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Showing papers on "Elasticity (economics) published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The laws of wetting are well known for drops on rigid surfaces but change dramatically when the substrate is soft and deformable as mentioned in this paper, which is the case with soft polymeric surfaces.
Abstract: The laws of wetting are well known for drops on rigid surfaces but change dramatically when the substrate is soft and deformable. The combination of wetting and the intricacies of soft polymeric in...

127 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated bending and free bending of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite ultralight porous structural components, and found that the bending and bending properties of these composite components can be improved.
Abstract: Because of promoted thermomechanical performance of functionally graded graphene platelet–reinforced composite ultralight porous structural components, this article investigates bending and free vi...

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the size-dependent buckling of compressed Bernoulli-Euler nano-beams is investigated by stress-driven nonlocal continuum mechanics and the nonlocal elastic strain is obtained by convoluting the stress fie...
Abstract: Size-dependent buckling of compressed Bernoulli-Euler nano-beams is investigated by stress-driven nonlocal continuum mechanics. The nonlocal elastic strain is obtained by convoluting the stress fie...

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The destruction of elastin and the biological processes triggered by elastokines favor the development and progression of various pathological conditions including emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cancer.
Abstract: Elastin is an important protein of the extracellular matrix of higher vertebrates, which confers elasticity and resilience to various tissues and organs including lungs, skin, large blood vessels a...

61 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article collected 3524 reported estimates of the Armington elasticity, constructed 32 variables that reflect the context in which researchers obtain their estimates, and examined what drives the heterogeneity in the results.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the phonon band structures and chiral phonon eigenmodes of a recently experimentally realized 3D cubic chiral metamaterial architecture to results from linear micropolar elasticity, an established generalization of classical linear Cauchy elasticity.
Abstract: We compare the phonon band structures and chiral phonon eigenmodes of a recently experimentally realized three-dimensional (3D) cubic chiral metamaterial architecture to results from linear micropolar elasticity, an established generalization of classical linear Cauchy elasticity. We achieve very good qualitative agreement concerning the anisotropies of the eigenfrequencies, the anisotropies of the eigenmode properties of the acoustic branches, as well as with respect to the observed pronounced sample-size dependence of acoustical activity and of the static push-to-twist conversion effects. The size dependence of certain properties, that is, the loss of scale invariance, is a fingerprint of micropolar elasticity. We also discuss quantitative shortcomings and conceptual limitations of mapping the properties of finite-size 3D chiral mechanical metamaterials onto micropolar continuum elasticity.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Polypyrrole (Ppy) hydrogels are a promising new avenue for developing cheap wearable electronics and biotechnology and can impart elasticity and strength to fabrics and electronics.
Abstract: Polypyrrole (Ppy) hydrogels are a promising new avenue for developing cheap wearable electronics and biotechnology. In particular, the use of conducting polymer hydrogels can impart elasticity and ...

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of carbon intensity elasticity based on an input-output table is used to measure the elasticity of China's carbon intensity with respect to development of industries, intermediate input coefficients, and energy efficiency during 1990-2015.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Xu Fang1, Yixuan Li1, Xiang Li1, Wenmo Liu1, Xianghui Yu1, Fei Yan1, Junqi Sun1 
05 Jun 2020
TL;DR: It is a great challenge to fabricate self-healing hydrogels that simultaneously possess high mechanical strength and good elasticity, and are capable of rapidly and efficiently healing physical dams as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It is a great challenge to fabricate self-healing hydrogels that simultaneously possess high mechanical strength and good elasticity, and are capable of rapidly and efficiently healing physical dam...

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a polyorganosiloxane aerogels with superhydrophobicity, high elasticity, and high bendability based on polyvinyl-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PVPDMS)/polymethylsilsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) were reported.
Abstract: We report new polyorganosiloxane aerogels with superhydrophobicity, high elasticity, and high bendability based on polyvinyl-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PVPDMS)/polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ). They ar...

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear large-amplitude free vibration response of nanoshells prepared from functionally graded porous materials (FGPM) is investigated by taking into account surface stress size effects and vibrational mode interactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
Bin Liu1, Zhuoqun Lu1, Baolei Tang1, Hao Liu1, Huapeng Liu1, Zuolun Zhang1, Kaiqi Ye1, Hongyu Zhang1 
TL;DR: A highly emissive organic crystal combining with ultralow temperature elasticity and self-waveguide based on a simple single-benzene emitter is reported, displaying excellent elastic bending ability in liquid nitrogen (LN).
Abstract: With the increasing popularity and burgeoning progress of space technology, the development of ultralow-temperature flexible functional materials is a great challenge. Herein, we report a highly emissive organic crystal combining ultralow-temperature elasticity and self-waveguide properties (when a crystal is excited, it emits light from itself, which travels through the crystal to the other end) based on a simple single-benzene emitter. This crystal displayed excellent elastic bending ability in liquid nitrogen (LN). Preliminary experiments on optical waveguiding in the bent crystal demonstrated that the light generated by the crystal itself could be confined and propagated within the crystal body between 170 and -196 °C. These results not only suggest a guideline for designing functional organic crystals with ultralow-temperature elasticity but also expand the application region of flexible materials to extreme environments, such as space technology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the dimension splitting method (DSM) and the improved complex variable element-free Galerkin (ICVEFG) method, the hybrid complex variable elements-free GFG method for 3D elasticity is proposed in this article.


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Mar 2020
TL;DR: It is found that the interfacial dilatational elasticity of adsorption layers from four saponins adsorbed on hexadecane-water and sunflower oil-water interfaces has very significant impact on the emulsion shear elasticity, moderate effect on the dynamic yield stress, and no effect onThe viscous stress of the respective steadily sheared emulsions.
Abstract: Hypothesis Saponins are natural surfactants which can provide highly viscoelastic interfaces. This property can be used to quantify precisely the effect of interfacial dilatational elasticity on the various rheological properties of bulk emulsions. Experiments We measured the interfacial dilatational elasticity of adsorption layers from four saponins (Quillaja, Escin, Berry, Tea) adsorbed on hexadecane-water and sunflower oil-water interfaces. In parallel, the rheological properties under steady and oscillatory shear deformations were measured for bulk emulsions, stabilized by the same saponins (oil volume fraction between 75 and 85%). Findings Quillaja saponin and Berry saponin formed solid adsorption layers (shells) on the SFO-water interface. As a consequence, the respective emulsions contained non-spherical drops. For the other systems, the interfacial elasticities varied between 2 mN/m and 500 mN/m. We found that this interfacial elasticity has very significant impact on the emulsion shear elasticity, moderate effect on the dynamic yield stress, and no effect on the viscous stress of the respective steadily sheared emulsions. The last conclusion is not trivial, because the dilatational surface viscoelasticity is known to have strong impact on the viscous stress of steadily sheared foams. Mechanistic explanations of all observed effects are described.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper comprehensively discuss the possible mechanism of the formation of hierarchical wrinkles, including the role of elasticity gradient in film-substrate systems, the effect of boundary confinement, the sequential multistep strain-releasing method in a multilayer system, etc.
Abstract: Wrinkled surfaces have attracted enormous interest during the past years due to their various wrinkling patterns and impressive multifunctional properties. With the growing demand of numerous potential applications, it is desirable to uncover the formation mechanism and develop fabrication methods for tunable wrinkles, in particular, for hierarchical wrinkle that has spatially varying wavelength and amplitude. In this tutorial, we comprehensively discuss the possible mechanism of the formation of hierarchical wrinkles, including the role of elasticity gradient in film–substrate systems, the effect of boundary confinement, the sequential multistep strain-releasing method in a multilayer system, etc. The formation conditions and morphological features of various hierarchical wrinkling patterns are outlined. Lastly, representative applications of hierarchical wrinkling are briefly summarized as well.

ReportDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the effect of e-cigarette taxes and tax-to-price pass-through on ecigarette prices and sales of other tobacco products and conclude that e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes are economic substitutes.
Abstract: We explore the effect of e-cigarette taxes enacted in eight states and two large counties on e-cigarette prices, e-cigarette sales, and sales of other tobacco products. We use the Nielsen Retail Scanner data from 2011 to 2017, comprising approximately 35,000 retailers nationally. We calculate a Herfindahl–Hirschman Index of 0.251 for e-cigarette retail purchases, indicating high market concentration, and a tax-to-price pass-through of 1.6. We then calculate an e-cigarette own-price elasticity of -2.6 and a positive cross-price elasticity of demand between e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes of 1.1, suggesting that e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes are economic substitutes. We simulate that for every one standard e-cigarette pod (a device that contains liquid nicotine in e-cigarettes) of 0.7 ml no longer purchased as a result of an e-cigarette tax, the same tax increases traditional cigarettes purchased by 6.2 extra packs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Starting from the variational principle of virtual power for the 3D equations of the micropolar theory of elasticity in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and using generalized series in terms of... as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Starting from the variational principle of virtual power for the 3-D equations of the micropolar theory of elasticity in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and using generalized series in terms of ...

Proceedings Article
30 Apr 2020
TL;DR: Building on top of local elasticity, pairwise similarity measures between feature vectors are obtained, which can be used for clustering in conjunction with $K-means, and the effectiveness of the clustering algorithm on the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets corroborates the hypothesis of local Elasticity of neural networks on real-life data.
Abstract: This paper presents a phenomenon in neural networks that we refer to as local elasticity. Roughly speaking, a classifier is said to be locally elastic if its prediction at a feature vector x' is not significantly perturbed, after the classifier is updated via stochastic gradient descent at a (labeled) feature vector x that is dissimilar to x' in a certain sense. This phenomenon is shown to persist for neural networks with nonlinear activation functions through extensive simulations on synthetic datasets, whereas this is not the case for linear classifiers. In addition, we offer a geometric interpretation of local elasticity using the neural tangent kernel (Jacot et al., 2018). Building on top of local elasticity, we obtain pairwise similarity measures between feature vectors, which can be used for clustering in conjunction with K-means. The effectiveness of the clustering algorithm on the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets in turn confirms the hypothesis of local elasticity of neural networks on real-life data. Finally, we discuss implications of local elasticity to shed light on several intriguing aspects of deep neural networks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory successfully predicts the scaling law G′∼L−3 for the low-frequency shear modulus of liquids as a function of the confinement length L, in agreement with experimental results, and provides the basis for a more general description of the elasticity of liquids across different time and length scales.
Abstract: Experimental observations of unexpected shear rigidity in confined liquids, on very low frequency scales on the order of 0.01 to 0.1 Hz, call into question our basic understanding of the elasticity of liquids and have posed a challenge to theoretical models of the liquid state ever since. Here we combine the nonaffine theory of lattice dynamics valid for disordered condensed matter systems with the Frenkel theory of the liquid state. The emerging framework shows that applying confinement to a liquid can effectively suppress the low-frequency modes that are responsible for nonaffine soft mechanical response, thus leading to an effective increase of the liquid shear rigidity. The theory successfully predicts the scaling law [Formula: see text] for the low-frequency shear modulus of liquids as a function of the confinement length L, in agreement with experimental results, and provides the basis for a more general description of the elasticity of liquids across different time and length scales.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of household mortgages on house prices and found evidence of significant spatial heterogeneity: mortgages push real estate values higher in cities where the housing supply curve is less elastic or households are more dependent on external finance.
Abstract: We examine the impact of household mortgages on house prices. Using biannual data on Italian cities for the years 2003-2015, we build an exogenous and fully data-driven indicator of mortgage supply stances and use it as an instrument for actual extended mortgages. Our results indicate that mortgages have a positive and significant causal effect on house prices, with an estimated elasticity of around 0.1. The estimated effect is larger during the expansionary phase of the housing cycle. We also find evidence of significant spatial heterogeneity: mortgages push real estate values higher in cities where the housing supply curve is less elastic or households are more dependent on external finance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of free surface energy on the nonlinear primary resonance of silicon nanoshells under soft harmonic external excitation is studied, and a size-dependent shell model is developed incorporating the effect of surface free energy.
Abstract: The deviation from the classical elastic characteristics induced by the free surface energy can be considerable for nanostructures due to the high surface to volume ratio. Consequently, this type of size dependency should be accounted for in the mechanical behaviors of nanoscale structures. In the current investigation, the influence of free surface energy on the nonlinear primary resonance of silicon nanoshells under soft harmonic external excitation is studied. In order to obtain more accurate results, the interaction between the first, third, and fifth symmetric vibration modes with the main oscillation mode is taken into consideration. Through the implementation of the Gurtin-Murdoch theory of elasticity into the classical shell theory, a size-dependent shell model is developed incorporating the effect of surface free energy. With the aid of the variational approach, the governing differential equations of motion including both of the cubic and quadratic nonlinearities are derived. Thereafter, the multi-time-scale method is used to achieve an analytical solution for the nonlinear size-dependent problem. The frequency-response and amplitude-response of the soft harmonic excited nanoshells are presented corresponding to different values of shell thickness and surface elastic constants as well as various vibration mode interactions. It is depicted that through consideration of the interaction between the higher symmetric vibration modes and the main oscillation mode, the hardening response of nanoshell changes to the softening one. This pattern is observed corresponding to both of the positive and negative values of the surface elastic constants and the surface residual stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a dual formulation of the Cosserat theory of elasticity is presented, in which a local element of an elastic body is described in terms of local displacement and local orientation.
Abstract: We present a dual formulation of the Cosserat theory of elasticity. In this theory a local element of an elastic body is described in terms of local displacement and local orientation. Upon the duality transformation these degrees of freedom map onto a coupled theory of a vector-valued one-form gauge field and an ordinary $U(1)$ gauge field. We discuss the degrees of freedom in the corresponding gauge theories, the defect matter and coupling to the curved space.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of applying two-phase elasticity on elastic medium and thermal load in vibration and buckling of nanobeams with different boundary conditions are investigated in details.

Posted Content
TL;DR: ElastNet, a de novo elastography method combining the theory of elasticity with a deep-learning approach, is introduced and it is shown that with prior knowledge from the laws of physics, ElastNet can escape the performance ceiling imposed by labeled data.
Abstract: We introduce a de novo elastography method to learn the elasticity of solids from measured strains. The deep neural network in our new method is supervised by the theory of elasticity and does not require labeled data for training. Results show that the proposed method can learn the hidden elasticity of solids accurately and is robust when it comes to noisy and missing measurements. A probable elasticity distribution for areas without measurements may also be reconstructed by the neural network based on the elasticity distribution in nearby regions. The neural network learns the hidden elasticity of solids as a function of positions and thus it can generate elasticity images with an arbitrary resolution. This feature is applied to create super-resolution elasticity images in this study. We demonstrate that the neural network can also learn the hidden physics when strain and elasticity distributions are both given. The proposed method has various unique features and can be applied to a broad range of elastography applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element method is introduced to solve the combined amplitude and elasticity equations, which is applied to a few prototypical configurations in two spatial dimensions for a crystal of triangular lattice symmetry.
Abstract: The phase-field crystal model in an amplitude equation approximation is shown to provide an accurate description of the deformation field in defected crystalline structures, as well as of dislocation motion. We analyze in detail stress regularization at a dislocation core given by the model, and show how the Burgers vector density can be directly computed from the topological singularities of the phase-field amplitudes. Distortions arising from these amplitudes are then supplemented with non-singular displacements to enforce mechanical equilibrium. This allows for a consistent separation of plastic and elastic time scales in this framework. A finite element method is introduced to solve the combined amplitude and elasticity equations, which is applied to a few prototypical configurations in two spatial dimensions for a crystal of triangular lattice symmetry: i) the stress field induced by an edge dislocation with an analysis of how the amplitude equation regularizes stresses near the dislocation core, ii) the motion of a dislocation dipole as a result of its internal interaction, and iii) the shrinkage of a rotated grain. We compare our results with those given by other extensions of classical elasticity theory, such as strain-gradient elasticity and methods based on the smoothing of Burgers vector densities near defect cores.

Journal ArticleDOI
Bin Liu1, Hao Liu1, Houyu Zhang1, Qi Di1, Hongyu Zhang1 
TL;DR: This work not only achieves the fabrication of flexible crystals based on crystal engineering aspect but also provides good candidates for flexible optical waveguiding materials.
Abstract: Flexible luminescent crystals have attracted increasing attention on account of the potential application value in optical material fields. How to design crystals with high elasticity and bright lu...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a stiffening method was proposed by adding inclined walls to the classical re-entrant honeycomb cell to boost the in-plane rigidity of the cell without significant loss from auxetic behaviour.
Abstract: This paper presents a stiffening method by which new inclined walls are added to the classical re-entrant honeycomb cell. This modification boosts the in-plane rigidity of the re-entrant cell without significant loss from auxetic behaviour. This study focuses on the in-plane elasticity moduli and negative Poisson's ratios along the principal axes. Analytical expressions that calculate the elasticity moduli and negative Poisson's ratios are derived; both finite element modelling and experiments reported in the literature validate the expressions of this work. Further, the variation in the in-plane elastic properties of the core cell is examined by altering the new wall's geometric, sectional, and material parameters. The results from the analytical expressions and the finite element models match very closely and demonstrate the boosted rigidity of the cell proposed in this work. This work also provides a benchmark of the new cell against the classical cell that can be used to tailor the in-plane elasticity moduli and negative Poisson's ratios to suit the needs of different applications.