atrazine, bentonite aid's coagulation, and ammonium hydroxide is used in chloramination. The main object of review is focus on research work done as well as the basic concept behind treatment and application by the researcher on different industry's waste-water treatment. ©JASEM

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of forward osmosis (FO) at the pilot scale to achieve simultaneous seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation was evaluated with a commercial spiral wound FO membrane element for approximately 1300h of continuous operation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Under a certain set of operating conditions, two chemical characteristics - the expected hydrophobic interaction and the modeled biological degradation from BIOWIN4 - were found to predict the removal of highly degradable and recalcitrant PPCPs from a wastewater secondary treatment process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, chemical coagulation and flocculculant were used to separate solids from industrial polymer effluent in order to make the effluent dischargeable with suitable characteristics.
Abstract: Polymer industries generate significant amounts of effluent which has to be treated before being discharged into water stream. So far, very little attention has been paid towards polymer effluent treatment by physio-chemical process. In the present study, chemical coagulation–flocculation process was used to separate solids from industrial polymer effluent in order to make the effluent dischargeable with suitable characteristics. Aluminium sulphate [Al 2 (SO4) 3 ] and anionic polyacrylamide (Magnafloc155) were used as coagulant and flocculant respectively. Sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and lime solution [Ca(OH) 2 ] were used to adjust the pH values during the treatment process. A series of jar tests were conducted with different values of pH and dosing amounts of coagulant and flocculant. After each test, the supernatant layer of treated effluent was analysed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), colour and turbidity. The process efficiency varied between 10 and 98% in COD removal, between 23 and 91% in suspended solids removal and between 37% and 99% reduction in turbidity. The optimal working pH value for coagulation was found to be 6 and that for flocculation was 8. The optimal doses of coagulant and flocculant were 7.5 mL/L of effluent. These jar testing results have been further proved by a successful pilot scale trial at the polymer plant with 1000 L effluent in an intermediate bulk container (IBC) using the same optimal values of the jar tests, which indicates that the chemical coagulation and flocculation process is a feasible solution for the treatment of effluent generated at polymer industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of consortia of native filamentous microalgal strains (MC2, MC3), unicellular micro algal strain (MC3), and selected microalgae from germplasm (MC1) in terms of nutrient removal, water quality improvement, and biomass production using primary treated sewage water was analyzed.
Abstract: The present investigation was aimed towards analyzing the potential of consortia of native filamentous microalgal strains (MC2), native unicellular microalgal strains (MC3), and selected microalgae from germplasm (MC1) in terms of nutrient removal, water quality improvement, and biomass production using primary treated sewage water. Highest NO3-N (90 %) and PO4-P (97.8 %) removal was obtained with MC2-inoculated sewage water. Highest decrease in total dissolved solids to 806 from 1,120 mg L−1 and highest increase in dissolved oxygen of 9.0 from 0.4 mg L−1 were obtained using MC2-inoculated sewage water on the sixth day. The biomass production was also highest in MC2 (1.07 g L−1) followed by MC1 and MC3 (0.90 and 0.94 g L−1, respectively) on the sixth day. The consortium of filamentous strains from native environment not only proved promising in nutrient removal efficiency but also led to enhanced biomass. The present study highlighted the utility of such a consortium for sewage wastewater treatment and the promise of sewage water as a growth medium for biomass production.

01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: A survey of the research on the phenol removal by various methods is presented in this article, where the methods such as Polymerization, electrocoagulation, extraction, photodecomposition, advanced oxidation and ion exchange are reported to be efficient for the removal of phenol.
Abstract: Phenol is a major pollutant in the wastewater because of its presence in the effluent of major processing and refining plants. It has severe effect on human being, both short term and long term. Various methods are used for removal of the phenol from wastewater such as adsorption, photodecomposition, volatilization and other various biological and non-biological methods. In the present study attempt is done to present the survey of the research on the phenol removal by various methods. The methods such as Polymerization, electrocoagulation, extraction, photodecomposition, advanced oxidation and ion exchange were used effectively by various investigators. These methods are reported to be efficient for the phenol removal. Suitable method for phenol removal can be selected based on availability of the material, extent of separation required and properties of phenolic effluent.