Showing papers on "Electric potential published in 2007"

Electrochemical interface between an ionic liquid and a model metallic electrode.

Abstract: A molecular dynamics simulation model for an electroactive interface in which a metallic electrode is maintained at a preset electrical potential is described. The model, based on earlier work of Siepmann and Sprik [J. Chem. Phys. 102, 511 (1995)], uses variable charges whose magnitudes are adjusted on-the-fly according to a variational procedure to maintain the constant potential condition. As such, the model also allows for the polarization of the electrode by the electrolyte, sometimes described by the introduction of image charges. The model has been implemented in a description of an electrochemical cell as a pair of parallel planar electrodes separated by the electrolyte using a two-dimensional Ewald summation method. The method has been applied to examine the interfacial structure in two ionic liquids, consisting of binary mixtures of molten salts, chosen to exemplify the influences of dissimilar cation size and charge. The stronger coordination of the smaller and more highly charged cations by the anions prevents them from approaching even the negatively charged electrode closely. This has consequences for the capacitance of the electrode and will also have an impact on the rates of electron transfer processes. The calculated capacitances exhibit qualitatively the same dependence on the applied potential as has been observed in experimental studies.

Novel electric field effects on Landau levels in graphene.

Abstract: A new effect in graphene in the presence of crossed uniform electric and magnetic fields is predicted. Landau levels are shown to be modified in an unexpected fashion by the electric field, leading to a collapse of the spectrum, when the value of electric to magnetic field ratio exceeds a certain critical value. Our theoretical results, strikingly different from the standard 2D electron gas, are explained using a "Lorentz boost," and as an "instability of a relativistic quantum field vacuum." It is a remarkable case of emergent relativistic type phenomena in nonrelativistic graphene. We also discuss few possible experimental consequence.

Poisson-Nernst-Planck model of ion current rectification through a nanofluidic diode

Abstract: We have investigated ion current rectification properties of a recently prepared bipolar nanofluidic diode. This device is based on a single conically shaped nanopore in a polymer film whose pore walls contain a sharp boundary between positively and negatively charged regions. A semiquantitative model that employs Poisson and Nernst-Planck equations predicts current-voltage curves as well as ionic concentrations and electric potential distributions in this system. We show that under certain conditions the rectification degree, defined as a ratio of currents recorded at the same voltage but opposite polarities, can reach values of over 1000 at a voltage range . The role of thickness and position of the transition zone on the ion current rectification is discussed as well. We also show that the rectification degree scales with the applied voltage.

Modeling of Surface-Roughness Scattering in Ultrathin-Body SOI MOSFETs

Abstract: A rigorous surface-roughness scattering model for ultrathin-body silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is derived, which reduces to Ando's model in the limit of bulk MOSFETs. The matrix element of the scattering potential reflects the fluctuations of both the wavefunction and the potential energy. The matrix element reflecting the fluctuation of the wavefunction is expressed in an integral form which can be considered as a generalized Prange-Nee term-to which it is equivalent in the limit of an infinitely high insulator-semiconductor barrier-giving more accurate results in the case of a finite barrier height. The matrix element reflecting the fluctuation of the potential energy is due to the Coulomb interactions originating from the roughness-induced fluctuation of the electron charge density, the interface polarization charge, and the image-charge density. The roughness-limited low-field electron mobility in thin-body SOI MOSFETs is obtained using the matrix elements that we have derived. We study its dependence on the silicon body thickness, effective field, and dielectric constant of the insulator.

Actuation potentials and capillary forces in electrowetting based microsystems

Abstract: The minimum and maximum actuation voltages in electrowetting actuated microsystems are investigated in this paper. The minimum actuation voltage corresponds to the electric potential required to obtain motion of a droplet between two electrodes. Below this threshold, a droplet cannot be displaced due to contact angle hysteresis. The maximum actuation voltage corresponds to the electric potential above which there is no more gain in capillary forces because of the saturation effect. Based on the calculation of the electrocapillary forces on a drop in an EWOD system, and taking into account the contact angle hysteresis, an analytical relation is derived for the minimum actuation potential. On the other hand, the Peykov–Quinn–Ralston–Sedev model produces an approximate value of the maximum actuation voltage. Thus, a range of actuation potentials can be predicted depending on the liquid of the droplet, the surrounding gas or fluid and the nature of the solid substrate. The results of the two models are favorably compared with experimental results obtained using different liquids and substrates.

Electrohydrodynamic flow around a colloidal particle near an electrode with an oscillating potential

Abstract: Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow around a charged spherical colloid near an electrode was studied theoretically and experimentally to understand the nature of long-range particle–particle attraction near electrodes. Numerical computations for finite double-layer thicknesses confirmed the validity of an asymptotic methodology for thin layers. Then the electric potential around the particle was computed analytically in the limit of zero Peclet number and thin double layers for oscillatory electric fields at frequencies where Faradaic reactions are negligible. Streamfunctions for the steady component of the EHD flow were determined with an electro-osmotic slip boundary condition on the electrode surface. Accordingly, it was established how the axisymmetric flow along the electrode is related to the dipole coefficient of the colloidal particle. Under certain conditions, the flow is directed toward the particle and decays as r−4, in accord with observations of long-range particle aggregation. To test the theory, particle-tracking experiments were performed with fluorescent 300 nm particles around 50μm particles over a wide range of electric field strengths and frequencies. Treating the particle surface conductivity as a fitting parameter yields velocities in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. The observed frequency dependence, however, differs from the model predictions, suggesting that the effect of convection on the charge distribution is not negligible as assumed in the zero Peclet number limit.

Kinetic effects in a Hall thruster discharge

Abstract: Recent analytical studies and particle-in-cell simulations suggested that the electron velocity distribution function in E×B discharge of annular geometry Hall thrusters is non-Maxwellian and anisotropic. The average kinetic energy of electron motion in the direction parallel to the thruster channel walls (across the magnetic field) is several times larger than that in the direction normal to the walls. Electrons are stratified into several groups depending on their origin (e.g., plasma or channel walls) and confinement (e.g., lost on the walls or trapped in the plasma). Practical analytical formulas are derived for the plasma flux to the wall, secondary electron fluxes, plasma potential, and electron cross-field conductivity. Calculations based on these formulas fairly agree with the results of numerical simulations. The self-consistent analysis demonstrates that the elastic electron scattering in collisions with atoms and ions plays a key role in formation of the electron velocity distribution function and the plasma potential with respect to the walls. It is shown that the secondary electron emission from the walls may significantly enhance the electron conductivity across the magnetic field but only weakly affects the insulating properties of the near-wall sheath. Such self-consistent decoupling between the secondary electron emission effects on the electron energy losses and the electron cross-field transport is currently not captured by the existing fluid and hybrid models of Hall thrusters.

Semi-Analytical Modeling of Short-Channel Effects in Si and Ge Symmetrical Double-Gate MOSFETs

Abstract: A simple analytical expression of the 2-D potential distribution along the channel of silicon symmetrical double-gate (DG) MOSFETs in weak inversion is derived. The analytical solution of the potential distribution is compared with the numerical solution of the 2-D Poisson's equation in terms of the channel length L, the silicon thickness t Si, and the gate oxide thickness t OX. The obtained results show that the analytical solution describes, with good accuracy, the potential distribution along the channel at different positions from the gate interfaces for well-designed devices when the ratio of L/t Si is ges 2-3. Based on the 2-D extra potential induced in the silicon film due to short-channel effects (SCEs), a semi-analytical expression for the subthreshold drain current of short-channel devices is derived. From the obtained subthreshold characteristics, the extracted device parameters of the subthreshold slope, drain-induced barrier lowering, and threshold voltage are discussed. Application of the proposed model to devices with silicon replaced by germanium demonstrates that the germanium DG MOSFETs are more prone to SCEs.

Realistic modeling of ion cloud motion in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance cell by use of a particle-in-cell approach.

Abstract: Using a ‘Particle-In-Cell’ approach taken from plasma physics we have developed a new three-dimensional (3D) parallel computer code that today yields the highest possible accuracy of ion trajectory calculations in electromagnetic fields. This approach incorporates coulombic ion–ion and ion–image charge interactions into the calculation. The accuracy is achieved through the implementation of an improved algorithm (the so-called Boris algorithm) that mathematically eliminates cyclotron motion in a magnetic field from digital equations for ion motion dynamics. It facilitates the calculation of the cyclotron motion without numerical errors. At every time-step in the simulation the electric potential inside the cell is calculated by direct solution of Poisson's equation. Calculations are performed on a computational grid with up to 128 × 128 × 128 nodes using a fast Fourier transform algorithm. The ion populations in these simulations ranged from 1000 up to 1 000 000 ions. A maximum of 3 000 000 time-steps were employed in the ion trajectory calculations. This corresponds to an experimental detection time-scale of seconds. In addition to the ion trajectories integral time-domain signals and mass spectra were calculated. The phenomena observed include phase locking of particular m/z ions (high-resolution regime) inside larger ion clouds. A focus was placed on behavior of a cloud of ions of a single m/z value to understand the nature of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) resolution and mass accuracy in selected ion mode detection. The behavior of two and three ion clouds of different but close m/z was investigated as well. Peak coalescence effects were observed in both cases. Very complicated ion cloud dynamics in the case of three ion clouds was demonstrated. It was found that magnetic field does not influence phase locking for a cloud of ions of a single m/z. The ion cloud evolution time-scale is inversely proportional to magnetic field. The number of ions needed for peak coalescence depends quadratically on the magnetic field. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lane formation in oppositely charged colloids driven by an electric field: chaining and two-dimensional crystallization.

Abstract: A binary mixture of oppositely charged colloids which is driven by an external electric field is studied by extensive Brownian dynamics computer simulations, ignoring hydrodynamic interactions. The particle interaction is modeled via a screened Coulomb potential together with a steric repulsion. A strong electric field leads to lane formation of oppositely driven lanes. Each lane comprises particles of the same charge. A nonequilibrium ``phase diagram'' classifying different steady states is obtained as a function of the colloidal volume fraction and the Coulomb coupling. Different steady states are characterized by structural correlations perpendicular and parallel to the applied field. We find a variety of different phases involving lane chains at small volume fraction and low screening, and lanes with two-dimensional crystalline order perpendicular to the field at high volume fraction. The lateral crystalline order can be a square, triangular, or rhombic lattice. In between there is a lateral network structure. These predictions can be verified in real-space experiments on oppositely charged colloids.

A principle of virtual work for combined electrostatic and mechanical loading of materials

Abstract: The equations governing mechanics and electrostatics are formulated for a system in which the material deformations and electrostatic polarizations are arbitrary. A mechanical/electrostatic energy balance is formulated for this situation in terms of the electric enthalpy, in which the electric potential and the electric field are the independent variables, and charge and electric displacement, respectively, are the conjugate thermodynamic forces. This energy statement is presented in the form of a principle of virtual work (PVW), in which external virtual work is equated to internal virtual work. The resulting expression involves an internal material virtual work in which (1) material polarization is work-conjugate to increments of electric field, and (2) a combination of Cauchy stress, Maxwell stress and a product of polarization and electric field is work-conjugate to increments of strain. This PVW is valid for all material types, including those that are conservative and those that are dissipative. Such a virtual work expression is the basis for a rigorous formulation of a finite element method for problems involving the deformation and electrostatic charging of materials, including electroactive polymers and switchable ferroelectrics. The internal virtual work expression is used to develop the structure of conservative constitutive laws governing, for example, electroactive elastomers and piezoelectric materials, thereby determining the form of the Maxwell or electrostatic stress. It is shown that the Maxwell or electrostatic stress has a form fully constrained by the constitutive law and cannot be chosen independently of it. The structure of constitutive laws for dissipative materials, such as viscoelastic electroactive polymers and switchable ferroelectrics, is similarly determined, and it is shown that the Maxwell or electrostatic stress for these materials is identical to that for a material having the same conservative response when the dissipative processes in the material are shut off. The form of the internal virtual work is used further to develop the structure of dissipative constitutive laws controlled by rearrangement of material internal variables.

Modelling electron transport in magnetized low-temperature discharge plasmas

Abstract: Magnetic fields are sometimes used to confine the plasma in low-pressure low-temperature gas discharges, for example in magnetron discharges, Hall-effect-thruster discharges, electron-cyclotron-resonance discharges and helicon discharges. We discuss how these magnetized discharges can be modelled by two-dimensional self-consistent models based on electron fluid equations. The magnetized electron flux is described by an anisotropic drift–diffusion equation, where the electron mobility is much smaller perpendicular to the magnetic field than parallel to it. The electric potential is calculated either from Poisson's equation or from the electron equations, assuming quasineutrality. Although these models involve many assumptions, they are appropriate to study the main effects of the magnetic field on the charged particle transport and space charge electric fields in realistic two-dimensional discharge configurations. We demonstrate by new results that these models reproduce known phenomena such as the establishment of the Boltzmann relation along magnetic field lines, the penetration of perpendicular applied electric fields into the plasma bulk and the decrease in magnetic confinement by short-circuit wall currents. We also present an original method to prevent numerical errors arising from the extreme anisotropy of the electron mobility, which tend to invalidate model results from standard numerical methods.

Modeling and Experiment of Leading Edge Separation Control Using SDBD Plasma Actuators

Abstract: This work presents the study of the single-dielectric barrier discharge aerodynamic plasma actuator. To model the physics of the plasma discharge, a space-time lumpedelement circuit model was developed. The model solution compared well to some of the characteristic features of the discharge such as the dependence of the sweep velocity and maximum extent of the ionized air as functions of the applied voltage and a.c. driving frequency. The time-dependent charge distribution obtained from the model was used to provide boundary conditions to the electric field equation that was used to calculate the time dependent electric potential. The was then used to calculate the space-time distribution of the actuator body force. An application of the plasma actuators to the leading-edge separation control on the NACA 0021 airfoil was studied numerically and experimentally. The results were obtained for a range of angles of attack for uncontrolled flow, and steady and unsteady plasma actuators located at the leading edge of the airfoil. The control of the lift stall was of particular interest. Improvement in the airfoil characteristics were observed in the numerical simulations at post-stall angles of attack with the plasma actuators. The computational results corresponded very well with the experiments.

Radio-frequency discharges in oxygen: I. Particle-based modelling

Abstract: In this series of three papers we present results from a combined experimental and theoretical, particle-based study to quantitatively describe capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges in oxygen. The particle-in-cell Monte Carlo model on which the theoretical description is based is described in this paper. It treats space charge fields and transport processes on an equal footing with the most important plasma–chemical reactions. For given external voltage and pressure, the model determines the electric potential within the discharge and the distribution functions for electrons, negatively charged atomic oxygen and positively charged molecular oxygen. Previously used scattering and reaction cross section data are critically assessed and in some cases modified. To validate our model, we compare the densities in the bulk of the discharge with experimental data and find good agreement, indicating that essential aspects of an oxygen discharge are captured.

Modeling of multiphase smart hydrogels responding to pH and electric voltage coupled stimuli

Abstract: A model, entitled the multi-effect-coupling pH-electric-stimuli (MECpHe) model, is presented and analyzed for the response of smart hydrogels to changes in the coupled stimuli of an external electric field and the solution pH. It considers finite deformations, the electric potential and distribution of fixed charge density in the hydrogel and surrounding solvent. The MECpHe model is validated with previously published experimental measurements and good agreement is shown. A steady-state study is carried out for various pH values and applied electric voltages to ascertain the impact of these on the deformation of the hydrogel and distribution of ionic species, electric potential, and fixed charge density, both inside the hydrogel as well as in the surrounding solvent.

Photoelectric conversion apparatus, control method thereof, imaging apparatus, and imaging system

Abstract: Each pixel has a photoelectric conversion unit configured to convert light into electrical charges and to store the electrical charges, an amplifying unit configured to amplify a signal based on the electrical charges stored in the photoelectric conversion unit and to output the signal to an output line, and a reset unit configured to reset a input part of the amplifying unit. A clip unit, which is configured to limit an electric voltage of the output line, includes an amplifying circuitry for amplifying a signal based on the electric voltage of the output line and an MOS transistor for limiting the electric voltage of the output line based on the difference in electric potential between the gate and source. The clip unit controls the electric potential of the gate of the MOS transistor by the amplifying circuitry.

Radio-frequency discharges in Oxygen. Part 1: Modeling

Abstract: In this series of three papers we present results from a combined experimental and theoretical effort to quantitatively describe capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges in oxygen. The particle-in-cell Monte-Carlo model on which the theoretical description is based will be described in the present paper. It treats space charge fields and transport processes on an equal footing with the most important plasma-chemical reactions. For given external voltage and pressure, the model determines the electric potential within the discharge and the distribution functions for electrons, negatively charged atomic oxygen, and positively charged molecular oxygen. Previously used scattering and reaction cross section data are critically assessed and in some cases modified. To validate our model, we compare the densities in the bulk of the discharge with experimental data and find good agreement, indicating that essential aspects of an oxygen discharge are captured.

Electrostatic structure around spacecraft in tenuous plasmas

Abstract: [1] Most satellite-based in situ plasma experiments are affected in some manner by the electrostatic structure surrounding the spacecraft. In order to better understand this structure, we have developed a fully three-dimensional self-consistent model that can accept realistic spacecraft geometry, including both thin (∼10−4 m) wires and long (∼102 m) booms, with open boundary conditions. The model uses an integral formulation incorporating boundary element, multigrid and fast multipole methods to overcome problems associated with the large range in scale sizes and inherently three-dimensional structure. By applying the model to the Cluster spacecraft, we show that the electric potential structure is dominated by the charge on the wire booms, with the spacecraft body contributing at small distances. Consequently, the potential near the EFW (Electric Fields and Waves experiment) probes at the end of the wire booms is typically significantly above the true plasma potential. For the Cluster spacecraft, we show that this effect causes a 19% underestimation of the spacecraft potential and 13% underestimation of the ambient electric field. We further assess the electric field due to the sunward-oriented photoelectron cloud, showing that the cloud contributes little to the observed spurious sunward field in the EFW data.

Light scattering by an ensemble of interacting dipolar particles with both electric and magnetic polarizabilities

Abstract: We have studied the problem of light scattering by an ensemble of dipoles with both electric and magnetic polarizabilities. Using the coupled electric and magnetic dipole method as the formal base, we have generalized the eigenvector decomposition of the local dipole moments previously derived for purely electric particles to the case of both electric and magnetic dipoles. We have analyzed the properties of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in the most elementary case of two particles. In the purely electric case, the eigenvalues correspond to the resonance modes of the system due to the electromagnetic coupling of its components. For a two-dipole system with both electric and magnetic responses, purely electric, purely magnetic, and mixed states can be distinguished. The resonance spectrum is analyzed as a function of the magnetic permeability, and it is shown that the latter can be fitted quite accurately by the eigenmode decomposition.

Monte Carlo simulation of electrolytes in the constant voltage ensemble.

Abstract: The authors studied the structural, electrostatic, and electromechanical properties of the terlamellar structure composed of the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte layer separating them They used the Monte Carlo simulation technique in the constant voltage ensemble, where the electrical potential difference between the anode and the cathode is introduced as an external field For ions, they used the primitive models of different sizes and valences in order to investigate how they affect the physical properties when an electrical field is applied between the electrodes For electrodes, they used impermeable and permeable models, which mimic planar and porous electrodes, respectively The asymmetry between the anions and the cations in size or valence was found to be responsible for the asymmetry in the concentration profile, the potential drop, and the stress distribution, in comparing the anode and the cathode sides The charging/discharging process in the planar and porous electrodes is discussed at molecular level

Transient finite element analysis of electric double layer using Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations with a modified Stern layer.

Abstract: A finite element implementation of the transient nonlinear Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) and Nernst-Planck-Poisson-modified Stern (NPPMS) models is presented. The NPPMS model uses multipoint constraints to account for finite ion size, resulting in realistic ion concentrations even at high surface potential. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation is used to provide a limited check of the transient models for low surface potential and dilute bulk solutions. The effects of the surface potential and bulk molarity on the electric potential and ion concentrations as functions of space and time are studied. The ability of the models to predict realistic energy storage capacity is investigated. The predicted energy is much more sensitive to surface potential than to bulk solution molarity.

Calculation of the Response of Field-Effect Transistors to Charged Biological Molecules

Abstract: Robust approximations are presented that allow for the simple calculation of the total charge and potential drop psi0 across the region of electrolyte containing charged biological macromolecules that are attached to the gate area of a field-effect transistor (FET). The attached macromolecules are modeled as an ion-permeable membrane in contact with the insulator surface, exchanging protons with the electrolyte as described by the site-binding model. The approximations are based on a new screening length involving the Donnan potential in the membrane and are validated by comparison to the results obtained by numerical solution of the one-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation in the electrolyte and membrane. For gates covered with amphoteric materials such as SiO2, the high surface charge density sigma0 due to proton exchange at values of pH far from the point-of-zero charge is a nonlinear function of psi0, but psi0 and sigma0 are still linear functions of the semiconductor surface potential between the source and drain. Nonlinear expressions for the amphoteric site charge at the contacts can thus be applied effectively with the new approximations to calculate the current-voltage characteristics of the FETs using the strong inversion and charge-sheet models.

Electron dynamics and cross-shock potential at the quasi-perpendicular Earth's bow shock

Abstract: [1] The evolution of the electron distribution function through quasi-perpendicular collisionless shocks is believed to be dominated by the electron dynamics in the large-scale coherent and quasi-stationary magnetic and electric fields. We investigate the electron distributions measured on board Cluster by the Plasma Electron and Current Experiment (PEACE) instrument during three quasi-perpendicular bow shock crossings. Observed distributions are compared with those predicted by electron dynamics resulting from conservation of the first adiabatic invariant and energy in the de Hoffmann-Teller frame, for all pitch angles and all types of trajectories (passing and, for the first time, reflected or trapped). The predicted downstream velocity distributions are mapped from upstream measurements using an improved Liouville mapping technique taking into account the overshoots. Furthermore, for one of these crossings we could take advantage of the configuration of the Cluster quartet to compare mapped upstream velocity distributions with those simultaneously measured at a relatively well magnetically connected downstream location. Consequences of energy and adiabatic invariant conservation are found to be compatible with the observed electron distributions, confirming the validity of electron ''heating'' theories based on DC fields as zeroth-order approximations, but some systematic deviations are found between the dynamics of low-and high-adiabatic invariant electrons. Our approach also provides a way to estimate the cross-shock electric potential profile making full use of the electron measurements, and the results are compared to other estimates relying on the steady state dissipationless electron fluid equations. At the temporal resolution of the instruments, the scales associated to the change of the potential generally appear to be comparable to those of the magnetic field, but some differences between the methods appear within the shock transition. It is argued that potentials evaluated from Liouville mapping rely on less restrictive hypotheses and are therefore more reliable. Finally, we show how, in contrast to methods using electron velocity moments, the technique can be used to produce high-time-resolution electric potentials and discuss the electric potential profiles through the shock. Citation: Lefebvre, B., S. J. Schwartz, A. F. Fazakerley, and P. Decreau (2007), Electron dynamics and cross-shock potential at the quasi-perpendicular Earth's bow shock,

Plasma Potential Evolution Study by HIBP Diagnostic During NBI Experiments in the TJ-II Stellarator

Abstract: The heavy ion beam probe diagnostic is used in the TJ-II stellarator to study directly the plasma electric potential with good spatial (up to 1 cm) and temporal (up to 2 μs) resolution. Singly charged heavy ions, Cs + , with energies of up to 125 keV are used to probe the plasma column from the edge to the core. Both electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and neutral beam injection (NBI)-heated plasmas (P ECRH = 200 to 400 kW, P NBI = 200 to 400 kW, E NBI = 28 keV) have been studied. Low-density ECRH [n = (0.5 to 1.1) X 10 19 m -3 ] plasmas in TJ-II are characterized by positive plasma potential on the order of 1000 to 400 V. A negative electric potential appears at the edge when the line-averaged density exceeds 0.5 X 10 19 m -3 . Further density rises are accompanied by a decrease in the core plasma potential, which becomes fully negative for plasma densities n ≥ 1.5 X 10 19 m -3 . The NBI plasmas are characterized by a negative electric potential across the whole plasma cross section from the core to the edge. In this case, the absolute value of the central potential is on the order of -500 V. These results show a clear link between plasma potential and density in the TJ-II stellarator.

Direct simulation of film boiling including electrohydrodynamic forces

Abstract: This paper presents simulations of film boiling including electrohydrodynamic forces. The coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid interface tracking method is augmented with a mass transfer model, a model for surface tension, and electrohydrodynamic force terms. The bulk fluids are perfect dielectrics—viscous, heat conducting, and incompressible. We explore film boiling on a horizontal surface and we consider the effect of an applied electric potential. The electrodynamic equation for the evolving electric field is solved in both phases during saturated horizontal film boiling, and the effects are described.