Showing papers on "Electric power published in 1978"

Practical Approaches to Supplementary Stabilizing from Accelerating Power

Abstract: Use of accelerating power to provide damping of synchronous machine oscillations through supplementary control of excitation has significant advantages. However, true accelerating power derived from Mechanical and Electrical power presents difficult measurement problems. A practical approach of deriving stabilizing action comparable to that obtainable with accelerating power is described using measurement of electrical power and frequency of a voltage synthesized from machine terminal voltage and current.

Heavy oil recovery process

Abstract: A process incorporating integrated units and combined cycle energy production is provided for the recovery and upgrading of oil containing deposits which are not readily amenable to recovery and upgrading, to produce therefrom a light oil and elemental sulphur. Residual hydrocarbons generated in the process are gasified to produce hot gases which are used as a source of energy for process use, including electric power. The electric power is utilized to electrolyze water and produce hydrogen for use in upgrading and oxygen for use in gasification. The integration of gasification of residual hydrocarbons to produce, inter alia, electric power with the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen for upgrading, and efficient use, distribution and recovery of energy in combined energy cycles provides an economical and essentially energy sufficient process with the flexibility to be adapted for the recovery and upgrading of various low yield oil deposits.

Electrical load management system

Abstract: A central station monitors the use of electrical power and when peak demand periods occur, coded information is transmitted by radio from the central station to remote receivers mouned on poles proximate power distribution transformers serving the customers. The transmitted signal includes both address and command information which are decoded at the receivers. Those receivers which have been addressed pass the command information as carrier signals over the distribution lines from the secondaries of the respective distribution transformers to the customers. This address information informs the customers of the existence of the peak load conditions and/or controls the operation of the customers' power consuming devices and electric meter.

Energy storage system for electric utility plant

Abstract: A method for storing excess energy produced by an electric utility during low energy demand periods, utilizing a closed system with a gaseous fluid as the energy storage medium and turbine working fluid. The fluid medium is stored at low pressure in an underground cavern which is located near a commercial electric utility system. During low energy demand periods, electrical output from the utility is channeled to the subject invention for conversion to potential energy, stored in the form of pressurized fluid in a second, high pressure cavern. This fluid transfer is accomplished by a compressor powered by excess electric output of the utility. During peak periods of power demand, a stream of the pressurized fluid is heated and expanded through a turbine/generator combination to generate electrical output. This electrical power is then used to supplement the utility output to meet the higher level of energy requirement arising during peak demand periods. The expanded fluid medium is subsequently returned to the low pressure storage cavern, pending recycle through the closed system. Various embodiments are disclosed illustrating use of excess electric utility output to accomplish the heating and to supply the compression energy to operate the system.

Method of storing electric power

Abstract: A method for storing electric power and later utilizing the stored power is described which includes the steps of converting the electric power to chemical energy of molecular hydrogen, reacting the hydrogen with a source of carbon to produce a hydrocarbon compound such as methane or methanol, storing the hydrocarbon compound, and then supplying the hydrocarbon compound as fuel to a generator which operates to generate electric power. In one embodiment of the invention the hydrocarbon fuel is used to heat stored compressed air which is in turn used to drive a turbogenerator.

Energy efficient passenger vehicle

Abstract: An energy efficient passenger carrying vehicle for road use. The vehicle basically comprises a long, narrow body carrying two passengers in a back-to-back relationship. The vehicle is basically a battery powered electric vehicle that can be charged by all free energy sources; namely, the sun, the wind, human muscles and momentum. The vehicle comprises four modules, namely body, solar, and two power modules. An electric power module is located within each end of the body module. This module includes electric motors driving the vehicle supporting wheels and rechargeable batteries to power the motors. Pedals, similar to those on a bicycle, located at each power module, drive generators to help recharge the batteries during operation of the vehicle, or directly help drive the vehicle wheels. A solar module comprising a large electricity generating solar cell panel covers most of the vehicle roof to aid in charging the batteries. Means are provided to tilt the solar cell panel toward the sun about a longitudinal axis. A unique flexible duct below the solar panel serves to cool the cells and, if desired, heat the passenger compartment. Further energy savings are obtained by canting the rear wheels while steering with the front wheels, so that the vehicle moves down the road at a crab angle which provides a sail effect when wind is from the vehicle beam or aft of the beam. Regenerative braking means can be used when slowing down, on a long down grade, when sailing speed is greater than required, or any other time when vehicle momentum is greater than necessary for vehicle operation, to use the excess forward momentum to drive generators to charge the batteries. Thus, a single battery charge will be conserved and vehicle operation will be assisted in a manner giving maximum vehicle range and speed.

Sound alerter powered over an optical fiber

Abstract: An optically powered sound alerter has been constructed which demonstrates the feasibility of converting optical power into sound power with good efficiency and at power levels comparable to those of present telephone ringers. The alerter has an overall optical-to-acoustic efficiency of about 35 percent at 2 mW of acoustic output power. Optical power is converted to electrical power by a 52-percent efficient photovoltaic detector and then into acoustical power by a 72-percent efficient electroacoustic tone generator which uses a piezoelectric transducer. This demonstration establishes that it is technically feasible to deliver optically, via a fiber lightguide, sufficient power to operate a telephone, since all other telephone signaling functions can be accomplished, in principle, with less power and within the context of dielectric lightguide technology. For conventional usage, the design of a telephone alerter must take many factors into consideration, including background noise masking, frequencies not irritating to the customer, satisfactory performance for customers with impaired hearing, etc. These factors have not been addressed here.

Power: Whys and wherefores of power system blackouts: An examination of the factors that increase the likelihood and the frequency of system failure

Abstract: An examination is presented of the factors that increase the likelihood and frequency of system failure.

Submerged hydroelectric power generation

Abstract: Electric power is generated by power generators submerged to a substantial depth in a body of moving water. The generators are housed in bodies configured to create a large pressure differential across a conduit. This generates a rapid, substantial flow of water through a conduit in which is located an impeller which is driven to energize a generator to thereby generate electricity.

Demand for electricity in Virginia. [Study covering all sectors]

Abstract: A demand study of the Virginia Electric Power Co. is described as covering all sectors and customer classes and including many of the factors omitted in previous empirical studies, such as declining block price structure, seasonal variations, less aggregated data, and an integrated analysis of average demand with peak demand. Four conclusions are drawn: (1) when real incomes and real electric power prices are rising, load factor deteriorates; (2) there are variations in demand elasticity within a service area; (3) future demand forecasts should include an accounting of alternative fuel costs; and (4) there is a significant difference between modeled and unmodeled forecasts. 13 references.

Energy conversion unit for electrostatic spray coating apparatus and the like

Abstract: An improved energy converting and electric power generating system for electrostatic spray apparatus for coating systems adapted to convert the kinetic energy available in a moving air stream into electrical power.

Economics of Nuclear Power

Abstract: With 12 percent of U.S. electricity now being supplied by nuclear power, Commonwealth Edison has found nuclear plants to be good investments relative to other base load energy sources. The country9s largest user of nuclear power, Commonwealth Edison, estimates that its commitment to nuclear saved its customers about 10 percent on their electric bills in 1977, compared to the cost with the next best alternative, coal. This advantage is seen as continuing, contrary to criticisms of the economics and reliability of nuclear power and claims that it has hidden subsidies. It is concluded that there is a need for both nuclear and coal and that government policy precluding or restricting either would be unwise.

Method of and means for utilizing rechargeable batteries in the operation of electric vehicles

Abstract: The engine of an automotive vehicle is powered by an assembly of electric batteries which are recharged from time to time, on standstill or during driving, from various sources including a set of solar cells on the vehicle body, braking generators driven by the vehicle wheels on deceleration, and external power supplies. Both the batteries and the solar cells can be selectively connected in series and in parallel, the former particularly during recharging. The batteries are grouped in thermally insulated blocks of molded resin with channels, left from the injection-molding operation, accommodating ancillary equipment such as electronic switches mounted on cooling bars.

Converting solar energy into electric power

Abstract: A method for converting solar energy into electric power is disclosed, in which air, preheated and precompressed is additionally heated in a solar heater and sent to work in a turbine unit connected to an electric power generator.

Econometric assessment of cost savings from coordination in U. S. electric power generation

Abstract: An econometric model tests the generally held conclusions that coordination of electric utilities and scale economies will result in cost savings. A contractural agreement between utilities is used as the criterion for power pool participation. The analysis differentiates by degree of coordination, region, and size of firm. 1970 cost data from 138 firms is compared and found to show no support for the theory that firms belonging to power pools are more cost effective, although common ownership had an advantage on the average over individual companies. These findings help to explain why power pooling has not increased. Mergers of small firms have proved to be more efficient and better able to compete than pools of large utilities. 10 references.

Floating electric generator using the driving energy of water

Abstract: Electric power is produced from flow of water by means of a floating rotor, journalled on a non-rotating shaft, which is moored in place. The rotor is turned by peripheral vanes, which engage the flow. Inside the rotor are mounted energy conversion means which change the energy of rotation into electric or hydraulic power, delivered to a distribution system through the non-rotating shaft.

Mutual design considerations for overhead ac transmission lines and gas transmission pipelines. volume 1. engineering analysis. final report

Abstract: As a result of a program jointly funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) of the American Gas Association (A.G.A.), known data has been consolidated and a systematic investigation has been made into the mutual effects of ac electric power transmission lines (power lines) and natural gas transmission pipelines (pipelines) jointly sharing rights-of-way. The results presented are of use to both the electric power and natural gas transmission industries for addressing problems arising from a mutual coexistence. Program objectives were to consolidate known data concerning mutual effects arising from power lines and pipelines sharing a common right-of-way; develop a unified and systematic method for predicting electromagnetically induced voltages and currents on pipelines; and investigate mitigation techniques to minimize interference effects upon pipeline and component reliability and personnel safety. In the fulfillment of these objectives, new techniques for coupling prediction and pipeline mitigation have been developed and other available data has been collected and summarized. The overall objective of the program was to develop a reference book which concisely presented the coupling prediction and mitigation information derived in a manner useful to both power and pipeline industry users in the design, construction and operation of their respective systems. (ERA citation 04:026270)

Regenerative electric motor

Abstract: An improved electric motor for use in battery powered vehicles wherein the motor is adapted for production of a secondary voltage to sequentially charge batteries used as the power source for powering the vehicle, which motors are adapted to be carried aboard the vehicle and to cyclically function as a means to drive the wheels of the vehicle and then to recharge the batteries used as the power source to drive the motors in operative relationship.

Electric drive propulsion system for vehicles

Abstract: A combination of a combustion engine connected to operate intermittently at its point of peak efficiency for effecting recharge of an electric power drive system provides a vehicle drive system capable of 100 miles per gallon.

Energy resources and economic development in India

Abstract: I. Introduction.- Energy Consumption and National Income.- Energy Consumption and National Income in the Development Context.- India - the focus of analysis.- Energy consumption and national income in India.- Energy Supply and Economic Growth.- The link between energy availability and economic growth.- Energy supply and unbalanced growth.- Organization and Contents.- India's energy resource endowment.- Energy resource development in the five year plans.- Oil and natural gas.- Power.- Biogas and solar energy sources.- Conclusions and policy recommendations.- II. Energy Resource Endowments of India.- Energy Consumption.- Alternative measures of aggregate energy consumption.- Energy consumption patterns.- Coal.- Oil and Natural Gas.- Hydropower.- Nuclear Energy Resources.- Non-Commercial Energy Sources.- Other Energy Sources.- Solar energy.- Alternative energy sources.- Summary.- III. Energy Resource Development in the Five Year Plans.- Electric Power.- First Five Year Plan (1951-1956).- Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961).- Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966).- Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974).- Summary of first four plans.- Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979).- Coal.- First Five Year Plan.- Second Five Year Plan.- Third Five Year Plan.- Fourth Five Year Plan.- Summary of first four plans.- Fifth Five Year Plan.- Oil and Natural Gas.- Nuclear Energy.- Summary.- IV. Oil and Natural Gas.- Brief History of the Oil Industry in India.- Current Structure of Oil Operations in India.- Production Sharing Contracts.- General provisions.- Tax provisions.- Resource Leasing Policy Evaluation Model.- The exploration phase of resource development.- Uncertainty and the Monte Carlo analysis.- Future resource prices.- Investment cost contingency factor.- Operating cost contingency factor.- Presence or absence of resources.- Amount of reserves.- Model description with Monte Carlo simulation.- Economic, engineering, and geologic relationships.- Monte Carlo results and model outputs.- Model summary.- Analytical Results.- Assumptions and data inputs.- Simulation results.- Summary.- Policy Recommendations.- V. Electric Power.- Recent Power Shortages.- Forecasting Power Demand and Generating Capacity Requirements.- Terms used in describing electric power.- Forecasting relationships.- Forecasting procedures used in India.- Bias in the forecasting procedures.- Forecast modifications.- Power Development in India.- Hydropower.- Coal.- Organization of the coal industry.- Coal consumption in India.- Nuclear power.- Rural Electrification.- Summary.- VI. Biogas and Other Alternative Energy Sources.- Biogas Based Power Generation.- Cost of centralized power generation.- Biogas based power generation.- Comparison of cost estimates.- Biogas Fuel Generation.- Potential Problems with a Biogas Generation Program.- Solar Energy.- VII. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.- Oil and Natural Gas.- Power Development.- Hydropower.- Coal.- Nuclear.- Alternative rate structures.- Alternative Energy Sources.- Biogas.- Solar energy.- Non-commercial Energy.- Energy and the Environment.- Energy Policy Recommendations.- Selected Bibliography.

Radiation energy conversion in space

Abstract: Topics discussed at the third NASA conference on radiant energy conversion are reviewed. The unconcentrated-photovoltaic-generation version of a solar power satellite is described, noting that it will consist of a 21.3 x 5.3-sq-km silicon-solar-cell array expected to provide 17 Gw of electrical power, with 1 km in diam transmitters oriented to beam 2.45 GHz microwave power to two receiving/rectifying 'rectennas' on earth. The Solares space-energy-system concept, designed for providing a large fraction of the world's energy needs at costs comparable to those of future coal/nuclear alternative, is considered, as are subsystems for improving the economics of the solar power satellite. A concept proposing the use of relativistic-electron-storage rings for electron-beam energy transmission and storage, and a report on the production of a high temperature plasma with concentrated solar radiation are taken into account. Laser-conversion systems, including the direct-solar-pumped space laser, and the telec-powered spacecraft, are discussed.

Power supply for flash lamp

Abstract: A power circuit for a discharge lamp, in particular a flash lamp serving as light source in an optical analysis apparatus which comprises an electric power source outputting a d.c. voltage and capable of reabsorbing electrical energy, which also comprises an energy transferring circuit inserted between the electric power source and a first capacitor connected to the lamp, the capacitor being charged via the energy transferring circuit and adapted to store the energy required for each discharge across the lamp, the energy transferring circuit comprising a first current path comprising the primary winding of an autotransformer and adapted to transfer current from the electric power source to the first capacitor until the voltage across it reaches a predetermined value, and a second current path comprising a second capacitor for storing part of the surplus or non-used energy stored in the autotransformer during the charging of the first capacitor. To reduce interalia the duration of the charging cycle of the first capacitor, the energy transferring circuit further comprises a third current path comprising the secondary winding of the autotransformer, which path serves for returning the unused energy stored in the autotransformer and in the second capacitor to the electric power source.

Compressed air energy storage

Abstract: Compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems are being developed for peak load leveling applications by electric utilities. Energy is stored by compressing air in an underground reservoir; when power is required, the air is heated and expanded through a turbine-generator system. Several CAES plants are being designed, and construction of the first large-scale plant will be completed late in 1977. From the specifications of these systems, it is concluded that CAES systems appear to be economically favored over gas turbines and other near-term utility storage systems for a substantial range of costs of fuel and off-peak charging power.

Time switching device

Abstract: A time switching device for controlling dependent devices wherein the time switch device consists of at least two time switch assemblies, the device being provided with a common electric power inlet connector and each of the assemblies being provided with at least one assembly controlled power output connector whereby two or more dependent devices can be controlled from a single electric source.

Battery charger for electrical vehicle

Abstract: An on-board charger for an electric vehicle propulsion system which provides high charging capacity with minimum weight addition by sharing major elements of the electric vehicle power converter. In the preferred construction, the vehicle power converter has a magnetic element, an interphase transformer, connecting the output of the converter to the motor load. A primary winding is added to the interphase transformer for connection to a commercial AC power source. A phase controlled bridge also connected to the interphase transformer rectifies the AC power for charging the battery.