Showing papers on "Electric power published in 1984"

Power Generation, Operation, and Control

Abstract: Topics considered include characteristics of power generation units, transmission losses, generation with limited energy supply, control of generation, and power system security. This book is a graduate-level text in electric power engineering as regards to planning, operating, and controlling large scale power generation and transmission systems. Material used was generated in the post-1966 period. Many (if not most) of the chapter problems require a digital computer. A background in steady-state power circuit analysis is required.

Implantable physiological power supply with PVDF film

Abstract: A fraction of the energy expenditure for respiration can be converted into electric power to supply implants which require a permanent power source. Toward this goal the relative motion of the ribs can be used for periodical stretching of a converter. A miniaturized prototype with solid electrical and mechanical contacts has been designed. We describe here the physical characteristics of the device and present the first results of an animal experiment. With improved PVDF films, a power converter with a film mass of a few g could supply implanted electric systems with a power of 1 mW.

Apparatus for measuring the temperature and other parameters of an electric power conductor

Abstract: A self contained hot stick mounted radio transmitting module may be temporarily pushed against the power conductor of an electrical transmission line. The module is capable of measuring the temperature of the conductor, and the temperature of the ambient air. It may also measure the electrical potential of the conductor. An alternative module is also capable of measuring current, potential, frequency and power factor (or the Fourier components thereof). The modules transmit these parameters to a local receiver where the data may be displayed. The receiver also may be connected by an appropriate data transmission link, to a power control center. The modules are donut shaped and open like a pair of jaws. One or more spring loaded temperature probes are located such that they may be pushed against a power line when a "donut" is mounted to a hot stick with the jaws open. Power to an open module is supplied by a battery. Power to a closed module, mounted on a conductor, may be supplied by the battery or by power derived from the conductor. A donut may be left on the power line for an indefinite time and the hot stick removed, or instantaneous measurements may be made with the hot stick attached, and the module then immediately removed. The temperature probe of the present invention comprises a pair of concentric spring loaded tubes. A beryllia insert is mounted between a temperature sensor and the power conductor.

Wave-powered electrolysis of water

Abstract: An offshore water electrolysis plant which produces pressurized gas by electrolysis of fresh water and wave power includes the combination of a wave-powered electric generator at the ocean surface, an electrolyzer and storage vessels located on the ocean bottom for providing gas under pressure, and a source of fresh water at the ocean surface forced down to the submerged electrolyzer through the use of a water-filled standpipe. In one embodiment, the electric power generating system includes a tethered floating helix coupled to an electric generator, in which the helix is automatically aligned with the wave propagation direction, while in another embodiment linear alternators are mounted for reciprocation on a column which extends through the air-sea interface, with each alternator provided with a donut-shaped float, such that electric power is generated as each float moves vertically up and down responsive to wave motion.

Inertial confinement fusion: Review and perspective

Abstract: Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) refers to the extraction of energy from fusion reactions ignited in small fuel pellets by the deposition of energy at extremely high power. The pellets of thermonuclear fuel, nominally deuterium and tritium, are compressed to densities on the order of one thousand times liquid density before the center reaches ignition temperature and burn propagates outward. Each pellet will produce an energy yield the equivalent of hundreds of pounds of explosive. For such a system to be a potential producer of electric power, it is necessary that an efficient source of sufficient power density and coupling properties to drive the implosion be developed. A target capable of producing high gain from this deposited power must be designed and manufactured. And a reactor which effectively contains the explosions and transfers the energy to usable form must be built. This paper surveys progress in ICF research in these areas from 1972 through 1983.

Top entry electrical transmission safety assembly for submersible pumping

Abstract: A top entry electrical transmission safety assembly for removably effecting electrical communication through a tubing hanger, between an above ground electric power supply cable and an electric power receiving cable that extends upwardly from a motor driven submersible pump in a bore hole The electric power supply portion of the assembly may be removed from the tubing hanger without removing the latter from a supporting well head The supporting well head has a bonnet removably secured thereto through which the electric power supply cable extends, which bonnet not only serves its normal function, but acts in a safety capacity to prevent the electrical transmission assembly being uncoupled inadvertently to create an electric arc or spark in a hazardous potentially explosive area such as on an off shore platform or island The electrical transmission assembly can only be uncoupled after the electric power supply cable has been disconnected from the source of electric power; the electric power supply cable disengaged from the bonnet; and the bonnet removed from the well head

Electric power system for starting a large rotatable synchronous machine

Abstract: For starting a rotatable 3-phase a-c electrical machine of the synchronous type, the stator windings of the machine are connected to an electric storage battery via a controllable electric power converter, and the d-c field winding is connected in series with the stator windings by inserting it in the load current path between the converter and battery Field weakening resistance is connected in parallel with the field winding The converter includes a plurality of electric valves (thyristors) that are cyclically turned on in a predetermined sequence in synchronism with alternating voltages developed at the line terminals of the stator windings

Electric water heater

Abstract: PURPOSE:To permit to conduct effectively the electricity of daytime electric power, expensive comparatively, by a method wherein a heat-up temperature can be set automatically in accordance with the change of season and the heater of day time electric power is conducted for additional heating only when the heat-up temperature is set in winter in which the load of hot- water supplying is especially high. CONSTITUTION:A tank 1 is arranged with a midnight electric power heater 2, a daytime electric power heater 3 and a hot-water temperature detector 17 at the lower part thereof. A midnight electric power conducting unit 8 for the heater 2 and a daytime electric power conducting unit 7 for the heater 3 as well as the conduction controller 14 for both conducting units are provided in the system of the heater. The conduction controller 14 is provided with a heat-up temperature memory unit 4, memorizing the heat-up temperature in accordance with a season, a season setting means 5, a midnight electric power conduction control unit 15, heating the water up to a set hot-water temperature in accordance with the season, and a daytime electric power conduction control unit 16, conducting the heater 3 when the set value of said heat-up temperature is higher than a given temperature. According to this method, the heat-up temperature commensulate to the hot-water supplying load of the season may be set automatically and heat dissipating loss, due to useless heat-up, may be reduced, therefore, the water heater may be operated economically.

Electrically heated steering wheel cover

Abstract: An electrically heated cover for the steering wheel of an automobile, truck, power boat, aircraft, and the like, which is readily snapped onto the outside of the rim of the wheel. The cover includes an annularly extending sleeve parted along a line facing and parallel to the rim of the steering wheel to permit the sleeve to be readily mounted and removed. The sleeve is comprised of inner and outer separated covers joined at both parting edges and contains an array of electric heating elements arranged in parallel and embedded in layer of thermally conductive, electrically insulative material. A layer of thermal insulation is disposed within the covers between the heating elements and inner cover for inhibiting the flow of heat into the steering wheel. Electric power is supplied to the electric heating element through the circuitry to a horn switch on the steering wheel and is controlled by an illuminated switch on a horn cover on the wheel. The switch may include a timer for limiting the period of operation of the heating elements.

Photovoltaic control systems

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for controlling oxidation of a fuel in an oxidation source (2, 3). The apparatus includes photovoltaic means (5) for receiving electromagnetic radiation (6) from the oxidation source and for producing electric power having a given electric power magnitude. An oxidation control (8, 1A, 1B, 288, 325) is coupled to, and driven by, the photovoltaic means for controlling the oxidation. The oxidation is adjusted when the electric power is less than the given electric power magnitude. Oxidation may also be adjusted when a hazardous gas is detected. The apparatus (1A) may be used to power various electronic circuits. The apparatus (1B) may also be used to maintain the efficiency of the combustion source. A novel arrangement (248) for operating a fuel control valve is also disclosed. An apparatus (418) for controlling a portable heater is also disclosed.

Gas liquefaction process

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of liquefying a gas, in particular a natural gas by cooling it under pressure in stages. The gas is cooled by means of at least two refrigerants, one refrigerant circulating in a closed refrigeration circuit and another refrigerant circulating in another closed refrigeration circuit, wherein the compositions of the two refrigerants differ from each other. According to the invention a compressor in a closed refrigeration circuit is driven by a gas turbine and the refrigerant circulating in the last mentioned closed refrigeration circuit is cooled by ambient air after compression. Furthermore, according to the invention, in addition to the compressor an electric generator is driven by the gas turbine in such a manner that, when extra gas turbine power is available because of a variation of the ambient air temperature, electric power is generated so that the gas turbine will operate at, or at about, its design load. The electric power is passed to an auxiliary electric motor coupled to a compressor in the other closed refrigeration circuit, to deliver extra driving power to said compressor.

Deregulating the generation of electricity through the creation of spot markets for bulk power

Abstract: Deregulation of the electric utility system is complex because of the decisions that must be coordinated. The authors propose a way to solve these coordination problems and lead to an efficient, deregulated power system, but do not advocate or oppose its implementation without further study. Their proposal consists of a single regulated company that controls transmission and distribution, many independent generating companies, and consumers who buy at the current spot price. They offer their results as a model for evaluating other proposals to restructure electric utilities. They emphasize that any proposal for change should specify who will make decisions and to what incentives the decision makers will be asked to respond. The proposal can then be evaluated by comparing the decisions likely to be made under the new structure with those made under existing industry structures. 13 references, 2 figures, 4 tables.

Power circuit control apparatus for primary and auxiliary loads

Abstract: A consumer electronics product such as a portable radio or combination radio/tape recorder having both primary and auxiliary loads is provided with power control apparatus for energizing both loads when connected to a source of a-c potential and energizing only the primary load when connected to a source of d-c potential. The control apparatus includes a solid state switching device in series with the auxiliary load, the switching device coupled to the output of the a-c source such that it is conductive only when a-c electric power is being supplied to drive the loads.

Apparatus for the interception and storage of the eolian energy and for the utilization thereof

Abstract: An aeolian energy capture, storage and exploitation system in order either to provide electric power or pneumatic energy directly from the system and/or from aeolian energy storage means in form of compressed air, in which fixed walls (2), which are hollow inside, suitably oriented and shaped, are placed so as to form in pairs passageways with narrowings which are distributed around a vane rotor (3) connected to a compressor (7), which lets pressurized air in the internal cavity of each wall (2), and to an electric power generator (G). The walls (2) act thus as compressed air reservoir in order to supply the generator (G) when the wind subsides. In this case the generator (G) is disconnected from the rotor, and the compressor (7) is automatically disconnected when a predetermined value of the pressure in the interior of the air reservoir-walls (2) is reached, while a fan (G') supplied by the air stored in the air reservoir-walls (2) provides for keeping in function the electric power generator (G).

Electronic watt-hour meter

Abstract: In an electronic watt-hour meter including a power measuring device and a clock circuit, a data setting device for setting data such as time zones, holidays and the like and programs is detachably connected to a data transmission circuit, while a PROM for storing the set data and programs and a ROM for storing programs required for receiving the set data and programs through the data transmission circuit and storing the same in the PROM are provided in a memory circuit. Under the control of a CPU, an electric power measured by the power measuring device is processed in accordance with the data and the programs stored in the PROM and displayed on a displaying device, while the data setting device itself is removed from the watt-hour meter after the data and the programs have been memorized in the PROM.

Method of controlling capacity of screw-type compressor

Abstract: PURPOSE:To aim at saving energy, by providing such an arrangement that the parameters of consumed powers in both intake throttle system and ON-OFF system are measured and compared together to always select an optimum turning point between both systems, and as well the voltage differential between the input and output power of a motor is controlled. CONSTITUTION:A microcomputer 7 which receives a signal from an electrical power sensor 8 disposed on the input side of a motor 2 and signals from pressure switches 9, 10 respectively disposed in an oil separator 5 and an after-cooler 6 compares the input power of a capacity control system by an intake throttle valve 4 with the input power of an ON-OFF control system for carrying out the ON-OFF operation of this valve 4 by repeating the fully opening and closing thereof, in order to select one of them having a less power, and calculates the input and output voltages with the previously stored data of motor 2 voltages in accordance with load conditions and actually measured data from the power sensor 8 so that a variable transducer 12 is controlled to minimize the voltage differential therebetween. With this arrangement, the voltage of the motor 2 is changed dependent upon the load conditions to make it possible to maintain the power factor of the motor 2 constant, thereby energy saving may be effected.

Recovering method of high temperature article surface radiation heat

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the utility efficiency of a recovery energy by providing a heat receiver formed by gathering thermoelectric elements opposed to a high temperature article, directly converting thermal energy directly into electric power energy and producing it. CONSTITUTION:A high temperature article 7 such as continuously cast slab in an iron making work is continuously fed on a tape roller group 8, a heat receiver formed by gathering a chalcogenide amorphous thermoelectric elements on the upper and side surfaces is opposed to the article 7 at the heating side 9, and a water cooling jacket 10 is provided on the back surface, thereby producing temperature difference between both ends of the element. The generated electromotive force is produced by a power pickup unit and utilized. Accordingly, the radiation heat from the article 7 can be converted directly to electric energy, and the facility can be therefore simplified, and the utility efficiency of the recovery energy can be remarkably improved.

Semiconductor laser driving circuit

Abstract: PURPOSE: To prevent the unnecessary light emission when the electric power source is on or off by detecting the electric power source voltage level of the light emitting control means, and providing the means to control the light emitting control to the condition in which the semiconductor laser does not emit the light, when the electric power source voltage of a certain scope is detected. CONSTITUTION: For a comparator 16, by using the comparator of the type which can execute the low voltage action, even when the electric power source voltage is supplied by a Vcc 1 , the action can be executed from the level shown in 26, transistors 17 and 18 are conducted from the level shown in 26 by the V cc1 and are not conducted by the point of 27. At such a time, for the voltage of a light emitting on off signal 7 and a recording gate signal 5 which are the output of a light emitting control circuit 9, as shown in a waveform (c), the unsteady state of the logical level at the time of the rise of the electric power source is completed when the V cc1 arrives at an action voltage 26 of the comparator. Thus, a threshold level 13, in which analog switches 4 and 6 of the semiconductor laser driving circuit are operated, is not exceeded, and as if a V cc2 rises sufficiently early, the semiconductor laser will not emit the light uselessly at the time of the rise of the electric power source of the V cc1 . COPYRIGHT: (C)1986,JPO&Japio

Lighting apparatus for an electric discharge lamp

Abstract: A lighting apparatus for an electric discharge lamp includes a lighting ballast capacitor connected in series to an electric dicharge lamp for stabilizing a lighting current to the lamp; a preheating ballast capacitor connected in parallel to the lamp for supplying a preheating electric power to the lamp; electric power supply including an output transformer for supplying an electric power to the lighting ballast capacitor; a control electric power supply circuit for obtaining a control electric power through the lighting ballast capacitor and discharge lamp or the preheating ballast capacitor without adding a stepdown transformer or a resistive element for voltage drop; and an oscillator which receives the control electric power from the control power supply circuit and controls the electric power supply. With this lighting apparatus, the electric power loss is made small and the miniaturization of the apparatus can be realized.

Electric power unit

Abstract: An electric power unit capable of operating from different AC input power source voltages in which changes in the AC input voltage are compensated for automatically and rapidly. The power unit includes a rectifier circuit having both a voltage-multiplying rectification function and a non-voltage-multiplying rectification function. A switching circuit is provided for selecting as the operating rectification function one of the voltage-multiplying rectification function and the non-voltage-multiplying rectification function. A switching control circuit, operating with the AC input to the rectifier circuit as a reference potential, controls the switching circuit according to the value of the AC input voltage. An auxiliary power source establishes a voltage for powering the switching control circuit before the operation of the switching control circuit to select the rectification function is effected.

Developing electric power : thirty years of World Bank experience

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Nuclear-electric power in space: Nuclear-reactor power systems could produce an abundance of new applications in space, hut design hurdles abound

Abstract: Describes a joint program of NASA and DOE to develop the technology required for nuclear-reactor space power plants in the 100-to-1000-kWe range. The new program, called SP-100, will investigate potential space missions for 100-to-1000-kWe nuclear-reactor power systems and develop the technology to build such system. The limitations of present method of producing electricity for space vehicles and the benefits of the nuclear approach are discussed. Also, high temperature problems, the thermionic concept, thermoelectric generation, the Stirling engine approach, heat transfer problems, and radiation protection are discussed.

Power supply line carrier communication systems

Abstract: A transmitter/receiver unit for use in a two way electrical power supply line carrier communication system. The unit includes two conductors (3, 5) for connection to the supply line, and a transmitter (1) and a receiver (7) each connected across the two conductors. A first winding (9) of a transformer is connected in series between the transmitter (1) and receiver (7) on one of the conductors (3). Switching means (13, 15, 21) is provided which is operable to control the impedance across a second winding (11) of the transformer so that the first winding (9) presents a relatively high impedance to carrier signals when the receiver (7) is operating, and a relatively low impedance to carrier signals when the transmitter is operating.

Workpiece engaging apparatus in grinding machines

Abstract: An apparatus for bringing a rotary grinding tool into mesh with a workpiece while minimizing a grinding resistance by the workpiece when the workpiece is to be ground by the rotary grinding tool. An electric power detector is associated with the rotary tool and a sensor is associated with the workpiece. A gate is opened by a peak current detected by the power detector when the workpiece and the grinding tool engage each other and a pulse signal from the sensor, engaging a clutch to connect the workpiece directly to a drive source in response to a signal supplied upon elapse of a prescribed interval of time through a delay circuit.

Transmission case for electric power tools

Abstract: In order to improve the cooling of a metal transmission case for electric power tools surrounded by an insulating jacket made of plastic, it is proposed to provide the outer surface of the transmission case with ribs which, together with the housing part made of insulating material pushed onto the transmission case, form cooling channels

Power-conserving control system

Abstract: Power-Conserving Control System A control system, as for controlling automotive body functions, is powered by a limited capacity electrical power source and is structured and controlled in a manner to minimize consumption of electrical power. The control system conducts data transactions between a central control station and one or more remote controllers connected therewith, and the central control station includes a provision for electronic signal processing for controlling the data transactions with the remote controllers. A power FET is operatively connected to the power source and to a portion of the control system for selectively connecting or diconnecting power to that control system portion. The system employs a NMOS microprocessor. The portion of the control system from which power may be disconnected will typically include the processor. The level of system activity is monitored and a power-down, or "sleep" control signal is automatically provided if a predetermined condition of inactivity occurs. That power-down control signa; is operatively applied to certain control circuitry for in turn causing the power switch to disconnect power when the power-down control results. Correspondingly, a timer, which preferably is continuously powered, times a "sleep" interval during which power is disconnected from the relevant control system portion and generates a power-up control signal at the end of some predetermined time. The control circuitry responds to this power-up control signal by causing the power switch to reapply power to the previously disconnected portions of the control system.

Security arrangement for microprecessor-controlled electronic equipment

Abstract: A lock-out security arrangement for and method of maintaining microprocessor-controlled electronic equipment normally operational until the occurrence of a disabling event, such as physical removal of the equipment from its normal installation, and/or electrical removal of the equipment from a source of electrical power, and thereupon for disabling the equipment after detecting the disabling event and for maintaining the equipment disabled, even after the disabling event has been discontinued, until a code manually entered via a keyboard associated with a microprocessor for controlling the normal operation of the equipment matches a private access code whose identity is protected from external interrogation by reason of being stored in an internal non-volatile memory of the microprocessor. The private access code is preferably selected by and known only to the user, and may be changed to a different private access code at the user's option.

Capacitor-type HF power supply for electrical machining

Abstract: A capacitor-type power supply for electrical machining has a capacitor connected across a machining gap while a high-frequency power generator is disposed at a location remote from the machining gap and provides a high-frequency electric power. A feeder connects the power generator with the capacitor to permit the capacitor to be charged with pulses of the high-frequency electrical power. The system permits the high-frequency source to be located distally from the machining gap.