Topic
Effluent
About: Effluent is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 32668 publications have been published within this topic receiving 533991 citations.
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TL;DR: Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) and salicylic acid, the metabolites of clofibrate and aspirin, were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the effluent of a sewage disposal plant in Kansas City, Missouri.
366 citations
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University of Queensland1, National Institute for Environmental Studies2, University of Melbourne3, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ4, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation5, University of California, Riverside6, University of Florida7, Masaryk University8, University of Arizona9, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project10, University of South Florida11, Griffith University12, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology13, Nanjing University14, Hong Kong Baptist University15
TL;DR: This study has demonstrated that selected cell-based bioassays are suitable to benchmark water quality and it is recommended to use a purpose-tailored panel of bioassay for routine monitoring.
Abstract: Thousands of organic micropollutants and their transformation products occur in water Although often present at low concentrations, individual compounds contribute to mixture effects Cell-based bioassays that target health-relevant biological endpoints may therefore complement chemical analysis for water quality assessment The objective of this study was to evaluate cell-based bioassays for their suitability to benchmark water quality and to assess efficacy of water treatment processes The selected bioassays cover relevant steps in the toxicity pathways including induction of xenobiotic metabolism, specific and reactive modes of toxic action, activation of adaptive stress response pathways and system responses Twenty laboratories applied 103 unique in vitro bioassays to a common set of 10 water samples collected in Australia, including wastewater treatment plant effluent, two types of recycled water (reverse osmosis and ozonation/activated carbon filtration), stormwater, surface water, and drinking water Sixty-five bioassays (63%) showed positive results in at least one sample, typically in wastewater treatment plant effluent, and only five (5%) were positive in the control (ultrapure water) Each water type had a characteristic bioanalytical profile with particular groups of toxicity pathways either consistently responsive or not responsive across test systems The most responsive health-relevant endpoints were related to xenobiotic metabolism (pregnane X and aryl hydrocarbon receptors), hormone-mediated modes of action (mainly related to the estrogen, glucocorticoid, and antiandrogen activities), reactive modes of action (genotoxicity) and adaptive stress response pathway (oxidative stress response) This study has demonstrated that selected cell-based bioassays are suitable to benchmark water quality and it is recommended to use a purpose-tailored panel of bioassays for routine monitoring
365 citations
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TL;DR: Bacterial cytotoxicity displays time dependence, with longer exposure times accentuating toxicity in monocultures with initial tolerance for CBNs, and CBN toxicity in bacterial monoculture was a poor predictor of microbial inactivation in chemically and biologically complex environmental samples.
Abstract: This study evaluates the cytotoxicity of four carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs)--single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), aqueous phase C60 nanoparticles (aq-nC60), and colloidal graphite--in gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The potential impacts of CBNs on microorganisms in natural and engineered aquatic systems are also evaluated. SWNTs inactivate the highest percentage of cells in monocultures of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermis, as well as in the diverse microbial communities of river water and wastewater effluent. Bacterial cytotoxicity displays time dependence, with longer exposure times accentuating toxicity in monocultures with initial tolerance for SWNTs. In Bacillus subtilis, an additional 3.5 h of incubation produced a five fold increase in toxicity. Elevated concentration of NOM reduces the attachment of bacteria on SWNT aggregates by 50%, but does not mitigate toxicity toward attached cells. CBN toxicity in bacterial monocultures was a poor predictor of microbial inactivation in chemically and biologically complex environmental samples.
363 citations
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TL;DR: The occurrence of four anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an antiepileptic drug (carbamazepine) and a nervous stimulant (caffeine) in influent and effluent samples from four wastewater treatment plants in Seville was evaluated.
362 citations
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TL;DR: A review of realistic aquaculture waste solids management strategies can be found in this paper, where the main reason for treating solids to be discharged from flow-through systems is to reduce potential negative impacts on the surrounding aquatic environment.
360 citations