Topic
Effluent
About: Effluent is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 32668 publications have been published within this topic receiving 533991 citations.
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02 Apr 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model of a Decentralized Wastewater Management System and Management (CWSMS) and a scenario of constituents in the environment and its role in the management of the system.
Abstract: 1 Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems and Management 2 Constituents in Wastewater 3 Fate of Wastewater Constituents in the Environment 4 Introduction to Process Analysis and Design 5 Wastewater Pretreatment Operations and Processes 6 Alternative Wastewater Collection Systems 7 Biological Treatment and Nutrient Removal 8 Pond Treatment Systems 9 Wetlands and Aquatic Treatment Systems 10 Land Treatment Systems 11 Intermittent and Recalculating Medium Filters 12 Effluent Repurification and Reuse 13 Effluent Reuse and Disposal for Decentralized Systems 14 Biosolids and Septage Management 15 Management of Decentralized Wastewater Systems Appendixes
717 citations
TL;DR: The relatively high concentrations (up to 35,500 ng/L) of ofloxacin found in hospital and residential effluent may be of concern due to potential genotoxic effects and development of antibiotic resistance.
714 citations
TL;DR: Results from batch experiments suggested that Ag-NP transformation to Ag(2)S occured in the nonaerated tank within less than 2 h, which must be considered in future risk assessments.
Abstract: We investigated the behavior of metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) in a pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) fed with municipal wastewater. The treatment plant consisted of a nonaerated and an aerated tank and a secondary clarifier. The average hydraulic retention time including the secondary clarifier was 1 day and the sludge age was 14 days. Ag-NP were spiked into the nonaerated tank and samples were collected from the aerated tank and from the effluent. Ag concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were in good agreement with predictions based on mass balance considerations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed that nanoscale Ag particles were sorbed to wastewater biosolids, both in the sludge and in the effluent. Freely dispersed nanoscale Ag particles were only observed in the effluent during the initial pulse spike. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements indicated that most Ag in the sludge and in the effluent was present a...
705 citations
TL;DR: Caffeine concentrations in lakes correlated with the anthropogenic burden by domestic wastewaters, demonstrating the suitability of caffeine as a marker.
Abstract: The suitability of caffeine as a chemical marker for surface water pollution by domestic wastewaters was assessed in this study. Caffeine concentrations in influents and effluents of Swiss wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, 7−73 and 0.03−9.5 μg/L, respectively) indicated an efficient elimination of 81−99.9%. Corresponding loads in untreated wastewater showed small variations when normalized for the population discharging to the WWTPs (15.8 ± 3.8 mg person-1 d-1), reflecting a rather constant consumption. WWTP effluent loads were considerably lower (0.06 ± 0.03 mg person-1 d-1), apart from installations with low sludge age (≤5 d, loads up to 4.4 mg person-1 d-1). Despite the efficient removal in most WWTPs, caffeine was ubiquitously found in Swiss lakes and rivers (6−250 ng/L), except for remote mountain lakes (<2 ng/L; analytical procedure for wastewater and natural waters: SPE, GC−MS−SIM or GC−MS−MS−MRM, internal standard 13C3-labeled caffeine). Caffeine concentrations in lakes correlated with the anth...
702 citations
TL;DR: A broad study of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent as a pathway for microplastic pollution to enter receiving waters, finding fragments and fragments were found to be the most common type of particle within the effluent; however, some fibers may be derived from non-plastic sources.
694 citations